A 2 au resolution view by ALMA of the planet-hosting WISPIT 2 disk

Abstract

We present deep, high spatial resolution interferometric observations of 0.88 mm continuum emission from the TYC 5709-354-1 system, hereafter WISPIT 2, obtained with the goal of detecting circumplanetary emission in the vicinity of the newly discovered WISPIT 2b planet. Observations with the most extended baseline configuration offered by ALMA, achieving an angular resolution of $25\times 17$ mas ($3.3\times 2.2$ au), revealed a single, narrow ring with a deprojected radius of 144.4 au and width of 7.2 au, and no evidence of circumplanetary emission within the cavity. Injection and recovery tests demonstrate that these observations can rule out point-like emission at the location of WISPIT 2b brighter than $\approx 45$ $\mu$Jy at the $3\sigma$ level. While these data can rule out PDS 70c like circumplanetary emission, the upper limit is consistent with empirical mass-flux relationships extrapolated from the stellar regime. Visibility modeling of the continuum ring confirms that WISPIT 2b lies significantly interior to the mm dust ring, raising doubts about the ability of WISPIT 2b to be the only driver of the dust structure. Possible solutions include either another lower mass companion, residing between WISPIT 2b and the cavity edge, likely in the gap seen by SPHERE at $\sim 130$ au, or that WISPIT 2b is either substantially more massive than IR-photometry based estimates ($\sim 15$ $M_{\mathrm{Jup}}$) or on a moderately eccentric orbit. The combination of observations sensitive to the gas and dust distributions on larger spatial scales and dedicated hydrodynamical modeling will help differentiate between scenarios.

Accepted for publication on ApJL; 14 pages, 10 figures

References in corpus (52)

• Array Programming with NumPy
• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• Some Aspects of Measurement Error in Linear Regression of Astronomical Data
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• CASA, the Common Astronomy Software Applications for Radio Astronomy
• Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70
• Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
• Two accreting protoplanets around the young star PDS 70
• Ring shaped dust accumulation in transition disks
• Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): V. Interpreting ALMA maps of protoplanetary disks in terms of a dust model
• Compact Disks in a High Resolution ALMA Survey of Dust Structures in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• A Circumplanetary Disk Around PDS70c
• The minimum mass of detectable planets in protoplanetary discs and the derivation of planetary masses from high resolution observations
• Submillimeter emission associated with candidate protoplanets
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): III. Spiral Structures in the Millimeter Continuum of the Elias 27, IM Lup, and WaOph 6 Disks
• Circumplanetary disc properties obtained from radiation hydrodynamical simulations of gas accretion by protoplanets
• Highly structured disk around the planet host PDS 70 revealed by high-angular resolution observations with ALMA
• GALARIO: a GPU Accelerated Library for Analysing Radio Interferometer Observations
• Mass constraint for a planet in a protoplanetary disk from the gap width
• Imaging diagnostics for transitional discs
• Formation of Giant Planet Satellites
• Keck/NIRC2 $L$'-Band Imaging of Jovian-Mass Accreting Protoplanets around PDS 70
• Theoretical Model of Hydrogen Line Emission from Accreting Gas Giants
• Inferring giant planets from ALMA millimeter continuum and line observations in (transition) disks
• ALMA Measurements of Circumstellar Material in the GQ Lup System
• Limits on Millimeter Continuum Emission from Circumplanetary Material in the DSHARP Disks
• Transition disks: the observational revolution from SEDs to imaging
• Protoplanetary disks in $K_s$-band total intensity and polarized light
• Puffed up Edges of Planet-opened Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks. I. hydrodynamic simulations
• An ALMA Constraint on the GSC 6214-210 B Circum-Substellar Accretion Disk Mass
• WIde Separation Planets In Time (WISPIT): A Gap-clearing Planet in a Multi-ringed Disk around the Young Solar-type Star WISPIT 2
• First millimeter detection of the disk around a young, isolated, planetary-mass object
• ALMA Observations of the Young Substellar Binary System 2M1207
• Searching for H${}_{\alpha }$-emitting sources in the gaps of five transitional disks. SPHERE/ZIMPOL high-contrast imaging
• Optical and Near-infrared View of Planet-forming Disks and Protoplanets
• ISPY-NACO Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars. The demographics of forming planets embedded in protoplanetary disks
• ALMA 0.88 mm Survey of Disks around Planetary-mass Companions
• Three Years of High-Contrast Imaging of the PDS 70 b and c Exoplanets at Hα with MagAO-X: Evidence of Strong Protoplanet Hα Variability and Circumplanetary Dust
• The Planetary Accretion Shock. III. Smoothing-free 2.5D simulations and calculation of H alpha emission
• ALMA Discovery of a Disk around the Planetary-mass Companion SR 12 c
• Observational signatures of eccentric Jupiters inside gas cavities in protoplanetary discs
• Probing the eccentricity in protostellar discs -- Modeling kinematics and morphologies
• Evidence for Variable Accretion onto PDS 70 c and Implications for Protoplanet Detections
• Kinematical Constraint on Eccentricity in the Protoplanetary Disk MWC 758 with ALMA
• Differentiating Formation Models with New Dynamical Masses for the PDS 70 Protoplanets
• Inner disc and circumplanetary material in the PDS 70 system
• Direct Measurement of Extinction in a Planet-Hosting Gap
• DBNets2.0: simulation-based inference for planet-induced dust substructures in protoplanetary discs
• Multi-frequency observations of PDS 70c: Radio emission mechanisms in the circum-planetary environment
• How two-dimensional are planet--disc interactions? I. Locally isothermal discs

Cited by in corpus (2)

• How leaky? A large parameter study of leaky dust traps to quantify the transport of pebbles and ice in protoplanetary discs
• $\alpha \beta q_{\mathrm{th}}$-mapping of planet-induced density wave damping in protoplanetary discs