Hints on the origins of particle traps in protoplanetary disks given by the $M_{\mathrm{dust}}-M_{\star }$ relation

Abstract

Demographic surveys of protoplanetary disks, carried out mainly with ALMA, have provided access to a large range of disk dust masses ($M_{\mathrm{dust}}$) around stars with different stellar types and in different star-forming regions. These surveys found a power-law relation between $M_{\mathrm{dust}}$ and $M_{\star }$ that steepens in time, but which is also flatter for transition disks (TDs). We performed dust evolution models, which included perturbations to the gas surface density with different amplitudes to investigate the effect of particle trapping on the $M_{\mathrm{dust}}-M_{\star }$ relation. These perturbations were aimed at mimicking pressure bumps that originated from planets. We focused on the effect caused by different stellar and disk masses based on exoplanet statistics that demonstrate a dependence of planet mass on stellar mass and metallicity. Models of dust evolution can reproduce the observed $M_{\mathrm{dust}}-M_{\star }$ relation in different star-forming regions when strong pressure bumps are included and when the disk mass scales with stellar mass (case of $M_{\mathrm{disk}}=0.05M_{\star }$ in our models). This result arises from dust trapping and dust growth beyond centimeter-sized grains inside pressure bumps. However, the flatter relation of $M_{\mathrm{dust}}-M_{\star }$ for TDs and disks with substructures cannot be reproduced by the models unless the formation of boulders is inhibited inside pressure bumps. In the context of pressure bumps originating from planets, our results agree with current exoplanet statistics on giant planet occurrence increasing with stellar mass, but we cannot draw a conclusion about the type of planets needed in the case of low-mass stars. This is attributed to the fact that for $M_{\star }<1M_{\odot }$, the observed $M_{\mathrm{dust}}$ obtained from models is very low due to the efficient growth of dust particles beyond centimeter-sizes inside pressure bumps.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in A&A, minor changes after language edition

References in corpus (62)

• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• Gaia Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• A simple model for the evolution of the dust population in protoplanetary disks
• The Mass Dependence Between Protoplanetary Disks and their Stellar Hosts
• Giant Planet Occurrence in the Stellar Mass-Metallicity Plane
• Gas- and dust evolution in protoplanetary disks
• Particle Stirring in Turbulent Gas Disks: Including Orbital Oscillations
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks I: Dust and Gas Masses
• On the width and shape of gaps in protoplanetary disks
• The outcome of protoplanetary dust growth: pebbles, boulders, or planetesimals? II. Introducing the bouncing barrier
• Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): II. Characteristics of Annular Substructures
• Closed-form expressions for particle relative velocities induced by turbulence
• A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation
• Dust Properties of Protoplanetary Disks in the Taurus-Auriga Star Forming Region from Millimeter Wavelengths
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP) VI: Dust trapping in thin-ringed protoplanetary disks
• Trapping dust particles in the outer regions of protoplanetary disks
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): V. Interpreting ALMA maps of protoplanetary disks in terms of a dust model
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks II: Gas Disk Radii
• An ALMA Survey of Protoplanetary Disks in the $\sigma$ Orionis Cluster
• On the diversity and statistical properties of protostellar discs
• The stickiness of micrometer-sized water-ice particles
• ALMA Observations of Circumstellar Disks in the Upper Scorpius OB Association
• The warm gas atmosphere of the HD 100546 disk seen by Herschel (Evidence of a gas-rich, carbon-poor atmosphere?)
• Compact Disks in a High Resolution ALMA Survey of Dust Structures in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA) - I : project description and continuum images at 28 au resolution
• How Empty are Disk Gaps Opened by Giant Planets?
• An Increase in the Mass of Planetary Systems around Lower-Mass Stars
• The Radial Distribution of H2 and CO in TW Hya as Revealed by Resolved ALMA Observations of CO Isotopologues
• A Millimeter Continuum Size-Luminosity Relationship for Protoplanetary Disks
• One Solution to the Mass Budget Problem for Planet Formation: Optically Thick Disks with Dust Scattering
• Protoplanetary disk masses from CO isotopologues line emission
• Contacts of Water Ice in Protoplanetary Disks - Laboratory Experiments
• The Eccentric Cavity, Triple Rings, Two-Armed Spirals, and Double Clumps of the MWC 758 Disk
• Protoplanetary disk rings and gaps across ages and luminosities
• Scaling Relations Associated with Millimeter Continuum Sizes in Protoplanetary Disks
• Determining protoplanetary disk gas masses from CO isotopologues line observations
• Mass inventory of the giant-planet formation zone in a solar nebula analog
• Dust evolution in protoplanetary discs and the formation of planetesimals. What have we learned from laboratory experiments?
• The anomalously low (sub)millimeter spectral indices of some protoplanetary disks may be explained by dust self-scattering
• Testing the theory of grain growth and fragmentation by millimeter observations of protoplanetary disks
• Evolution of protoplanetary disks from their taxonomy in scattered light: spirals, rings, cavities, and shadows
• Homogeneous Analysis of the Dust Morphology of Transition Disks Observed with ALMA: Investigating dust trapping and the origin of the cavities
• Measurement of Circumstellar Disk Sizes in the Upper Scorpius OB Association with ALMA
• Dust unveils the formation of a mini-Neptune planet in a protoplanetary ring
• Collisional evolution of dust aggregates. From compaction to catastrophic destruction
• ALMA survey of Class II protoplanetary disks in Corona Australis: a young region with low disk masses
• On the Radio Detectability of Circumplanetary Discs
• A panoptic model for planetesimal formation and pebble delivery
• The DSHARP Rings: Evidence of Ongoing Planetesimal Formation?
• Explaining millimeter-sized particles in brown dwarf disks
• Ice Grain Collisions in Comparison: CO${}_2$, H${}_2$O and their Mixtures
• The First Detection of 13C17O in a Protoplanetary Disk: a Robust Tracer of Disk Gas Mass
• Diverse protoplanetary disk morphology produced by a Jupiter-mass planet
• Multiple rings in the transitional disk of GM Aurigae revealed by VLA and ALMA
• Disk masses in the Orion Molecular Cloud-2: distinguishing time and environment
• On the millimetre continuum flux-radius correlation of proto-planetary discs
• A Subarcsecond ALMA Molecular Line Imaging Survey of the Circumbinary, Protoplanetary Disk Orbiting V4046 Sgr
• Constraining turbulence mixing strength in transitional discs with planets using SPHERE and ALMA
• Hints for Small Disks around Very Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs

Cited by in corpus (52)

• CO Depletion in Protoplanetary Disks: A Unified Picture Combining Physical Sequestration and Chemical Processing
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XIV: Revealing disk substructures in multi-wavelength continuum emission
• On the diversity of asymmetries in gapped protoplanetary disks
• A stellar mass dependence of structured disks: a possible link with exoplanet demographics
• Hints for icy pebble migration feeding an oxygen-rich chemistry in the inner planet-forming region of disks
• The protoplanetary disk population in the rho-Ophiuchi region L1688 and the time evolution of Class II YSOs
• Bridging the gap between protoplanetary and debris disks: separate evolution of millimeter and micrometer-sized dust
• Annular substructures in the transition disks around LkCa 15 and J1610
• Size and structures of disks around very low mass stars in the Taurus star-forming region
• A precise asteroseismic age and metallicity for HD 139614: a pre-main-sequence star with a protoplanetary disc in Upper-Centaurus Lupus
• On the secular evolution of the ratio between gas and dust radii in protoplanetary discs
• Growing and Trapping Pebbles with Fragile Collisions of Particles in Protoplanetary Disks
• A dusty origin for the correlation between protoplanetary disc accretion rates and dust masses
• The mass and size of Herbig disks as seen by ALMA
• Transition disks: the observational revolution from SEDs to imaging
• Large gaps and high accretion rates in photoevaporative transition disks with a dead zone
• A large population study of protoplanetary disks: Explaining the millimeter size-luminosity relation with or without sub-structure
• An ALMA survey of $\lambda$ Orionis disks: from supernovae to planet formation
• A bright inner disk and structures in the transition disk around the very low-mass star CIDA 1
• Constraining planetesimal stirring: how sharp are debris disc edges?
• Disc population synthesis: Decrease in the solid mass reservoir through pebble drift
• Chemical evolution in ices on drifting, planet-forming pebbles
• Testing external photoevaporation in the $\sigma$-Orionis cluster with spectroscopy and disk mass measurements
• A high-resolution survey of protoplanetary disks in Lupus and the nature of compact disks
• If you like C/O variations, you should have put a ring on it
• exoALMA. VI. Rotating under Pressure: Rotation curves, azimuthal velocity substructures, and pressure variations
• The impact of dynamic pressure bumps on the observational properties of protoplanetary disks
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): III. Dust and Gas Disk Properties in the Lupus Star-forming Region
• Chemical modeling of Orion Nebula Cluster disks: evidence for massive, compact gas disks with ISM-like gas-to-dust ratios
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): IV. Dust and Gas Disk Properties in the Upper Scorpius Star-forming Region
• On the time evolution of the $M_{\mathrm{d}}-M_{\star }$ and $\dot{M}-M_{\star }$ correlations for protoplanetary discs: the viscous timescale increases with stellar mass
• Dust Accumulation near the Magnetospheric Truncation of Protoplanetary Discs around T Tauri Stars
• Mass determination of protoplanetary disks from dust evolution
• A Tale of Two Transition Disks: ALMA long-baseline observations of ISO-Oph 2 reveal two closely packed non-axisymmetric rings and a $\sim$2 au cavity
• Combined Effects of Disk Winds and Turbulence-Driven Accretion on Planet Populations
• Filling in the Gaps: Can Gravitationally Unstable Discs Form the Seeds of Gas Giant Planets?
• There is no disk mass budget problem of planet formation
• Sub-mm/mm optical properties of real protoplanetary matter derived from Rosetta/MIRO observations of comet 67P
• Dust rings as a footprint of planet formation in a protoplanetary disk
• Millimeter emission in photoevaporating disks is determined by early substructures
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): VI. Comparison of Dust Evolution Models to AGE-PRO Observations
• A Large Double-ring Disk around the Taurus M Dwarf J04124068+2438157
• On the diversification and dissipation of protoplanetary disks
• The Radial Profile of Dust Grain Size in the Protoplanetary Disk of DS Tau
• ALMA detections of circumstellar disks in the giant Hii region M17. Probing the intermediate- to high-mass pre-main-sequence population
• Models and Observational Predictions of Dust Traps in Protoplanetary Discs
• Gaps and Rings: A Near-Universal Trait of Extended Protoplanetary Discs
• A Pathway for Collisional Planetesimal Growth in the Ice-Dominant Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• The Mass Budgets and Spatial Scales of Exoplanet Systems and Protoplanetary Disks
• Effects of turbulent diffusion and back-reaction on the dust distribution around two resonant planets
• Modelling the secular evolution of proto-planetary disc dust sizes -- A comparison between the viscous and magnetic wind case
• Linking Outer Disk Pebble Dynamics and Gaps to Inner Disk Water Enrichment