Semiconductor Spin Qubits

Abstract

The spin degree of freedom of an electron or a nucleus is one of the most basic properties of nature and functions as an excellent qubit, as it provides a natural two-level system that is insensitive to electric fields, leading to long quantum coherence times. We review the physics of semiconductor spin qubits, focusing not only on the early achievements of spin initialization, control, and readout in GaAs quantum dots, but also on recent advances in Si and Ge spin qubits, including improved charge control and readout, coupling to other quantum degrees of freedom, and scaling to larger system sizes. We begin by introducing the four major types of spin qubits: single spin qubits, donor spin qubits, singlet-triplet spin qubits, and exchange-only spin qubits. We then review the mesoscopic physics of quantum dots, including single-electron charging, valleys, and spin-orbit coupling. We next give a comprehensive overview of the physics of exchange interactions, a crucial resource for single- and two-qubit control in spin qubits. The bulk of this review is centered on the presentation of results from each major spin qubit type, the present limits of fidelity, and a brief overview of alternative spin qubit platforms. We then give a physical description of the impact of noise on semiconductor spin qubits, aided in large part by an introduction to the filter function formalism. Lastly, we review recent efforts to hybridize spin qubits with superconducting systems, including charge-photon coupling, spin-photon coupling, and long-range cavity-mediated spin-spin interactions. Cavity-based readout approaches are also discussed. This review is intended to give an appreciation for the future prospects of semiconductor spin qubits, while highlighting the key advances in mesoscopic physics over the past two decades that underlie the operation of modern quantum-dot and donor spin qubits.

Rev. Mod. Phys. - Corrections and comments welcome

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• QDFlow: A Python package for physics simulations of quantum dot devices
• Heating Dynamics of Mesoscopic Electron Baths at High Magnetic Field
• Radio-frequency charge detection on graphene electron-hole double quantum dots
• Negative exchange interaction in Si quantum dot arrays via valley-phase induced ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ gauge field
• Color it, Code it, Cancel it: k-local dynamical decoupling from classical additive codes
• Wide Electrical Tunability of the Valley Splitting in a Doubly gated Silicon-on-Insulator Quantum Well
• Optimal Work Extraction from Finite-Time Closed Quantum Dynamics
• Limitations on the maximal level of entanglement of two singlet-triplet qubits in GaAs quantum dots
• Learning mixed quantum states in large-scale experiments
• Digital-Controlled Method of Conveyor-Belt Spin Shuttling in Silicon for Large-Scale Quantum Computation
• Non-Markovian Noise in Symmetry-Preserving Quantum Dynamics
• Reproducibility and variability in commercial SiC MOSFETs at deep-cryogenic temperatures
• Jenga-Krotov algorithm: Efficient compilation of multi-qubit gates for exchange-only qubits
• Tailoring the resonant spin response of a stirred polariton condensate
• Robust Tripartite Entanglement Generation via Correlated Noise in Spin Qubits
• Comparison of spin-qubit architectures for quantum error-correcting codes
• Phonon- and magnon-mediated decoherence of a magnonic qubit
• Efficient Random Phase Approximation for Diradicals
• Super Moiré Domain Tessellations, Sliding Ferroelectricity, and Reconfigurable Quantum Dot Arrays in Twisted Trilayer Hexagonal Boron Nitride
• Fermionic Averaged Circuit Eigenvalue Sampling
• Feedforward suppression of readout-induced faults in quantum error correction
• Entanglemons: Cross-platform protected qubits from entanglement
• Efficient quantum simulation for translationally invariant systems
• Quantum entanglement response to pulsed gate modulation
• Soft information decoding with superconducting qubits
• Beyond spin-1/2: Multipolar spin-orbit coupling in noncentrosymmetric crystals with time-reversal symmetry
• Floquet Engineering Clock Transitions in Magnetic Molecules
• Numerical simulation of coherent spin-shuttling in a QuBus with charged defects
• Spin-photon Qubits for Scalable Quantum Network
• Synthesis of Energy-Conserving Quantum Circuits with XY interaction
• Quantifying electron-nuclear spin entanglement dynamics in central-spin systems using one-tangles
• Phonon-induced frequency shift in semiconductor spin qubits