Protoplanetary Disks and Their Evolution

Abstract

Flattened, rotating disks of cool dust and gas extending for tens to hundreds of AU are found around almost all low mass stars shortly after their birth. These disks generally persist for several Myr, during which time some material accretes onto the star, some is lost through outflows and photoevaporation, and some condenses into centimeter- and larger-sized bodies or planetesimals. Through observations mainly at infrared through millimeter wavelengths, we can determine how common disks are at different ages, measure basic properties including mass, size, structure, and composition, and follow their varied evolutionary pathways. In this way, we see the first steps toward exoplanet formation and learn about the origins of the Solar System. This review addresses observations of the outer parts, beyond 1 AU, of protoplanetary disks with a focus on recent infrared and (sub-)millimeter results and an eye to the promise of new facilities in the immediate future.

65 pages, 11 figures, published in volume 49 of the Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, based on the available literature up to the end of 2010. We recommend that you retrieve the published paper from Annual Reviews for greatly improved figures and typesetting

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• Protostellar accretion traced with chemistry. High resolution C18O and continuum observations towards deeply embedded protostars in Perseus
• Polar alignment of a protoplanetary disc around an eccentric binary III: Effect of disc mass
• Planet Traps and Planetary Cores: Origins of the Planet-Metallicity Correlation
• The ALMA view of W33A: A Spiral Filament Feeding the Candidate Disc in MM1-Main
• Fossil magnetic field of accretion disks of young stars
• Interstellar object 'Oumuamua as an extinct fragment of an ejected cometary planetesimal
• High-Contrast Near-Infrared Imaging Polarimetry of the Protoplanetary Disk around RY Tau
• Disk masses around solar-mass stars are underestimated by CO observations
• JWST/MIRI Spectroscopy of the Disk of the Young Eruptive Star EX Lup in Quiescence
• Understanding the water emission in the mid- and far-IR from protoplanetary disks around T~Tauri stars
• ALMA observations of a misaligned binary protoplanetary disk system in Orion
• Constraining the physical structure of the inner few 100 AU scales of deeply embedded low-mass protostars
• Gas mass tracers in protoplanetary disks: CO is still the best
• First scattered-light images of the gas-rich debris disk around 49 Ceti
• Accretion in giant planet circumplanetary disks
• Protoplanetary Disks in the Orion Nebula Cluster: Gas Disk Morphologies and Kinematics as seen with ALMA
• Transition disks: the observational revolution from SEDs to imaging
• MOA-2010-BLG-073L: An M-Dwarf with a Substellar Companion at the Planet/Brown Dwarf Boundary
• WISE J080822.18-644357.3 - a 45 Myr-old accreting M dwarf hosting a primordial disc
• Spiral patterns in planetesimal circumbinary disks
• Magnetic torques on T Tauri stars: accreting vs. non-accreting systems
• Herschel Observations of the T Cha Transition Disk: Constraining the Outer Disk Properties
• A spectroscopic census in young stellar regions: the Sigma Orionis cluster
• Gas and dust in the TW Hydrae Association as seen by the Herschel Space Observatory
• Magnetically Induced Disk Winds and Transport in the HL Tau Disk
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). VI. Introducing KOBE: Kepler Observes Bern Exoplanets. Theoretical perspectives on the architecture of planetary systems: Peas in a pod
• Debris Disc Constraints on Planetesimal Formation
• Variability of Disk Emission in Pre-Main Sequence and Related Stars. III. Exploring Structural Changes in the Pre-transitional Disk in HD 169142
• A 80 au cavity in the disk around HD 34282
• On Internal and External Alignment of Dust Grains in Protostellar Environments
• Streaming Instability with Multiple Dust Species: II. Turbulence and Dust-Gas Dynamics at Nonlinear Saturation
• From Disks to Planets
• Dust Emissivity in the Star-Forming Filament OMC 2/3
• Dust diffusion and settling in the presence of collisions: Trapping (sub)micron grains in the midplane
• Dynamics of Planetary Systems Within Star Clusters: Aspects of the Solar System's Early Evolution
• Turbulent-diffusion Mediated CO Depletion in Weakly Turbulent Protoplanetary disks
• An Understanding of the Shoulder of Giants: Jovian Planets around Late K Dwarf Stars and the Trend with Stellar Mass
• Hydrogen recombination line luminosities and -variability from forming planets
• Probing midplane CO abundance and gas temperature with DCO${}^{+}$ in the protoplanetary disk around HD 169142
• Accretion Flows or Outflow Cavities? Uncovering the Gas Dynamics around Lupus 3-MMS
• The End of Runaway: How Gap Opening Limits the Final Masses of Gas Giants
• ALMA observations of Elias 2-24: a protoplanetary disk with multiple gaps in the Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud
• Planet Formation: An Optimized Population-Synthesis Approach
• An Ionized Outflow from AB Aur, a Herbig Ae Star with a Transitional Disk
• Imaging the photoevaporating disk and radio jet of GM Aur
• The Pan-STARRS1 Proper-motion Survey for Young Brown Dwarfs in Nearby Star-forming Regions. I. Taurus Discoveries and a Reddening-free Classification Method for Ultracool Dwarfs
• ALMA study of the HD 100453 AB system and the tidal interaction of the companion with the disk
• How do T Tauri stars accrete
• An Asymmetric Keplerian Disk Surrounding the O-type Protostar IRAS16547$-$4247
• Physical models of streaming instabilities in protoplanetary disks
• Early Bombardment of the Moon: Connecting the Lunar Crater Record to the Terrestrial Planet Formation
• Born eccentric: constraints on Jupiter and Saturn's pre-instability orbits
• Magnetic fields in protoplanetary disks: from MHD simulations to ALMA observations
• High-Resolution Near-Infrared Polarimetry of a Circumstellar Disk around UX Tau A
• Formation of Super-Earth Mass Planets at 125-250 AU from a Solar-type Star
• The growth of planets by pebble accretion in evolving protoplanetary discs
• The stellar contents and star formation in the NGC 7538 region
• Star formation in W3 - AFGL333: Young stellar content, properties and roles of external feedback
• The Sublimative Evolution of (486958) Arrokoth
• The evolved circumbinary disk of AC Her: a radiative transfer, interferometric and mineralogical study
• Classical T Tauri stars with VPHAS$+$: I: H$\alpha$ and $u$-band accretion rates in the Lagoon Nebula M8
• Shielding by Water and OH in FUV and X-ray Irradiated Protoplanetary Disks
• Particle accretion onto planets in discs with hydrodynamic turbulence
• Characterizing the Youngest Herschel-detected Protostars I. Envelope Structure Revealed by CARMA Dust Continuum Observations
• Turbulent Linewidths in Protoplanetary Disks: Predictions from Numerical Simulations
• VLTI/MIDI atlas of disks around low- and intermediate-mass young stellar objects
• X-ray radiative transfer in protoplanetary disks - The role of dust and X-ray background fields
• Breaking Resonant Chains: Destabilization of Resonant Planets due to Long-term Mass Evolution
• The Co-evolution of Disk and Star in Embedded Stages: The Case of the Very Low-mass Protostar
• Pileups and Migration Rates for Planets in Low Mass Disks
• Does warm debris dust stem from asteroid belts?
• The ALMA Early Science view of FUor/EXor objects. I. Through the looking-glass of V2775 Ori
• From Pebbles and Planetesimals to Planets and Dust: the Protoplanetary Disk--Debris Disk Connection
• Dynamical evolution of fractal structures in star-forming regions
• Hall Effect in Protostellar Disc Formation and Evolution
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Class III Stars: Early Planetesimal Belt Formation and Rapid Disk Dispersal
• An interferometric study of the post-AGB binary 89 Herculis. II Radiative transfer models of the circumbinary disk
• Measuring protoplanetary disk gas surface density profiles with ALMA
• Fomalhaut b as a Cloud of Dust: Testing Aspects of Planet Formation Theory
• B- and A-Type Stars in the Taurus-Auriga Star Forming Region
• Multiband GPI Imaging of the HR 4796A Debris Disk
• Warm formaldehyde in the Oph IRS 48 transitional disk
• Protoplanetary disks including radiative feedback from accreting planets
• The impact of non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic processes on discs, outflows, counter-rotation and magnetic walls during the early stages of star formation
• Kozai-Lidov Disc Instability
• Herbig Stars: A Quarter Century of Progress
• New insight into the Solar System's transition disk phase provided by the unusual meteorite Isheyevo
• Dynamical Gaseous Rings in Global Simulations of Protoplanetary Disk Formation
• A Mechanism of Exciting Planetary Inclination and Eccentricity through a Residual Gas Disk
• Surface Geometry of Protoplanetary Disks Inferred From Near-Infrared Imaging Polarimetry
• The First Millimeter Detection of a Non-Accreting Ultracool Dwarf
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): I. Program Overview and Summary of First Results
• The effect of a strong pressure bump in the Sun's natal disk: Terrestrial planet formation via planetesimal accretion rather than pebble accretion
• The JCMT BISTRO survey: alignment between outflows and magnetic fields in dense cores/clumps
• BANYAN. VIII. New Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs with Candidate Circumstellar Disks
• On the underestimation of dust mass in protoplanetary disks: Effects of disk structure and dust properties
• Terrestrial planet formation: Dynamical shake-up and the low mass of Mars
• Radiation thermo-chemical models of protoplanetary disks. Grain and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon charging
• Herschel evidence for disk flattening or gas depletion in transitional disks
• Ejection of gaseous clumps from gravitationally unstable protostellar disks
• K2 Ultracool Dwarfs Survey. V. High superflare rates on rapidly rotating late-M dwarfs
• Inner disk clearing around the Herbig Ae star HD\,139614: Evidence for a planet-induced gap ?
• Evidence of a discontinuous disk structure around the Herbig Ae star HD 139 614
• Binary Star Formation and the Outflows from their Discs
• Gas inside the 97 au cavity around the transition disk Sz\,91
• Why are pulsar planets rare?
• Dust segregation in Hall-dominated turbulent protoplanetary disks
• Warm Dust around Cool Stars: Field M Dwarfs with WISE 12 or 22 Micron Excess Emission
• Fomalhaut debris disk emission at 7 millimeters: constraints on the collisional models of planetesimals
• Formation of Comets
• The first 40 million years of circumstellar disk evolution: the signature of terrestrial planet formation
• Multicolor Variability of Young Stars in the Lagoon Nebula: Driving Causes and Intrinsic Timescales
• Oort cloud Ecology II: The chronology of the formation of the Oort cloud
• The Evolution Of The Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• HST Scattered Light Imaging and Modeling of the Edge-on Protoplanetary Disk ESO-H$\alpha$ 569
• A Herschel PACS survey of the dust and gas in Upper Scorpius disks
• A SCUBA-2 850 micron survey of protoplanetary discs in the sigma Orionis cluster
• Irregular dust features around intermediate-mass young stars with GPI: signs of youth or misaligned disks?
• Formation of secondary atmospheres on terrestrial planets by late disk accretion
• Effects of stellar density on the photoevaporation of circumstellar discs
• Massive star feedback in clusters: variation of the FUV interstellar radiation field in time and space
• The Progression of Star Formation in the Rosette Molecular Cloud
• The Origin of Heavy Element Content Trend in Giant Planets via Core Accretion
• A Super-Jupiter orbiting a late-type star: A refined analysis of microlensing event OGLE-2012-BLG-0406
• A New M Dwarf Debris Disk Candidate in a Young Moving Group Discovered with Disk Detective
• Gravitoviscous protoplanetary disks with a dust component. III. Evolution of gas, dust, and pebbles
• A WISE-based search for debris discs amongst M-dwarfs in nearby, young, moving groups
• Making Planet Nine: Pebble Accretion at 250--750 AU in a Gravitationally Unstable Ring
• Making Planet Nine: A Scattered Giant in the Outer Solar System
• Solar abundance problem
• The influence of the environment on the spin evolution of low-mass stars. I. External photoevaporation of circumstellar disks
• Rocky Planet Formation: Quick and Neat
• Complex organic molecules along the accretion flow in isolated and externally irradiated protoplanetary disks
• Evidence for disks at an early stage in class 0 protostars?
• Circumstellar discs in Galactic centre clusters: Disc-bearing B-type stars in the Quintuplet and Arches clusters
• Debris disks with multiple absorption features in metallic lines: circumstellar or interstellar origin?
• Modeling the accretion disk around the high-mass protostar GGD 27-MM1
• Submillimeter Array Observations of the RX J1633.9-2442 Transition Disk: Evidence for Multiple Planets in the Making
• Effects of inclined star-disk encounter on protoplanetary disk size
• The central density of R136 in 30 Doradus
• Redshifted X-rays from the material accreting onto TW Hya: evidence of a low-latitude accretion spot
• The ALMA Early Science View of FUor/EXor objects. IV. Misaligned Outflows in the Complex Star-forming Environment of V1647 Ori and McNeil's Nebula
• 2MASS J15460752-6258042: a mid-M dwarf hosting a prolonged accretion disc
• Flyby-induced misalignments in planet-hosting discs
• TOI-216: Resonant Constraints on Planet Migration
• Sparse Aperture Masking Observations of the FL Cha Pre-transitional Disk
• The long-term evolution of photoevaporating transition discs with giant planets
• Herschel survey and modelling of externally-illuminated photoevaporating protoplanetary disks
• Kepler-167e as a Probe of the Formation Histories of Cold Giants with Inner Super-Earths
• A Census of the Low Accretors. I: The Catalog
• Chemical Evolution in a Protoplanetary Disk within Planet Carved Gaps and Dust Rings
• Episodic excursions of low-mass protostars on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
• A "Rosetta Stone" for protoplanetary disks: The synergy of multi-wavelength observations
• Large dust gaps in the transitional disks of HD 100453 and HD 34282
• ALMA observations of the protostellar disk around the VeLLO IRAS 16253-2429
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: SCUBA-2 observations of circumstellar disks in L 1495
• Ring formation by coagulation of dust aggregates in early phase of disk evolution around a protostar
• Gap opening beyond dead zones by photoevaporation
• Ionized gas diagnostics from protoplanetary discs in the Orion Nebula and the abundance discrepancy problem
• Low-mass young stellar population and star formation history of the cluster IC 1805 in the W4 H{\sc ii} region
• Inside-Out Planet Formation. IV. Pebble Evolution and Planet Formation Timescales
• Herschel survey of brown dwarf disks in Rho Ophiuchi
• Asymmetric mid-plane gas in ALMA images of HD~100546
• An active asteroid belt causing the UX Ori phenomenon in RZ Psc
• Upper limits on protolunar disc masses using ALMA observations of directly-imaged exoplanets
• Stellar masses and disk properties of Lupus young stellar objects traced by velocity-aligned stacked ALMA 13CO and C18O spectra
• Dust dynamics in 2D gravito-turbulent disks
• The Anatomy of an Unusual Edge-on Protoplanetary Disk I. Dust Settling in a Cold Disk
• Magnetic field and early evolution of circumstellar disks
• Evolution of X-ray Activity in <25 Myr Old Pre-Main Sequence Stars
• Do we need non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics to model protostellar discs?
• How does accretion of planet-forming disks influence stellar abundances?
• Herschel Observations of Dusty Debris Disks
• The Endgame of Gas Giant Formation: Accretion Luminosity and Contraction Post-Runaway
• Imprint of planet formation in the deep interior of the Sun
• Forming planets around stars with non-solar elemental composition
• Density waves in debris discs and galactic nuclei
• Dusty spirals triggered by shadows in transition discs
• Rotating Bullets from A Variable Protostar
• The circumstellar environment around the embedded protostar EC 53
• Resolved observations of transition disks
• External photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs in Cygnus OB2: linking discs to star formation dynamical history
• Determining Dust Properties in Protoplanetary Disks: SED-derived Masses and Settling With ALMA
• Observability of Debris Discs around M-stars
• The far-infrared behaviour of Herbig Ae/Be discs: Herschel PACS photometry
• New members of the TW Hydrae Association and two accreting M-dwarfs in Scorpius-Centaurus
• X-ray to NIR emission from AA Tauri during the dim state - Occultation of the inner disk and gas-to-dust ratio of the absorber
• Formation of Terrestrial Planets
• Deep and wide gaps by super Earths in low-viscosity discs
• Observing substructure in circumstellar discs around massive young stellar objects
• Follow-up Imaging of Disk Candidates from the Disk Detective Citizen Science Project: New Discoveries and False-Positives in WISE Circumstellar Disk Surveys
• Transport of solids in protoplanetary disks: Comparing meteorites and astrophysical models
• Signatures of warm carbon monoxide in protoplanetary discs observed with Herschel SPIRE
• Evolution of the reservoirs of volatiles in the protosolar nebula
• Planets larger than Neptune have elevated eccentricities
• New constraints on the millimetre emission of six debris disks
• The Circumstellar Disk and Asymmetric outflow of the EX Lup Outburst System
• The Herschel/PACS view of disks around low-mass stars in Chamaleon-I
• Resolved molecular line observations reveal an inherited molecular layer in the young disk around TMC1A
• The nature of the 2014-2015 dim state of RW Aur revealed by X-ray, optical, and NIR observations
• The Effects of Self-Shadowing by a Puffed up Inner Rim in Scattered Light Images of Protoplanetary Disks
• A tale of two clusters: dynamical history determines disc survival in Tr14 and Tr16 in the Carina Nebula
• Accretion of a Vlasov gas on to a black hole from a sphere of finite radius and the role of angular momentum
• A disc wind model for blueshifts in quasar broad emission lines
• Inhibited Coagulation of Micron-size Dust Due to the Electrostatic Barrier
• Stochasticity & Predictability in Terrestrial Planet Formation
• The distribution of accretion rates as a diagnostic of protoplanetary disc evolution
• IR nebulae around bright massive stars as indicators for binary interactions
• Dust Traps and the Formation of Cavities in Transition Discs: A millimetre to sub-millimetre comparison survey
• An ALMA Survey for Disks Orbiting Low-Mass Stars in the TW Hya Association
• Pebble accretion in class 0/I YSOs as a possible pathway for early planet formation
• The viscous evolution of circumstellar discs in young star clusters
• A Detailed View of the Circumstellar Environment and Disk of the Forming O-star AFGL 4176
• Exoplanet Populations and their Dependence on Host Star Properties
• Torques felt by solid accreting planets
• Origin and dynamical evolution of the asteroid belt
• Disk Masses and Dust Evolution of Protoplanetary Disks Around Brown Dwarfs
• ALMA Super-resolution Imaging of T Tau: r = 12 au Gap in the Compact Dust Disk around T Tau N
• IN-SYNC. VIII. Primordial Disk Frequencies in NGC 1333, IC 348, and the Orion A Molecular Cloud
• The influence of host star activity evolution on the population of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes
• Astronomical Evidence for the Rapid Growth of Millimeter Sized Particles in Protoplanetary Disks
• Chondrule Formation via Impact Jetting Triggered by Planetary Accretion
• Evidence for Primordial Alignment: Insights from Stellar Obliquity Measurements for Compact Sub-Saturn Systems
• Size and density sorting of dust grains in SPH simulations of protoplanetary discs
• Water delivery to the TRAPPIST-1 planets
• The Role of Giant Impacts in Planet Formation
• Identification of Young Stellar Variables with KELT for K2 II: The Upper Scorpius Association
• Bayesian inference of T Tauri star properties using multi-wavelength survey photometry
• On the inclinations of the Jupiter Trojans
• A UV-to-NIR Study of Molecular Gas in the Dust Cavity Around RY Lupi
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): III. Dust and Gas Disk Properties in the Lupus Star-forming Region
• Multi-wavelength observations of protoplanetary discs as a proxy for the gas disc mass
• Evolution of circumstellar discs in young star-forming regions
• A Dwarf Protoplanetary Disk around XZ Tau B
• Dusty disk winds at the sublimation rim of the highly inclined, low mass YSO SU Aurigae
• Evolution from protoplanetary to debris discs: The transition disc around HD 166191
• Gas-Phase Spectra of MgO Molecules: A Possible Connection from Gas-Phase Molecules to Planet Formation
• X-ray Irradiation of the LkCa 15 Protoplanetary Disk
• A Theoretical Framework for the Mass Distribution of Gas Giant Planets forming through the Core Accretion Paradigm
• Exploring plausible formation scenarios for the planet candidate orbiting Proxima Centauri
• The Spin-Orbit Misalignment of TOI-1842b: The First Measurement of the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect for a Warm Sub-Saturn around a Massive Star
• A SCUBA-2 850 micron Survey of Protoplanetary Discs in the IC 348 Cluster
• The role of turbulence during the formation of circumbinary discs
• Large-scale magnetic field in the accretion discs of young stars: the influence of magnetic diffusion, buoyancy and Hall effect
• The Matryoshka Disk: Keck/NIRC2 Discovery of a Solar System-Scale, Radially Segregated Residual Protoplanetary Disk Around HD 141569A
• On the secular behavior of dust particles in an eccentric protoplanetary disk with an embedded massive gas giant planet
• Protoplanetary disks in the hostile environment of Carina
• Testing Disk Identification Methods Through Numerical Simulations of Protostellar Evolution
• A homogeneous analysis of disks around brown dwarfs
• Linking the formation and fate of exo-Kuiper belts within solar system analogues
• Tidal Heating of Young Super-Earth Atmospheres
• The STAR-MELT Python package for emission line analysis of YSOs
• Evidence for post-nebula volatilisation in an exo-planetary body
• Centrifugally driven winds from protostellar accretion discs. I - Formulation and initial results
• Testing Magnetic Field Models for the Class 0 Protostar L1527
• (Sub)millimeter Dust Polarization of Protoplanetary Disks from Scattering by Large Millimeter-Sized Irregular Grains
• Determining dispersal mechanisms of protoplanetary disks using accretion and wind mass loss rates
• Exploring the possibility of Peter Pan discs across stellar mass
• Fingerprints of the protosolar cloud collapse in the Solar System I: Distribution of presolar short-lived ${}^{26}$Al
• Constraint on ion-neutral drift velocity in the Class 0 protostar B335 from ALMA observations
• Protostellar Evolution in Serpens Main: Possible Origin of Disk-Size Diversity
• VLA cm-wave survey of young stellar objects in the Oph A cluster: constraining extreme UV- and X-ray-driven disk photo-evaporation -- A pathfinder for Square Kilometre Array studies
• T Tauri Stars: Physical Parameters and Evolutionary Status
• RVSPY -- Radial Velocity Survey for Planets around Young Stars. Target characterization and high-cadence survey
• Rapid radiative clearing of protoplanetary discs
• Possible Counter Rotation between the Disk and Protostellar Envelope around the Class I Protostar IRAS 04169+2702
• Very Large Telescope Observations of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS. II. From Quiescence to Glow: Dramatic Rise of Ni i Emission and Incipient CN Outgassing at Large Heliocentric Distances*
• Kinematical signs of dust trapping and feedback in a local pressure bump in the protoplanetary disk around HD 142527 revealed with ALMA
• Identification of transitional disks in Chamaeleon with Herschel
• Emerging trends in metallicity and lithium properties of debris disc stars
• A Possible Mechanism for Overcoming the Electrostatic Barrier Against Dust Growth in Protoplanetary disks
• The dependence of episodic accretion on eccentricity during the formation of binary stars
• The UV Perspective of Low-Mass Star Formation
• Magnetically Arrested Circumbinary Accretion Flows
• ALMA Observations of Young Eruptive Stars: continuum disk sizes and molecular outflows
• Absence of Significant Cool Disks in Young Stellar Objects Exhibiting Repetitive Optical Outbursts
• Inside-Out Planet Formation. VII. Astrochemical Models of Protoplanetary Disks and Implications for Planetary Compositions
• Growing the seeds of pebble accretion through planetesimal accretion
• The effect of multiple particle sizes on cooling rates of chondrules produced in large-scale shocks in the solar nebula
• Molecules in the transition disk orbiting T Cha
• Imaging the circumstellar environment of the young T Tauri star SU Aurigae
• Formation and evolution of the water maser outflow event in AFGL 2591 VLA 3-N
• [OI] disk emission in the Taurus star forming region
• Rotation at the Fully Convective Boundary: Insights from Wide WD + MS Binary Systems
• Mass determination of protoplanetary disks from dust evolution
• Dust cleansing of star-forming gas: II. Did late accretion flows change the chemical composition of the solar atmosphere?
• H${}_2$S observations in young stellar disks in Taurus
• Gravitoviscous Protoplanetary Discs with a Dust Component. IV. Disc Outer Edges, Spectral Indices, and Opacity Gaps
• Dynamical Evolution of Closely Packed Multiple Planetary Systems Subject to Atmospheric Mass-Loss
• Accuracy of ALMA estimates of young disk radii and masses. Predicted observations from numerical simulations
• Ejection of close-in super-Earths around low-mass stars in the giant impact stage
• An ALMA Study of the FU-Ori Type Object V900 Mon: Implications for the Progenitor
• Changes in orientation and shape of protoplanetary discs moving through an ambient medium
• Rapid CO gas dispersal from NO Lup's class III circumstellar disc
• Disc truncation in embedded star clusters: Dynamical encounters versus face-on accretion
• CAI formation in the early Solar System
• Adaptive Optics Observations of 3 micron Water Ice in Silhouette Disks in the Orion Nebula Cluster and M43
• Exoplanetary Geophysics -- An Emerging Discipline
• A faint companion around CrA-9: protoplanet or obscured binary?
• Mon-735: A new low-mass pre-main sequence eclipsing binary in NGC 2264
• YSO jets in the Galactic Plane from UWISH2: V - Jets and Outflows in M17
• An Unbiased 1.3 mm Emission Line Survey of the Protoplanetary Disk Orbiting LkCa 15
• The Molecular Composition of Shadowed Protosolar Disk Midplanes beyond the Water Snowline
• Kinetic Scheme for Solving M1 Model of Radiative Transfer
• Chemical abundances in Orion protoplanetary discs: integral field spectroscopy and photoevaporation models of HST 10
• Radial and vertical constraints on the icy origin of H${}_2$CO in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk
• High-resolution ALMA observations of V4046Sgr: a circumbinary disc with a thin ring
• Protostellar and Protoplanetary Disk Masses in the Serpens Region
• Detailed modeling of dust distribution in the disk of HD 142527
• The Immediate Environments of Two Herbig Be Stars: MWC 1080 and HD 259431
• In Situ and Ex Situ Formation Models of Kepler 11 Planets
• Photo-reverberation Mapping of a Protoplanetary Accretion Disk around a T Tauri Star
• AB Aurigae: Possible evidence of planet formation through the gravitational instability
• The observational impact of dust trapping in self-gravitating discs
• CLIcK: a Continuum and Line fItting Kit for circumstellar disks
• High signal-to-noise spectral characterization of the planetary-mass object HD 106906 b
• Super-Earths as Failed Cores in Orbital Migration Traps
• Accretion and outflow activity on the late phases of pre-main-sequence evolution. The case of RZ Piscium
• Departure from the Exact Location of Mean Motion Resonances Induced by the Gas Disk in the Systems Observed by Kepler
• 3.3 cm JVLA observations of transitional disks: searching for centimeter pebbles
• Dust-Gas Coupling in Turbulence- and MHD Wind-Driven Protoplanetary Disks: Implications for Rocky Planet Formation
• Chemical network reduction in protoplanetary disks
• Constraining the properties of transitional disks in Chamaeleon I with Herschel
• The Herschel view of circumstellar discs: a multi-wavelength study of Chamaeleon I
• A very young, compact bipolar H${}_2$O maser outflow in the intermediate-mass star-forming LkH$\alpha$ 234 region
• On the Formation of Super-Earths with Implications for the Solar System
• Dusty OB stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud - II: Extragalactic Disks or Examples of the Pleiades Phenomenon?
• The vertical structure of debris discs and the role of disc gravity: A primer using a simplified model
• A Lower Angular Momentum Limit for Self-Gravitating Protostellar Disc Fragmentation
• The galactic rate of second and third generation disc and planet formation
• A search for radio jets from massive young stellar objects. Association of radio jets with H2O and CH3OH masers
• SMA detection of an extreme millimeter flare from the young class III star HD 283572
• Planet population synthesis: The role of stellar encounters
• Modeling Time Dependent Water Chemistry Due to Powerful X-ray Flares from T-Tauri Stars
• Coagulation Calculations of Icy Planet Formation Around 0.1--0.5~\msun\ Stars: Super-Earths From Large Planetestimals
• Spectroscopic substellar initial mass function of NGC 2244
• Flares of accretion activity of the 20 Myr old UXOR RZ Psc
• Confronting Standard Models of Proto--Planetary Disks With New Mid--Infrared Sizes from the Keck Interferometer
• Toward realistic simulations of magneto-thermal winds from weakly-ionized protoplanetary disks
• A resolved and asymmetric ring of PAHs within the young circumstellar disk of IRS 48
• Vertical Structure of Magnetized Accretion Disks around Young Stars
• Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST) Science: Our Galaxy
• Kinematical Constraint on Eccentricity in the Protoplanetary Disk MWC 758 with ALMA
• A millimeter-multiwavelength continuum study of VLA 1623 West
• ALMA constraints on assembly of Core Accretion planets
• A Quantitative Comparison of Exoplanet Catalogs
• Modeling snowline locations in protostars: The impact of the structure of protostellar cloud cores
• Residual Gas & Dust Around Transition Objects and Weak T Tauri Stars
• Below One Earth Mass: The Detection, Formation, and Properties of Subterrestrial Worlds
• Herschel/PACS view of disks around low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in the TW Hya association
• Pebbles in an Embedded Protostellar Disk: The Case of CB26
• Did a stellar fly-by shape the planetary system around Pr 0211 in the cluster M 44?
• Evolution of a Viscous Protoplanetary Disk with Convectively Unstable Regions
• The cosmochemistry of planetary systems
• Dynamical masses of two young transiting sub-Neptunes orbiting HD 63433
• Dynamical rearrangement of super-Earths during disk dispersal II. Assessment of the magnetospheric rebound model for planet formation scenarios
• Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey of Cygnus OB2 Complex -- I: Introduction, Photometry and Source Catalog
• First resolved observations of a highly asymmetric debris disc around HD 160305 with VLT/SPHERE
• Examining the Rotation Period Distribution of the 40 Myr Tucana-Horologium Association with TESS
• The SHARDDS survey: limits on planet occurrence rates based on point sources analysis via the Auto-RSM framework
• Linking studies of tiny meteoroids, zodiacal dust, cometary dust and circumstellar disks
• Multiverse Predictions for Habitability: Number of Potentially Habitable Planets
• Magnetic disk winds in protoplanetary disks: Description of the model and impact on global disk evolution
• Constraints on the height of the inner disk rim in pre-main-sequence stars
• Polarization reversal of scattered thermal dust emission in protoplanetary disks at (sub-)mm wavelengths
• Structure of CB 26 Protoplanetary Disk Derived from Millimeter Dust Continuum Maps
• Millimeter emission in photoevaporating disks is determined by early substructures
• Inner dusty regions of protoplanetary discs - I. High resolution temperature structure
• Keck, Gemini, and Palomar 200-inch visible photometry of red and very-red Neptunian Trojans
• Viscous Instability Triggered by Layered Accretion in Protoplanetary Disks
• What's Behind the Elephant's Trunk? Identifying Young Stellar Objects on the Outskirts of IC1396
• An SMA Continuum Survey of Circumstellar Disks in the Serpens Star-Forming Region
• BP Piscium: its flaring disk imaged with SPHERE/ZIMPOL
• Four new PLanetesimals Around TYpical and Pre-main seqUence Stars (PLATYPUS) Debris Discs at 8.8mm
• Magnetic fields in gaps surrounding giant protoplanets
• There is no disk mass budget problem of planet formation
• A search for passive protoplanetary disks in the Taurus-Auriga star-forming region
• The Heavy-element Content Trend of Planets: A Tracer of their Formation Sites
• A Herschel resolved debris disc around HD 105211
• Rapid grain growth in post-AGB disc systems from far-infrared and sub-millimetre photometry
• First Detection of A Linear Structure in the Midplane of the Young HH 211 Protostellar Disk: A Spiral Arm?
• Infrared Variability due to Magnetic Pressure Driven Jets, Dust Ejection and Quasi-Puffed-Up Inner Rims
• X-ray induced deuterium enrichment on N-rich organics in protoplanetary disks: an experimental investigation using synchrotron light
• On planetary systems as ordered sequences
• Dust mass in protoplanetary disks with porous dust opacities
• Characterizing K2 Candidate Planetary Systems Orbiting Low-Mass Stars III: A High Mass & Low Envelope Fraction for the Warm Neptune K2-55b
• Evidence for Centrifugal Breakout around the Young M Dwarf TIC 234284556
• The Likelihood of Detecting Young Giant Planets with High Contrast Imaging and Interferometry
• Wide companions to M and L subdwarfs with Gaia and the Virtual Observatory
• A new Herschel view of the young star T54: not a transitional disk?
• Protoplanetary and Transitional Disks in the Open Stellar Cluster IC 2395
• Photo-evaporation of proto-planetary gas discs due to flybys of external single stars in different orbits
• APEX Observations of the CO Envelope around the Young FUor-type Star V883 Ori
• Understanding discs in binary YSOs: detailed modelling of VV CrA
• Gravitational instabilities in a protosolar-like disc III: molecular line detection and sensitivities
• Close-in giant-planet formation via in-situ gas accretion and their natal disk properties
• An early giant planet instability recorded in asteroidal meteorites
• The gas disk: Evolution and chemistry
• High-resolution Pan-STARRS and SMA observations of IRAS 23077+6707: A giant edge-on protoplanetary disk
• H-Atmospheres of Icy Super-Earths Formed in situ in the Outer Solar System: An Application to a Possible Planet Nine
• Time Evolution of 3D Disk Formation with Misaligned Magnetic Field and Rotation Axes
• Chondrules from high-velocity collisions: thermal histories and the agglomeration problem
• Evidence for Variable, Correlated X-ray and Optical/IR Extinction toward the Nearby, Pre-main Sequence Binary TWA 30
• Herschel -PACS observations of [OI] and H2O in Cha II
• Water ice in the debris disk around HD 181327
• The influence of orbital resonances on the water transport to objects in the circumprimary habitable zone of binary star systems
• How the formation of Neptune shapes the Kuiper belt
• The Ophiuchus DIsk Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA): A Unified Evolutionary Sequence of Planet-Driven Substructures Explaining the Diversity of Disk Morphologies
• Can scallop-shell stars trap dust in their magnetic fields?
• Formation of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes from rings of planetesimals
• Tying the geometrical traits of massive young stellar objects and their discs to a potential evolutionary sequence using infrared observations
• Near-infrared time-series photometry in the field of Cygnus OB2 association II. Mapping the variability of candidate members
• A transitional disk around an intermediate mass star in the sparse population of the Orion OB1 Association
• Iceline Variations Driven by Protoplanetary Disc Gaps
• Magnetic field buoyancy in accretion disks of young stars
• An alternative model for the origin of gaps in circumstellar disks
• Chandra Observations of Six Peter Pan Disks: Diversity of X-ray-driven Internal Photoevaporation Rates Doesn't Explain Their Rare Longevity
• Disks, accretion and outflows of brown dwarfs
• The Case Against Dark Matter and Modified Gravity: Flat Rotation Curves Are a Rigorous Requirement in Rotating Self-Gravitating Newtonian Gaseous Disks
• The Role of Angular Momentum Transport in Establishing the Accretion Rate--Protostellar Mass Correlation
• ALMA Observations of Asymmetric Molecular Gas Emission from a Protoplanetary Disk in the Orion Nebula
• A Comprehensive Study of the Young Cluster IRAS 05100+3723: Properties, Surrounding Interstellar Matter, and Associated Star Formation
• Possible progression of mass flow processes around young intermediate-mass stars based on high-resolution near-infrared spectroscopy. I. Taurus
• Polarimetric microlensing of circumstellar disks
• Characterization of mid-infrared polarization due to scattering in protoplanetary disks
• Gas distribution in ODISEA sources from ALMA long-baseline observations in ${}^{12}$CO(2-1)
• Computational Estimation of the Binding Energies of POx and HPOx (x=2,3) Species
• Lost in space: companions' fatal dance around massive dying stars
• An Incipient Debris Disk in the Chamaeleon I Cloud
• Size-selective accretion of dust onto CPDs: Low CPD masses and filtration of larger grains
• Time-dependent long-term hydrodynamic simulations of the inner protoplanetary disk III: The influence of photoevaporation
• The Ages of Optically Bright Sub-Clusters in the Serpens Star-Forming Region
• Emission from Magnetized Accretion Disks around Young Stars
• Dynamics of magnetized accretion disks of young stars
• Evolution of a Viscous Protoplanetary Disk with Convectively Unstable Regions. II. Accretion Regimes and Long-Term Dynamics
• Probing accretion and stellar properties in the Orion Nebula with VLT/X-Shooter
• Restoration of the Parameters of a Gas-Dust Disk Based on Its Synthetic Images
• AzTEC 1.1 mm Observations of the MBM12 Molecular Cloud
• Development of a Method for the Observation of Lightning in Protoplanetary Disks Using Ion Lines
• ALMA and NACO observations towards the young exoring transit system J1407 (V1400 Cen)
• The paradox of youth for ALMA planet candidates
• The Statistics of Extended Debris Disks Measured with Gaia and Planck
• Dynamics of small grains in transitional discs
• Constraints on sub-terrestrial free-floating planets from Subaru microlensing observations
• BD+30${}^{\circ }$549: young helium-weak silicon star in NGC 1333 star-forming region
• Study of infrared excess from circumstellar disks in binaries with Spitzer/IRAC
• Planetesimal Growth in Evolving Protoplanetary Disks: Constraints from the Pebble Supply
• The Properties of Planetesimal Collisions under Jupiter's Perturbation and the Application to Chondrule Formation via Impact Jetting
• Confirmation of a ring structure in the disk around MP Mus (PDS 66) with ALMA Band 7 observations
• Estimating photoevaporative mass loss of exoplanets with PLATYPOS
• Detecting the inner regions of discs around sources of microlensing with Roman Space Telescope
• Stellar Obliquity Excitation via Disk Dispersal-Driven Resonances in Binaries
• Detection of H${}_2$ in the TWA 7 System: A Probable Circumstellar Origin
• Infrared Variability from Circumbinary Disc Temperature Modulations
• Double trouble: Gaia reveals (proto)-planetary systems that may experience more than one dense star-forming environment
• Constrained Evolution of a Radially Magnetized Protoplanetary Disk: Implications for Planetary Migration
• The late formation of chondrites as a consequence of Jupiter-induced gaps and rings
• Interaction of infalling solid bodies with primordial atmospheres of disk-embedded planets
• Tracking the evolutionary stage of protostars by the abundances of astrophysical ices
• ACRONYM IV: Three New, Young, Low-mass Spectroscopic Binaries
• Global Spectral Energy Distributions of the Large Magellanic Cloud with Interstellar Dust
• High Energy Emission and its Variability in Young Stellar Objects
• The Radial Profile of Dust Grain Size in the Protoplanetary Disk of DS Tau
• Long-term evolution of the temperature structure in magnetized protoplanetary disks and its implication for the dichotomy of planetary composition
• Disk dissipation, giant planet formation and star-formation-rate fluctuations in the past three-million-year history of Gould's Belt
• Observable scattered light features from inclined and non-inclined planets embedded in protoplanetary discs
• Impact of the initial disk mass function on the disk fraction
• The rotation of planet-hosting stars
• From CO${}_2$- to H${}_2$O-dominated atmospheres and back -- How mixed outgassing changes the volatile distribution in magma oceans around M dwarf stars
• K2 Discovery of a Circumsecondary Disk Transiting EPIC 220208795
• Dust dissipation timescales in the intermediate and outer regions of protoplanetary disks
• Discovery of a brown dwarf with quasi-spherical mass-loss
• Dancing on the Grain: Variety of CO and its isotopologue fluxes as a result of surface chemistry and T Tauri disk properties
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): V721 CrA and BN CrA have wide and structured disks in polarised IR
• The Disk Population in a Distant Massive Protocluster
• Accretion in low-mass members of the Orion Nebula Cluster with young transition disks
• Kinematic evidence of magnetospheric accretion for Herbig Ae stars with JWST NIRSpec
• Nitrogen Loss from Pluto's Birth to the Present Day via Atmospheric Escape, Photochemical Destruction, and Impact Erosion
• Monte-Carlo radiative transfer simulation of the circumstellar disk of the Herbig Ae star HD 144432
• Discovery of carbon monoxide emission from five debris disks around young A-type stars
• On the Efficacy of Ocean Formation with a Primordial Hydrogen Atmosphere
• Searching for the nature of stars with debris disks and planets
• Callisto's Nonresonant Orbit as an Outcome of Circum-Jovian Disk Substructure
• Mid-infrared absorption spectra and mass absorption coefficients for 23 chondrites: dependence on composition and grain size
• The Multiple Young Stellar Objects of HBC 515: An X-ray and Millimeter-wave Imaging Study in (Pre-main Sequence) Diversity
• Exact Axisymmetric Solutions of the 2-D Lane-Emden Equations with Rotation
• The Structure and Evolution of Protoplanetary Disks: an infrared and submillimeter view
• Simulation of images of protoplanetary disks after collision with free-floating planets
• Formation of ring-like structures in flared α-discs with X-ray/FUV photoevaporation
• A Pathway for Collisional Planetesimal Growth in the Ice-Dominant Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Low-Energy Cosmic Rays and Associated MeV Gamma-Ray Emissions in the Protoplanetary System
• Time series photometry and multi-wavelength characterisation of the young stellar cluster Mon R2
• The nature of ASASSN-24fw's occultation: modelling the event as dimming by optically thick rings around a sub-stellar companion
• Structure of the Stellar Neighborhood of CQ Tau in the Presence of a Companion in an Elongated Orbit
• Debris Disks in Nearby Young Moving Groups in the ALMA Era
• Hidden power of near-infrared data for the study of young clusters: Illustrative case of RCW 38
• Measuring Dust Masses of Protoplanetary Disks in Serpens and L1641/L1647 with ALMA
• The Radiowave Hunt for Young Stellar Object Emission and Demographics (RADIOHEAD): A Radio Luminosity$-$Spectral Type Dependence in Taurus$-$Auriga YSOs
• Simulation of a protoplanetary disk accretion activity due to a collision with a gas stream
• The Integral Field View of the Orion Nebula
• A gap at 1 au in the disk of DI Cha A revealed by infrared interferometry
• History of the Solar Nebula from Meteorite Paleomagnetism
• Setting the Stage: The Early History of the Solar System
• Herbig Ae/Be candidate stars in the innermost Galactic disk: Quartet cluster
• Feasibility of interferometric observations and characterization of planet-induced structures at sub au to au scales in protoplanetary disks
• Molecular Similarity and Water Diversity in Coeval Binary Disks: JWST/MIRI Observations of Sz 65 and Sz 66
• Light Echoes of Protoplanetary Disks
• Scattered light signatures of flyby-induced warps in protoplanetary discs
• Ancillary science with Ariel: Feasibility and scientific potential of young stellar object observations
• Science with MATISSE
• Dust Dynamics in Hall-effected Protoplanetary Disks. I. Background Drift Hall Instability
• Planet formation in intermediate-separation binary systems
• The MATISSE view of the inner region of the RY Tau protoplanetary disk
• Linking Young Stellar Object Morphology to Evolutionary Stages with Self-Organizing Maps
• SCExAO/CHARIS Multi-Wavelength, High-Contrast Imaging of the BD+45${}^{\circ }$598 Debris Disk
• Dust-driven vortex cascades originating at water snow regions: A pathway to planetesimal formation
• Characterization of the dust content in the ring around Sz 91: indications for planetesimal formation?
• CO Line Emission Surfaces and Vertical Structure in Mid-Inclination Protoplanetary Disks