Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures

Abstract

The disks that orbit young stars are the essential conduits and reservoirs of material for star and planet formation. Their structures, meaning the spatial variations of the disk physical conditions, reflect the underlying mechanisms that drive those formation processes. Observations of the solids and gas in these disks, particularly at high resolution, provide fundamental insights on their mass distributions, dynamical states, and evolutionary behaviors. Over the past decade, rapid developments in these areas have largely been driven by observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). This review highlights the state of observational research on disk structures, emphasizing three key conclusions that reflect the main branches of the field: (1) Relationships among disk structure properties are also linked to the masses, environments, and evolutionary states of their stellar hosts; (2) There is clear, qualitative evidence for the growth and migration of disk solids, although the implied evolutionary timescales suggest the classical assumption of a smooth gas disk is inappropriate; and (3) Small-scale substructures with a variety of morphologies, locations, scales, and amplitudes -- presumably tracing local gas pressure maxima -- broadly influence the physical and observational properties of disks. The last point especially is reshaping the field, with the recognition that these disk substructures likely trace active sites of planetesimal growth or are the hallmarks of planetary systems at their formation epoch.

arXiv commentinvited review to be published in Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics; 43 pages, 13 figures

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• Probing CO and N${}_2$ Snow Surfaces in Protoplanetary Disks with N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ Emission
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• On the stratified dust distribution of the GG Tau circumbinary ring
• Shadows and cavities in protoplanetary disks: HD163296, HD141569A, and HD150193A in polarized light
• Warping a protoplanetary disc with a planet on an inclined orbit
• Midplane temperature and outer edge of the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296
• Spiral-driven accretion in protoplanetary discs - I. 2D models
• Disk Masses for Embedded Class I Protostars in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• Efficiency of Particle Trapping in the Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Protoplanetary Disk Heating and Evolution Driven by the Spiral Density Waves
• Are protoplanetary disks born with vortices? -- Rossby wave instability driven by protostellar infall
• SEEDS Adaptive Optics Imaging of the Asymmetric Transition Disk Oph IRS 48 in Scattered Light
• Scattered light shadows in warped protoplanetary discs
• Generation of highly inclined protoplanetary discs through single stellar flybys
• An accurate and efficient algorithm for detection of radio bursts with an unknown dispersion measure, for single dish telescopes and interferometers
• Transit Monitoring in the South (TraMoS) project: Discarding Transit Timing Variations in WASP-5b
• Scattered light mapping of protoplanetary disks
• V1094 Sco: a rare giant multi-ringed disk around a T Tauri star
• Radionuclide Ionization in Protoplanetary Disks: Calculations of Decay Product Radiative Transfer
• Probing Planet Forming Zones with Rare CO Isotopologues
• Dynamical Evolution of Viscous Disks around Be Stars. II : polarimetry
• Effect of nucleation on icy pebble growth in protoplanetary discs
• The Gravitational instability of solids assisted by gas drag: slowing by turbulent mass diffusivity
• Rings and gaps produced by variable magnetic disk winds and avalanche accretion streams: I. Axisymmetric resistive MHD simulations
• Stringent Limits on the Polarized Submillimeter Emission from Protoplanetary Disks
• Alma Survey Of Circumstellar Disks In The Young Stellar Cluster IC 348
• Dust capture and long-lived density enhancements triggered by vortices in 2D protoplanetary disks
• Grain growth across protoplanetary discs: 10-micron silicate feature versus millimetre slope
• Buildup and Release of Magnetic Twist during the X3.4 Solar Flare of December 13, 2006
• Toroidal vortices and the conglomeration of dust into rings in protoplanetary discs
• Using Ice and Dust Lines to Constrain the Surface Densities of Protoplanetary Disks
• Jupiter's formation in the vicinity of the amorphous ice snowline
• Disk masses in the Orion Molecular Cloud-2: distinguishing time and environment
• The Circumstellar Disk Mass Distribution in the Orion Trapezium Cluster
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• Gravito-Turbulent Disks in 3D: Turbulent Velocities vs. Depth
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• ALMA observations of a misaligned binary protoplanetary disk system in Orion
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• The Millimeter Continuum Size-Frequency Relationship in the UZ Tau E Disk
• Climate Modeling of a Potential ExoVenus
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• The Maximum Mass Solar Nebula and the early formation of planets
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• 2-D models of layered protoplanetary discs: I. The ring instability
• Modeling the Infrared Reverberation Response of the Circumnuclear Dusty Torus in AGN: The Effects of Cloud Orientation and Anisotropic Illumination
• Discovery of a directly imaged disk in scattered light around the Sco-Cen member Wray 15-788
• Resolved millimeter-dust continuum cavity around the very low mass young star CIDA 1
• The ${}^{12}$CO${}_2$ and ${}^{13}$CO${}_2$ Absorption Bands as Tracers of the Thermal History of Interstellar Icy Grain Mantles
• The Flared Gas Structure of the Transitional Disk around Sz 91
• Statistical mechanics of collisionless orbits. IV. Distribution of angular momentum
• QED Phenomena in an Ultrastrong Magnetic Field. I. Electron-Photon Scattering, Pair Creation, and Annihilation
• Near-extremal black holes as initial conditions of long GRB-supernovae and probes of their gravitational wave emission
• Probing Dust Settling in Proto-planetary Disks with ALMA
• Damping of slow surface sausage modes in photospheric waveguides
• Spirals in protoplanetary disks from photon travel time
• High Energy Neutrinos from Recent Blazar Flares
• Toroidal vortices as a solution to the dust migration problem
• A SCUBA-2 850 micron Survey of Protoplanetary Discs in the IC 348 Cluster
• Probing the protoplanetary disk gas surface density distribution with ${}^{13}$CO emission
• Millimeter Spectral Indices and Dust Trapping By Planets in Brown Dwarf Disks
• A Tight Relation between Spiral Arm Pitch Angle and Protoplanetary Disk Mass
• 3D radiative transfer of intrinsically polarized dust emission based on aligned aspherical grains
• Spinup and Disruption of Interstellar Asteroids by Mechanical Torques, and Implications for 1I/2017 U1 (`Oumuamua)
• Observation of flux tube crossings in the solar wind
• Magnetic Properties and Flow Angle of the Inverse Evershed Flow at Its Downflow Points
• Spread of the dust temperature distribution in circumstellar disks
• A Model of Sunspot Number with Modified Logistic Function
• Destabilization of a Solar Prominence/Filament Field System by a Series of Eight Homologous Eruptive Flares
• The hidden depths of planetary atmospheres
• Influence of Earth-Directed Coronal Mass Ejections on the Sun's Shadow Observed by the Tibet-III Air Shower Array
• A superluminous supernova in high surface density molecular gas within the bar of a metal-rich galaxy
• Discovery of An Active Intermediate-Mass Black Hole Candidate in the Barred Bulgeless Galaxy NGC 3319
• The Effect of the Approach to Gas Disk Gravitational Instability on the Rapid Formation of Gas Giant Planets
• Chromospheric peculiar off-limb dynamical events from IRIS observations
• Electron Cyclotron Maser Emissions from Evolving Fast Electron Beams
• Possible detection of gamma rays from Epsilon Eridani
• A possible explanation of vanishing halo velocity bias
• Stripping of the Hot Gas Halos in Member Galaxies of Abell 1795
• Investigation of the High-Energy Emission from the Magnetar-like Pulsar PSR J1119-6127 after the 2016 Outburst
• Relativistic Astronomy. II. In-Flight Solution of Motion and Test of Special Relativity Light Aberration
• Probing the IGMF with the next generation Cherenkov telescopes

Cited by in corpus (230)

• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) I: Program Overview and Highlights
• A Circumplanetary Disk Around PDS70c
• Exoplanet Statistics and Theoretical Implications
• Thresholds for Particle Clumping by the Streaming Instability
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) IV: Emission Surfaces and Vertical Distribution of Molecules
• Dust growth and evolution in protoplanetary disks
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA)-III: the evolution of substructures in massive discs at 3-5 au resolution
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XIV: Revealing disk substructures in multi-wavelength continuum emission
• A stellar mass dependence of structured disks: a possible link with exoplanet demographics
• Hints for icy pebble migration feeding an oxygen-rich chemistry in the inner planet-forming region of disks
• Disc tearing: implications for black hole accretion and AGN variability
• A new planet candidate detected in a dust gap of the disc around HD 163296 through localised kinematic signatures. An observational validation of the Discminer
• Global Three-Dimensional Simulations of Outer Protoplanetary Disks with Ambipolar Diffusion
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) VI: Distribution of the small organics HCN, C2H, and H2CO
• TOI-1136 is a Young, Coplanar, Aligned Planetary System in a Pristine Resonant Chain
• Gas Disk Sizes from CO Line Observations: A Test of Angular Momentum Evolution
• The Disc Miner I: A statistical framework to detect and quantify kinematical perturbations driven by young planets in discs
• Efficient planet formation by pebble accretion in ALMA rings
• Size and structures of disks around very low mass stars in the Taurus star-forming region
• The chemical inventory of the planet-hosting disk PDS 70
• Scanning disk rings and winds in CO at 0.01-10 au: a high-resolution $M$-band spectroscopy survey with IRTF-iSHELL
• The Role of Early Giant Planet Instability in the Terrestrial Planet Formation
• The TW Hya Rosetta Stone Project III: Resolving the Gaseous Thermal Profile of the Disk
• On the secular evolution of the ratio between gas and dust radii in protoplanetary discs
• A population of transition disks around evolved stars: Fingerprints of planets? Catalog of disks surrounding Galactic post-AGB binaries
• Growing and Trapping Pebbles with Fragile Collisions of Particles in Protoplanetary Disks
• Limits on Millimeter Continuum Emission from Circumplanetary Material in the DSHARP Disks
• Protoplanetary disk birth in massive star forming clumps: the essential role of the magnetic field
• Chemically tracing the water snowline in protoplanetary disks with HCO${}^{+}$
• The Chemical Inventory of the Inner Regions of Planet-forming Disks -- The JWST/MINDS Program
• The Disc Miner II: Revealing Gas substructures and Kinematic signatures from Planet-disc interaction through line profile analysis
• Predicting the kinematic evidence of gravitational instability
• A highly non-Keplerian protoplanetary disc: Spiral structure in the gas disc of CQ Tau
• Gas temperature structure across transition disk cavities
• Transition disks: the observational revolution from SEDs to imaging
• Kinematics and brightness temperatures of transition discs -- A survey of gas substructures as seen with ALMA
• A Multi-Fluid Dust Module in Athena++: Algorithms and Numerical Tests
• Accreting protoplanets: Spectral signatures and magnitude of gas and dust extinction at H alpha
• Porous Dust Particles in Protoplanetary Disks: Application to the HL Tau Disk
• ALMA Detection of Dust Trapping around Lagrangian Points in the LkCa 15 Disk
• On dust evolution in planet-forming discs in binary systems. I -- Theoretical and numerical modelling: radial drift is faster in binary discs
• MAYONNAISE: a morphological components analysis pipeline for circumstellar disks and exoplanets imaging in the near infrared
• A large population study of protoplanetary disks: Explaining the millimeter size-luminosity relation with or without sub-structure
• Three-dimensional Global Simulations of Type-II Planet-disk Interaction with a Magnetized Disk Wind: I. Magnetic Flux Concentration and Gap Properties
• Super-Earths and Earth-like Exoplanets
• The ODYSSEUS Survey. Motivation and First Results: Accretion, Ejection, and Disk Irradiation of CVSO 109
• exoALMA IV: Substructures, Asymmetries, and the Faint Outer Disk in Continuum Emission
• Herbig Stars: A Quarter Century of Progress
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): I. Program Overview and Summary of First Results
• On the underestimation of dust mass in protoplanetary disks: Effects of disk structure and dust properties
• Polydisperse Streaming Instability III. Dust evolution encourages fast instability
• How to make giant planets via pebble accretion
• Survey of Orion Disks with ALMA (SODA) I: Cloud-level demographics of 873 protoplanetary disks
• Paleomagnetic evidence for a disk substructure in the early solar system
• Thermal Wave Instability as an Origin of Gap and Ring Structures in Protoplanetary Disks
• The Irradiation Instability of Protoplanetary Disks
• HD 143006: circumbinary planet or misaligned disc?
• What happened before? -- The disks around the precursors of young Herbig Ae/Be stars
• Depletion of gaseous CO in protoplanetary disks by surface-energy-regulated ice formation
• Collisional evolution of dust and water ice in protoplanetary discs during and after an accretion outburst
• Simulating Observations of Ices in Protoplanetary Disks
• A Census of the Low Accretors. I: The Catalog
• Formation of Dust Rings and Gaps in Non-ideal MHD Disks Through Meridional Gas Flows
• Survival of ALMA Rings in the Absence of Pressure Maxima
• The coexistence of the streaming instability and the vertical shear instability in protoplanetary disks: Planetesimal formation thresholds explored in two-dimensional global models
• Chemical Evolution in a Protoplanetary Disk within Planet Carved Gaps and Dust Rings
• Early planet formation in embedded protostellar disks: Setting the stage for the first generation of planetesimals
• The Anatomy of an Unusual Edge-on Protoplanetary Disk. II. Gas temperature and a warm outer region
• A coplanar circumbinary protoplanetary disk in the TWA 3 triple M dwarf system
• The importance of thermal torques on the migration of planets growing by pebble accretion
• Substructures in Compact Disks of the Taurus Star-forming Region
• Impact of Local Pressure Enhancements on Dust Concentration inTurbulent Protoplanetary Discs
• If you like C/O variations, you should have put a ring on it
• CO2-rich protoplanetary discs as a probe of dust radial drift & trapping
• Determining Dust Properties in Protoplanetary Disks: SED-derived Masses and Settling With ALMA
• Effects of Dust Evolution on the Vertical Shear Instability in the Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Significant interstellar object production by close stellar flybys
• Close stellar flybys common in low-mass clusters
• The distribution of accretion rates as a diagnostic of protoplanetary disc evolution
• Orbit decay of 2-100 au planetary remnants around white dwarfs with no gravitational assistance from planets
• An inflationary disk phase to explain extended protoplanetary dust disks
• The role of the drag force in the gravitational stability of dusty planet-forming disc -- II. Numerical simulations
• Trajectory of the stellar flyby that shaped the outer solar system
• An ALMA Survey of Chemistry in Disks around M4-M5 Stars
• Fragmentation with Discontinuous Galerkin schemes: Non-linear fragmentation
• Evidence for Primordial Alignment: Insights from Stellar Obliquity Measurements for Compact Sub-Saturn Systems
• Stellar multiplicity affects the correlation between proto-planetary disc masses and accretion rates: binaries explain high-accretors in Upper Sco
• Water Enrichment from Pebble Drift in Disks with Gap-forming Planets
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk) V: Possible Annular Substructure in a Circumstellar Disk in the Ced110 IRS4 System
• Impact of magneto-rotational instability on grain growth in protoplanetary disks: II. Increased grain collisional velocities
• The Spin-Orbit Misalignment of TOI-1842b: The First Measurement of the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect for a Warm Sub-Saturn around a Massive Star
• Quantifying the Impact of the Dust Torque on the Migration of Low-mass Planets
• (Sub)millimeter Dust Polarization of Protoplanetary Disks from Scattering by Large Millimeter-Sized Irregular Grains
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). Complex Kinematics in the AS 209 Disk Induced by a Forming Planet and Disk Winds
• A major asymmetric ice trap in a planet-forming disk IV. Nitric oxide gas and a lack of CN tracing sublimating ices and a C/O ratio $<1$
• Vertically extended and asymmetric CN emission in the Elias 2-27 protoplanetary disk
• A gap-sharing planet pair shaping the crescent in HD 163296: a disk sculpted by a resonant chain
• Tentative co-orbital submillimeter emission within the Lagrangian region L5 of the protoplanet PDS 70 b
• Revisiting collisional dust growth in Class 0/I protostellar disks: Sweep-up can convert a few $10M_{\oplus }$ of dust into kg pebbles in 0.1 Myr
• Emergence of vortices at the edges of planet-driven gaps in protoplanetary discs
• The Polstar High Resolution Spectropolarimetry MIDEX Mission
• Dust Accumulation near the Magnetospheric Truncation of Protoplanetary Discs around T Tauri Stars
• Observation of bottom-up formation for charged grain aggregates related to pre-planetary evolution beyond the bouncing barrier
• Unveiling the outer dust disc of TW Hya with deep ALMA observations
• ALMA high-resolution observations unveil planet formation shaping molecular emission in the PDS 70 disk
• Warped Disk Evolution in Grid-Based Simulations
• The Molecular Composition of Shadowed Protosolar Disk Midplanes beyond the Water Snowline
• Grain Growth During Protostellar Disk Formation
• The rapid formation of macromolecules in irradiated ice of protoplanetary disk dust traps
• No Significant Correlation between Line-emission and Continuum Substructures in the Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales Program
• Radial and vertical constraints on the icy origin of H${}_2$CO in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk
• Universal protoplanetary disk size under complete non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics: The interplay between ion-neutral friction, Hall effect, and the Ohmic dissipation
• Self-consistent ring model in protoplanetary disks: temperature dips and substructure formation
• High-resolution ALMA observations of V4046Sgr: a circumbinary disc with a thin ring
• High-resolution ALMA observations of compact discs in the wide-binary system Sz 65 and Sz 66
• The Appearance of Vortices in Protoplanetary Disks in Near-Infrared Scattered Light
• Running with the Bulls: The frequency of star-disc encounters in the Taurus star forming region
• Demographics of Protoplanetary Disks: A Simulated Population of Edge-on Systems
• Three-Dimensional Dust Stirring by a Giant Planet Embedded in a Protoplanetary Disk
• The Formation of Protoplanetary Disks through Pre-Main Sequence Bondi-Hoyle Accretion
• Planetesimal formation via the streaming instability with multiple grain sizes
• Extreme Pebble Accretion in Ringed Protoplanetary Discs
• PDS 70 unveiled by star-hopping: total intensity, polarimetry and mm-imaging modeled in concert
• ALMA constraints on assembly of Core Accretion planets
• Dust Motion and Possibility of Dust Growth in a Growing Circumstellar Disk
• The HH 24 Complex: Jets, Multiple Star Formation, and Orphaned Protostars
• Combined Effects of Disk Winds and Turbulence-Driven Accretion on Planet Populations
• Distinguishing Magnetized Disc Winds from Turbulent Viscosity through Substructure Morphology in Planet-forming Discs
• Origin and Evolution of Angular Momentum of Class II Disks
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS): VI. Asymmetries and offsets
• Asymmetric Temperature Variations In Protoplanetary disks: I. Linear Theory, Corotating Spirals, and Ring Formation
• Disentangling the parameter space: The role of planet multiplicity in triggering dynamical instabilities on planetary systems around white dwarfs
• On the Degree of Dynamical Packing in the Kepler Multi-planet Systems
• Magnetic Fields and Accreting Giant Planets around PDS 70
• Density waves in protoplanetary discs excited by eccentric planets: linear theory
• An SMA Survey of Chemistry in Disks around Herbig AeBe Stars
• Vertical CO surfaces as a probe for protoplanetary disk mass and carbon depletion
• Inner disc and circumplanetary material in the PDS 70 system
• Planet formation in chemically diverse and evolving discs -- I. Composition of planetary building blocks
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): VI. Comparison of Dust Evolution Models to AGE-PRO Observations
• PRODIGE -- Planet-forming disks in Taurus with NOEMA. I. Overview and first results for 12CO, 13CO, and C18O
• First Detection of A Linear Structure in the Midplane of the Young HH 211 Protostellar Disk: A Spiral Arm?
• Dust mass in protoplanetary disks with porous dust opacities
• An inner warp discovered in the disk around HD 110058 using VLT/SPHERE and HST/STIS
• Nonlinear evolution of streaming instabilities in accreting protoplanetary disks
• Observing Circumplanetary Disks with METIS
• DIPSY: A new Disc Instability Population SYnthesis, II. The Populations of Companions Formed Through Disc Instability
• High-resolution Pan-STARRS and SMA observations of IRAS 23077+6707: A giant edge-on protoplanetary disk
• On Secular Gravitational Instability in Vertically Stratified Disks
• Intermediate mass T Tauri disk masses and a comparison to their Herbig disk descendants
• Substructures in protoplanetary disks imprinted by compact planetary systems
• Gravito-turbulence and dynamo in poorly ionised protostellar discs. I. Zero-net-flux case
• The Ophiuchus DIsk Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA): A Unified Evolutionary Sequence of Planet-Driven Substructures Explaining the Diversity of Disk Morphologies
• Composition constraints of the TRAPPIST-1 planets from their formation
• Multi-frequency analysis of the ALMA and VLA high resolution continuum observations of the substructured disc around CI Tau. Preference for sub-mm-sized low-porosity amorphous carbon grains
• Gas distribution in ODISEA sources from ALMA long-baseline observations in ${}^{12}$CO(2-1)
• Multiband polarimetric imaging of HD 34700 with SCExAO/CHARIS
• Mapping the aliphatic hydrocarbon content of interstellar dust in the Galactic plane
• Time-dependent long-term hydrodynamic simulations of the inner protoplanetary disk III: The influence of photoevaporation
• Accretion disc backflow in resistive MHD simulations
• A Large Double-ring Disk around the Taurus M Dwarf J04124068+2438157
• Testing planet formation from the ultraviolet to the millimeter
• Modeling the arc and ring structures in the HD 143006 disk
• Density streams in the disc winds of Classical T Tauri stars
• Giant planet formation via pebble accretion across different stellar masses
• The New Astronomical Frontier of Interstellar Objects
• Simulations of thermal surface waves in a protoplanetary disk using 1+1D approximation
• Investigating the Future Potential of an Upgraded ALMA to Image Planet Forming Disks at Sub-au Scales
• A 2 au resolution view by ALMA of the planet-hosting WISPIT 2 disk
• Particle clustering in turbulence: Prediction of spatial and statistical properties with deep learning
• Accretion of aerodynamically large pebbles
• Irregular moons possibly injected from the outer solar system by a stellar flyby
• An HST/STIS View of Protoplanetary Disks in Upper Scorpius: Observations of Three Young M-Stars
• Planetesimals drifting through dusty and gaseous white dwarf debris discs: Types I, II and III-like migration
• The effect of stellar evolution on dispersal of protoplanetary disks: Disk fraction in star-forming regions
• H$\alpha$ emission line sources from VLT-MUSE in a low-metallicity star forming region -- Dolidze 25
• Dependence of the initial internal structure of chondrule rim on dust size distribution
• Probing Inner-Edge of Dead Zones in Protoplanetary Disks with ALMA and Next Generation Very Large Array
• Confirmation of a ring structure in the disk around MP Mus (PDS 66) with ALMA Band 7 observations
• Resurgence of CO in a warm bubble around accreting protoplanets and its observability
• Understanding the trans-Neptunian Solar system: Reconciling the results of serendipitous stellar occultations and the inferences from the cratering record
• Planetary magnetosphere evolution around post-main-sequence stars
• Astrometric view of companions in the inner dust cavities of protoplanetary disks
• Betelgeuse's Buddy: X-Ray Constraints on the Nature of $\alpha$ Ori B
• Vortex weighing and dating of planets in protoplanetary discs
• Dust trapping in protoplanetary discs after stellar flybys
• Long-term evolution of the temperature structure in magnetized protoplanetary disks and its implication for the dichotomy of planetary composition
• SHAMPOO: A stochastic model for tracking dust particles under the influence of non-local disk processes
• The emergence of the Md-Macc correlation in the MHD wind scenario
• The Radial Profile of Dust Grain Size in the Protoplanetary Disk of DS Tau
• Effects of Thermodynamics on the Concurrent Accretion and Migration of Gas Giants in Protoplanetary Disks
• Peering through the veil: Investigating protoplanetary disk outer edges using backside visibility
• Planetary nurseries: vortices formed at smooth viscosity transition
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) III: Characteristics of Radial Chemical Substructures
• Dust Drift Timescales in Protoplanetary Disks at the Cusp of Gravitational Instability
• Planet Formation by Gas-Assisted Accretion of Small Solids
• Near-Infrared Polarization from Unresolved Disks Around Brown Dwarfs and Young Stellar Objects
• The Effect of Accretion Rate and Composition on the Structure of Ice-rich Super-Earths
• Effects of Stellar X-ray Photoevaporation on Planetesimal Formation via the Streaming Instability
• Wavelength-dependent far-infrared polarization of HL Tau observed with SOFIA/HAWC+
• Higher-Order Mean-Motion Resonances Can Form in Type-I Disk Migration
• Formation of ring-like structures in flared α-discs with X-ray/FUV photoevaporation
• Enhanced Pebble Drift Across Planet-Opened Gaps in Windy Protoplanetary Disks
• A multiwavelength analysis of the spiral arms in the protoplanetary disk around WaOph 6
• Mid-infrared absorption spectra and mass absorption coefficients for 23 chondrites: dependence on composition and grain size
• The influence of tight binaries on proto-planetary disk masses
• Low-Energy Cosmic Rays and Associated MeV Gamma-Ray Emissions in the Protoplanetary System
• Probing inner and outer disk misalignments in transition disks
• Dust Growth in ALMA Rings: II. Dusty Rossby Wave Instability
• Icy Volatile Enhancements in Evolving Protoplanetary Disks
• The asymmetric structure of the inner disc around HD 142527 A with VLTI/MATISSE
• A Pathway for Collisional Planetesimal Growth in the Ice-Dominant Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• $\alpha \beta q_{\mathrm{th}}$-mapping of planet-induced density wave damping in protoplanetary discs
• Protoplanetary Disk Chemistry
• Gravitational instability in planet-forming discs
• Constraining the properties of the potential embedded planets in the disk around HD 100546
• Spiral structure generated by major planets in proto-planetary disks: the role of periodic orbits near resonance
• Modelling the secular evolution of proto-planetary disc dust sizes -- A comparison between the viscous and magnetic wind case
• Observational evidence for a possible link between PAH emission and dust trap locations in protoplanetary disks
• Setting the Stage: The Early History of the Solar System
• Linking Outer Disk Pebble Dynamics and Gaps to Inner Disk Water Enrichment
• The effect of late giant collisions on the atmospheres of protoplanets and the formation of cold sub-Saturns
• PDRs4All XVIII. JWST-NIRCam Photometric properties of protoplanetary disks in the Orion Nebula Cluster
• The Circumbinary Disc of HD 34700A II. Analysis of a strong dust asymmetry
• JWST Imaging of Edge-on Protoplanetary Disks. V. Flux Ratio Reversal and Disk-edge Structure in the Flying Saucer
• Observations of highly inclined disks with ALMA. Results from 12CO gas and continuum observations
• Searching for Embedded Protoplanets with the Keck/NIRC2 Vortex Coronagraph: Confirmation of a Core-accretion Planet in the Narrow Gap of the Elias 2-24 Disk
• Feasibility of interferometric observations and characterization of planet-induced structures at sub au to au scales in protoplanetary disks
• Rapid and Predictive Planet Population Synthesis Model (RAPPS) I. Upgraded model and resulting synthetic populations
• On the crystallinity of silicate dust in evolving protoplanetary disks due to magnetically driven disk winds