The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation

Abstract

The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP) provides a large sample of protoplanetary disks having substructures which could be induced by young forming planets. To explore the properties of planets that may be responsible for these substructures, we systematically carry out a grid of 2-D hydrodynamical simulations including both gas and dust components. We present the resulting gas structures, including the relationship between the planet mass and 1) the gaseous gap depth/width, and 2) the sub/super-Keplerian motion across the gap. We then compute dust continuum intensity maps at the frequency of the DSHARP observations. We provide the relationship between the planet mass and 1) the depth/width of the gaps at millimeter intensity maps, 2) the gap edge ellipticity and asymmetry, and 3) the position of secondary gaps induced by the planet. With these relationships, we lay out the procedure to constrain the planet mass using gap properties, and study the potential planets in the DSHARP disks. We highlight the excellent agreement between observations and simulations for AS 209 and the detectability of the young Solar System analog. Finally, under the assumption that the detected gaps are induced by young planets, we characterize the young planet population in the planet mass-semimajor axis diagram. We find that the occurrence rate for $>$ 5 $M_J$ planets beyond 5-10 au is consistent with direct imaging constraints. Disk substructures allow us probe a wide-orbit planet population (Neptune to Jupiter mass planets beyond 10 au) that is not accessible to other planet searching techniques.

arXiv comment36 pages, 22 figures, ApJ Letters, in press

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• Using planet migration and dust drift to weigh protoplanetary discs
• The Ophiuchus DIsk Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA): A Unified Evolutionary Sequence of Planet-Driven Substructures Explaining the Diversity of Disk Morphologies
• Multi-frequency analysis of the ALMA and VLA high resolution continuum observations of the substructured disc around CI Tau. Preference for sub-mm-sized low-porosity amorphous carbon grains
• HD 163296 and its Giant Planets: Creation of Exo-comets, Interstellar Objects and Transport of Volatile Material
• Primordial dust rings, hidden dust mass, and the first generation of planetesimals in gravitationally unstable protoplanetary disks
• Kinematics signature of a giant planet in the disk of AS 209
• Testing planet formation from the ultraviolet to the millimeter
• Emerging population of gap-opening planets around type-A stars -- Long-term evolution of the forming planets around HD 163296
• Searching for wide-orbit gravitational instability protoplanets with ALMA in the dust continuum
• Simulations of thermal surface waves in a protoplanetary disk using 1+1D approximation
• A 2 au resolution view by ALMA of the planet-hosting WISPIT 2 disk
• Investigating the Future Potential of an Upgraded ALMA to Image Planet Forming Disks at Sub-au Scales
• Dust ring and gap formation by gas flow induced by low-mass planets embedded in protoplanetary disks $\mathrm{II}$. Time-dependent model
• UV Spectropolarimetry with Polstar: Protoplanetary Disks
• The paradox of youth for ALMA planet candidates
• Kozai-Lidov oscillations triggered by a tilt instability of detached circumplanetary discs
• Monte Carlo post-processing for radiation hydro simulations of accreting planets in protoplanetary disks
• Exploring the Grain Properties in the Disk of HL Tau with an Evolutionary Model
• Continuing to Hide Signatures of Gravitational Instability in Protoplanetary Discs with Planets
• Directly Detecting the Envelopes of Low-mass Planets Embedded In Protoplanetary Discs and The Case For TW Hydrae
• Resurgence of CO in a warm bubble around accreting protoplanets and its observability
• An upper limit for the growth of inner planets?
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XIX. Spiral Arms, a Tail, and Diffuse Structures Traced by CO around the GM Aur Disk
• Architecture of planetary systems predicted from protoplanetary disks observed with ALMA II: evolution outcomes and dynamical stability
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS XVIII): Kinematic Substructures in the Disks of HD 163296 and MWC 480
• Starlight-driven flared-staircase geometry in radiation hydrodynamic models of protoplanetary disks
• On the formation of multiple dust-trapping rings in the inner Solar system
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) III: Characteristics of Radial Chemical Substructures
• Vortex weighing and dating of planets in protoplanetary discs
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) VIII: CO Gap in AS 209--Gas Depletion or Chemical Processing?
• Enhanced Pebble Drift Across Planet-Opened Gaps in Windy Protoplanetary Disks
• Measuring the Numerical Viscosity in Simulations of Protoplanetary Disks in Cartesian Grids -- The Viscously Spreading Ring Revisited
• Models and Observational Predictions of Dust Traps in Protoplanetary Discs
• Diversity of Exoplanets
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XVII: Determining the 2D Thermal Structure of the HD 163296 Disk
• Single Fluid vs. Multifluid: Comparison between single fluid and multifluid dust models for disc planet interactions
• How two-dimensional are planet-disc interactions? II. Radiation hydrodynamics and suitable cooling prescriptions
• Searching for planet-driven dust spirals in ALMA visibilities
• Semianalytical Accretion-Tracer Emission: Forming Planets Are Intrinsically Faint
• Gaps and Rings: A Near-Universal Trait of Extended Protoplanetary Discs
• Vertical Structure of Protoplanetary Disks in Scattered Light: A large sample analysis
• exoALMA XXIII. Estimating Disk and Planet Properties from Dust Morphologies with DBNets2.0
• Reading between the rings: observed dust ring properties as probes of planet masses
• Protoplanetary Disk Chemistry
• A VLA View of the Flared, Asymmetric Disk Around the Class 0 Protostar L1527 IRS
• Direct Imaging of Irregular Satellite Disks in Scattered Light
• Linking Outer Disk Pebble Dynamics and Gaps to Inner Disk Water Enrichment
• Mapping the 3D Kinematical Structure of the Gas Disk of HD 169142
• Longterm Stability of Planetary Systems formed from a Transitional Disk
• Searching for Embedded Protoplanets with the Keck/NIRC2 Vortex Coronagraph: Confirmation of a Core-accretion Planet in the Narrow Gap of the Elias 2-24 Disk
• The formation of planetary systems with SPICA