The Mass Dependence Between Protoplanetary Disks and their Stellar Hosts

Abstract

We present a substantial extension of the mm-wave continuum photometry catalog for Taurus circumstellar dust disks. Combining new Submillimeter Array data with measurements in the literature, we construct a mm-wave luminosity distribution for Class II disks that is statistically complete for stellar hosts with spectral types earlier than M8.5 and has a (3-sigma) depth of ~3 mJy. The resulting census eliminates a longstanding bias against disks with late-type hosts, and thereby reveals a strong correlation between L_mm and the host spectral type. We confirm that this corresponds to a statistically robust relationship between the masses of dust disks and the stars that host them. A Bayesian regression technique is used to characterize these relationships: the results indicate a typical 1.3 mm flux density of 25 mJy for solar mass hosts and a power-law scaling L_mm \propto M_star^1.5-2.0. We suggest that a reasonable treatment of dust temperature in the conversion from L_mm to M_disk favors an inherently linear M_disk \propto M_star scaling, with a typical disk-to-star mass ratio of $\sim$0.2--0.6%. The RMS dispersion around this regression is 0.7 dex, suggesting that the combined effects of diverse evolutionary states, dust opacities, and temperatures in these disks imprint a FWHM range of a factor of 40 on the inferred M_disk (or L_mm) at any given host mass. We argue that this relationship between M_disk and M_star likely represents the origin of the inferred correlation between giant planet frequency and host star mass in the exoplanet population, and provides some basic support for the core accretion model for planet formation. Moreover, we caution that selection bias must be considered in comparative studies of disk evolution, and illustrate that fact with statistical comparisons of L_mm between Taurus and other clusters (abridged).

ApJ, in press: electronic tables are available before publication, by request (typo in Table 2 now corrected)

References in corpus (31)

• Some Aspects of Measurement Error in Linear Regression of Astronomical Data
• Coagulation, fragmentation and radial motion of solid particles in protoplanetary disks
• Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus
• Gas- and dust evolution in protoplanetary disks
• Planet formation around stars of various masses: The snow line and the frequency of giant planets
• Toward a Deterministic Model of Planetary Formation V. Accumulation Near the Ice Line
• UV excess measures of accretion onto young very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• A Submillimeter View of Circumstellar Dust Disks in $\rho$ Ophiuchus
• A New Planet Around an M Dwarf: Revealing a Correlation Between Exoplanets and Stellar Mass
• Structure and evolution of pre-main sequence circumstellar disks
• Dust size distributions in coagulation/fragmentation equilibrium: Numerical solutions and analytical fits
• Exploring brown dwarf disks: A 1.3 mm survey in Taurus
• Results of the ROTOR-program. I. The long-term photometric variability of classical T Tauri stars
• VLBA determination of the distance to nearby star-forming regions I. The distance to T Tauri with 0.4% accuracy
• Gas and Dust Emission at the Outer Edge of Protoplanetary Disks
• Rapid Formation of Gas Giant Planets around M Dwarf Stars
• Gas disks to gas giants: Simulating the birth of planetary systems
• Results of the ROTOR-program. II. The long-term photometric variability of weak-line T Tauri stars
• Multiplicity and Optical Excess Across the Substellar Boundary in Taurus
• A Distributed Population of Low Mass Pre-Main Sequence Stars near the Taurus Molecular Clouds
• Possible Molecular Spiral Arms in the Protoplanetary Disk of AB Aur
• Structural and compositional properties of brown dwarf disks: the case of 2MASS J04442713+2512164
• Unveiling extremely veiled T Tauri stars
• Dynamical Mass Estimates for Incomplete Orbits: Young Multiple Stars in Taurus and Ophiuchus
• The Circumstellar Disk Mass Distribution in the Orion Trapezium Cluster
• Formation of giant planets around stars with various masses
• Discovery of a Circumbinary Disk around Herbig Ae/Be system v892 Tau
• Resolving and probing the circumstellar disk of the Herbig Ae star MWC 480 at 1.4 mm: Evolved dust?
• Mid-IR Observations of T Tauri stars: Probing the Star-Disk Connection in Rotational Evolution
• Mid-Infrared Imaging of the Herbig Ae Star AB Aurigae: Extended Emission on Several Scales
• ISM Dust Grains and N-band Spectral Variability in the Spatially Resolved Subarcsecond Binary UY Aur

Cited by in corpus (506)

• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks I: Dust and Gas Masses
• Gravitational Instabilities in Circumstellar Disks
• Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
• X-Shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects in Lupus: Accretion properties of class II and transitional objects
• Forming the cores of giant planets from the radial pebble flux in protoplanetary discs
• A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation
• Separating gas-giant and ice-giant planets by halting pebble accretion
• An Optical Spectroscopic Study of T Tauri Stars. I. Photospheric Properties
• Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks II: Gas Disk Radii
• Imaging Extrasolar Giant Planets
• Disks ARound TTauri Stars with Sphere (DARTTS-S) I: Sphere / IRDIS Polarimetric Imaging of 8 prominent TTauri Disks
• On the diversity and statistical properties of protostellar discs
• An ALMA Survey of Protoplanetary Disks in the $\sigma$ Orionis Cluster
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars. A Statistical Characterization of Class 0 and I Protostellar Disks
• A stellar-mass-dependent drop in planet occurrence rates
• Dust Evolution and the Formation of Planetesimals
• ALMA Observations of Circumstellar Disks in the Upper Scorpius OB Association
• Breeding Super-Earths and Birthing Super-Puffs in Transitional Disks
• Protoplanetary disk lifetimes vs stellar mass and possible implications for giant planet populations
• A Parametric Modeling Approach to Measuring the Gas Masses of Circumstellar Disks
• SOPHIE velocimetry of Kepler transit candidates XVII. The physical properties of giant exoplanets within 400 days of period
• Compact Disks in a High Resolution ALMA Survey of Dust Structures in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• Astrochemistry and compositions of planetary systems
• Exoplanet Statistics and Theoretical Implications
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA) - I : project description and continuum images at 28 au resolution
• Why do protoplanetary disks appear not massive enough to form the known exoplanet population?
• An Increase in the Mass of Planetary Systems around Lower-Mass Stars
• A Millimeter Continuum Size-Luminosity Relationship for Protoplanetary Disks
• Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). IV. The Outer Architecture of M Dwarf Planetary Systems
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). IV. Planetary systems around low-mass stars
• One Solution to the Mass Budget Problem for Planet Formation: Optically Thick Disks with Dust Scattering
• Dust masses of young disks: constraining the initial solid reservoir for planet formation
• An Excess of Jupiter Analogs in Super-Earth Systems
• Population-Level Eccentricity Distributions of Imaged Exoplanets and Brown Dwarf Companions: Dynamical Evidence for Distinct Formation Channels
• Observations of edge-on protoplanetary disks with ALMA I. Results from continuum data
• Measuring turbulent motion in planet-forming disks with ALMA: A detection around DM Tau and non-detections around MWC 480 and V4046 Sgr
• The VLA Nascent Disk And Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). IV. Free-Free Emission from Protostars: Links to Infrared Properties, Outflow Tracers, and Protostellar Disk Masses
• How drifting and evaporating pebbles shape giant planets I: Heavy element content and atmospheric C/O
• Characterizing young protostellar disks with the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey: large Class 0 disks are rare
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs -- Planet occurrence rates from a subsample of 71 stars
• A Statistical Analysis of SEEDS and Other High-Contrast Exoplanet Surveys: Massive Planets or Low-Mass Brown Dwarfs?
• Protoplanetary disk rings and gaps across ages and luminosities
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) IV: seven transiting planets in the Praesepe cluster
• Physical properties of dusty protoplanetary disks in Lupus: evidence for viscous evolution?
• Scaling Relations Associated with Millimeter Continuum Sizes in Protoplanetary Disks
• Young "Dipper" Stars in Upper Sco and $\rho$ Oph Observed by K2
• Protoplanetary Disk Properties in the Orion Nebula Cluster: Initial Results from Deep, High-Resolution ALMA Observations
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) IV: Emission Surfaces and Vertical Distribution of Molecules
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). II. Planetary population of solar-like stars and overview of statistical results
• ALMA Observations of the Orion Proplyds
• On the Abundance of Circumbinary Planets
• An ALMA Survey of CO isotopologue emission from Protoplanetary Disks in Chamaeleon I
• Dust growth and evolution in protoplanetary disks
• New insights into the nature of transition disks from a complete disk survey of the Lupus star forming region
• M Dwarf Metallicities and Giant Planet Occurrence: Ironing Out Uncertainties and Systematics
• Empirical Isochrones for Low Mass Stars in Nearby Young Associations
• The evolution of dust-disk sizes from a homogeneous analysis of 1-10 Myr-old stars
• Evolution of protoplanetary disks from their taxonomy in scattered light: spirals, rings, cavities, and shadows
• C/O and Snowline Locations in Protoplanetary Disks: The Effect of Radial Drift and Viscous Gas Accretion
• Retired A Stars Revisited: An Updated Giant Planet Occurrence Rate as a Function of Stellar Metallicity and Mass
• Characterizing the dust content of disk substructures in TW Hya
• Resolved young binary systems and their disks
• Infall-Driven Protostellar Accretion and the Solution to the Luminosity Problem
• Molecular gas in debris disks around young A-type stars
• Sulfur chemistry in protoplanetary disks: CS and H2CS
• Volatile Delivery to Planets from Water-rich Planetesimals around Low Mass Stars
• Misaligned Protoplanetary Disks in a Young Binary System
• Gas vs dust sizes of protoplanetary disks: effects of dust evolution
• The Mass Budget of Planet Forming Discs: Isolating the Epoch of Planetesimal Formation
• Homogeneous Analysis of the Dust Morphology of Transition Disks Observed with ALMA: Investigating dust trapping and the origin of the cavities
• Composition of Early Planetary Atmospheres I: Connecting Disk Astrochemistry to the Formation of Planetary Atmospheres
• Measurement of Circumstellar Disk Sizes in the Upper Scorpius OB Association with ALMA
• The Atomic and Molecular Content of Disks Around Very Low-mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs
• Masses and Implications for Ages of Low-Mass Pre-Main Sequence Stars in Taurus and Ophiuchus
• A stellar mass dependence of structured disks: a possible link with exoplanet demographics
• A cavity and further radial substructures in the disk around HD~97048
• NGTS-1b: A hot Jupiter transiting an M-dwarf
• Hints for icy pebble migration feeding an oxygen-rich chemistry in the inner planet-forming region of disks
• A survey of C2H, HCN, and C18O in protoplanetary disks
• Catching drifting pebbles I. Enhanced pebble accretion efficiencies for eccentric planets
• Bright C2H emission in protoplanetary disks in Lupus: high volatile C/O>1 ratios
• A near-infrared interferometric survey of debris-disc stars. IV. An unbiased sample of 92 southern stars observed in H-band with VLTI/PIONIER
• Observational evidence for two distinct giant planet populations
• Brown dwarf disks with ALMA: evidence for truncated dust disks in Ophiuchus
• The Ophiuchus DIsk Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA): Disk Dust Mass Distributions across Protostellar Evolutionary Classes
• A new class of Super-Earths formed from high-temperature condensates: HD219134 b, 55 Cnc e, WASP-47 e
• Gaia EDR3 Reveals the Substructure and Complicated Star Formation History of the Greater Taurus-Auriga Star Forming Complex
• A Super-Solar Metallicity For Stars With Hot Rocky Exoplanets
• Brown dwarf disks with ALMA
• Formation and composition of planets around very low mass stars
• ALMA survey of Class II protoplanetary disks in Corona Australis: a young region with low disk masses
• Consistent dust and gas models for protoplanetary disks III. Models for selected objects from the FP7 DIANA project
• First images of debris disks around TWA 7, TWA 25, HD 35650, and HD 377
• Constraints from Dust Mass and Mass Accretion Rate Measurements on Angular Momentum Transport in Protoplanetary Disks
• Occurrence rate of hot Jupiters around early-type M dwarfs based on TESS data
• A panoptic model for planetesimal formation and pebble delivery
• The occurrence rate of giant planets orbiting low-mass stars with TESS
• Heavy metal rules. I. Exoplanet incidence and metallicity
• An Empirical Planetesimal Belt Radius - Stellar Luminosity Relation
• The formation of the solar system
• Observations of Solids in Protoplanetary Disks
• Spiral Arms in Disks: Planets or Gravitational Instability?
• The masses of young stars: CN as a probe of dynamical masses
• Full-lifetime simulations of multiple unequal-mass planets across all phases of stellar evolution
• The protoplanetary disk population in the rho-Ophiuchi region L1688 and the time evolution of Class II YSOs
• HD far infrared emission as a measure of protoplanetary disk mass
• Chemistry in Protoplanetary Disks: the gas-phase CO/H2 ratio and the Carbon reservoir
• The (w)hole survey: an unbiased sample study of transition disk candidates based on Spitzer catalogs
• Sizes of protoplanetary discs after star-disc encounters
• Pebble-driven Planet Formation around Very Low-mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs
• Demographics of Transition Discs in Ophiuchus and Taurus
• Chemistry in Disks X: The Molecular Content of Proto-planetary Disks in Taurus
• Bridging the gap between protoplanetary and debris disks: separate evolution of millimeter and micrometer-sized dust
• Orbital Architectures of Planet-Hosting Binaries: I. Forming Five Small Planets in the Truncated Disk of Kepler-444A
• Multi-wavelength continuum sizes of protoplanetary discs: scaling relations and implications for grain growth and radial drift
• Faint disks around classical T Tauri stars: small but dense enough to form planets?
• Protoplanetary Disk Sizes and Angular Momentum Transport
• An ALMA Continuum Survey of Circumstellar Disks in the Upper Scorpius OB Association
• K2-97b: A (Re-?)Inflated Planet Orbiting a Red Giant Star
• Dust Polarization Toward Embedded Protostars in Ophiuchus with ALMA. III. Survey Overview
• Gaia's potential for the discovery of circumbinary planets
• CO2 infrared emission as a diagnostic of planet-forming regions of disks
• Properties and occurrence rates of $Kepler$ exoplanet candidates as a function of host star metallicity from the DR25 catalog
• CKS VIII: Eccentricities of Kepler Planets and Tentative Evidence of a High Metallicity Preference for Small Eccentric Planets
• Hints on the origins of particle traps in protoplanetary disks given by the $M_{\mathrm{dust}}-M_{\star }$ relation
• Why do M dwarfs have more transiting planets?
• Gas Disk Sizes from CO Line Observations: A Test of Angular Momentum Evolution
• The properties of discs around planets and brown dwarfs as evidence for disc fragmentation
• Dust masses of disks around 8 Brown Dwarfs and Very Low-Mass Stars in Upper Sco OB1 and Ophiuchus
• Unveiling the physical conditions of the youngest disks: A warm embedded disk in L1527
• A Tale of Planet Formation: From Dust to Planets
• Growth after the streaming instability: from planetesimal accretion to pebble accretion
• ALMA observations of the debris disk around the young Solar Analog HD 107146
• How do stars gain their mass? A JCMT/SCUBA-2 Transient Survey of Protostars in Nearby Star Forming Regions
• Far-infrared to millimeter data of protoplanetary disks: dust growth in the Taurus, Ophiuchus, and Chamaeleon I star-forming regions
• What are little worlds made of? Stellar abundances and the building blocks of planets
• Efficient planet formation by pebble accretion in ALMA rings
• The SEEDS High Contrast Imaging Survey of Exoplanets around Young Stellar Objects
• Size and structures of disks around very low mass stars in the Taurus star-forming region
• Circumstellar Disks Around Binary Stars in Taurus
• Star-forming content of the giant molecular filaments in the Milky Way
• Dynamical Masses of Low Mass Stars in the Taurus and Ophiuchus Star Forming Regions
• Diverse protoplanetary disk morphology produced by a Jupiter-mass planet
• Creating the Radius Gap without Mass Loss
• Disk Masses for Embedded Class I Protostars in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• The magnetic field and accretion regime of CI Tau
• Constraining disk evolution prescriptions of planet population synthesis models with observed disk masses and accretion rates
• Modeling protoplanetary disk SEDs with artificial neural networks: Revisiting the viscous disk model and updated disk masses
• New Constraints From Dust Lines On The Surface Densities Of Protoplanetary Disks
• An ALMA Disk Mass for the Candidate Protoplanetary Companion to FW Tau
• Discovery of Seven Companions to Intermediate Mass Stars with Extreme Mass Ratios in the Scorpius-Centaurus Association
• A Disk-based Dynamical Constraint on the Mass of the Young Binary DQ Tau
• Low EUV Luminosities Impinging on Protoplanetary Disks
• Protoplanetary Disk Masses from Radiative Transfer Modeling: A Case Study in Taurus
• Observations of fast-moving features in the debris disk of AU Mic on a three-year timescale: Confirmation and new discoveries
• Protoplanetary disk masses in NGC 2024: Evidence for two populations
• The first ALMA survey of protoplanetary discs at 3 mm: demographics of grain growth in the Lupus region
• The determination of protoplanetary disk masses
• Predicted diversity in water content of terrestrial exoplanets orbiting M dwarfs
• Tests of In-Situ Formation Scenarios for Compact Multiplanet Systems
• Prevalent externally-driven protoplanetary disc dispersal as a function of the galactic environment
• ALMA Measurements of Circumstellar Material in the GQ Lup System
• A solution to the proplyd lifetime problem
• An unbiased ALMA spectral survey of the LkCa 15 and MWC 480 protoplanetary disks
• GIARPS High-resolution Observations of T Tauri stars (GHOsT). IV. Accretion properties of the Taurus-Auriga young association
• NGTS-7Ab: An ultra-short period brown dwarf transiting a tidally-locked and active M dwarf
• The eccentricity distribution of giant planets and their relation to super-Earths in the pebble accretion scenario
• MASSIVE: A Bayesian analysis of giant planet populations around low-mass stars
• Search for associations containing young stars (SACY) VII. New stellar and substellar candidate members in the young associations
• Alma Survey Of Circumstellar Disks In The Young Stellar Cluster IC 348
• How to Detect the Signatures of Self-Gravitating Circumstellar Discs with the Atacama Large Millimetre/sub-millimetre Array
• Limits on Millimeter Continuum Emission from Circumplanetary Material in the DSHARP Disks
• Mass constraints for 15 protoplanetary disks from HD 1-0
• Planet formation around M dwarfs via disc instability: Fragmentation conditions and protoplanet properties
• Apparent disk-mass reduction and planetesimal formation in gravitationally unstable disks in Class 0/I YSOs
• Rapid destruction of protoplanetary discs due to externalphotoevaporation in star-forming regions
• Photoevaporative Dispersal of Protoplanetary Disks around Evolving Intermediate-mass Stars
• TOI-5205 b: A Short-period Jovian Planet Transiting a Mid-M Dwarf
• A dusty origin for the correlation between protoplanetary disc accretion rates and dust masses
• The Exoplanet Population Observation Simulator. II -- Population Synthesis in the Era of Kepler
• Multiplicity and clustering in Taurus star-forming region. I. Unexpected ultra-wide pairs of high-order multiplicity in Taurus
• Protoplanetary Disk Masses in the Young NGC 2024 Cluster
• Disk masses in the Orion Molecular Cloud-2: distinguishing time and environment
• 1I/'Oumuamua as an N2 ice fragment of an exo-pluto surface. II. Generation of N2 ice fragments and the origin of 'Oumuamua
• Demographics of disks around young very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in Lupus
• The hybrid disks: a search and study to better understand evolution of disks
• A census of $\rho$ Oph candidate members from Gaia DR2
• Wind-driven Accretion in Transitional Protostellar Disks
• The mass and size of Herbig disks as seen by ALMA
• On the millimetre continuum flux-radius correlation of proto-planetary discs
• Disk masses around solar-mass stars are underestimated by CO observations
• Scattering-induced intensity reduction: large mass content with small grains in the inner region of the TW Hya disk
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA). II. The effect of stellar multiplicity on disc properties
• The Fate of Scattered Planets
• An ALMA and MagAO Study of the Substellar Companion GQ Lup B
• Protoplanetary Disks in the Orion Nebula Cluster: Gas Disk Morphologies and Kinematics as seen with ALMA
• Transition disks: the observational revolution from SEDs to imaging
• JWST/NIRSpec Reveals the Nested Morphology of Disk Winds from Young Stars
• ALMA observations of a misaligned binary protoplanetary disk system in Orion
• Accretion discs as regulators of stellar angular momentum evolution in the ONC and Taurus-Auriga
• The Mass Accretion Rate and Stellar Properties in Class I Protostars
• Identification of Young Stellar Variables with KELT for K2 I: Campaign 13 Taurus Dippers and Rotators
• Disk structure around the Class I protostar L1489 IRS revealed by ALMA: a warped disk system
• A 80 au cavity in the disk around HD 34282
• On the origin of the wide-orbit circumbinary giant planet HD 106906: A dynamical scenario and its impact on the disk
• Bayesian constraints on the origin and geology of exo-planetary material using a population of externally polluted white dwarfs
• Is the spiral morphology of the Elias 2-27 circumstellar disc due to gravitational instability?
• Porous Dust Particles in Protoplanetary Disks: Application to the HL Tau Disk
• The role of C/O in nitrile astrochemistry in PDRs and planet-forming disks
• Imaging the photoevaporating disk and radio jet of GM Aur
• Investigating the early evolution of planetary systems with ALMA and the Next Generation Very Large Array
• From scattered-light to millimeter emission: A comprehensive view of the Gyr-old system of HD 202628 and its eccentric debris ring
• JWST/NIRSpec Observations of the Planetary Mass Companion TWA 27B
• The Taurus Boundary of Stellar/Substellar (TBOSS) Survey II. Disk Masses from ALMA Continuum Observations
• Protoplanetary Disks in the Orion OMC1 Region Imaged with ALMA
• The shadow of the Flying Saucer: A very low temperature for large dust grains
• TOI-3714 b and TOI-3629 b: Two gas giants transiting M dwarfs confirmed with HPF and NEID
• TOI-530b: A giant planet transiting an M dwarf detected by TESS
• ALMA study of the HD 100453 AB system and the tidal interaction of the companion with the disk
• Stability and Occurrence Rate Constraints on the Planetary Sculpting Hypothesis for "Transitional" Disks
• Jumping the Gap: The Formation Conditions and Mass Function of Pebble-Pile Planetesimals
• Scaling K2. VI. Reduced Small Planet Occurrence in High Galactic Amplitude Stars
• Formation and evolution of protostellar accretion discs. I. Angular-momentum budget, gravitational self-regulation, and numerical convergence
• A large population study of protoplanetary disks: Explaining the millimeter size-luminosity relation with or without sub-structure
• An ALMA Survey of Protoplanetary Disks in Lynds 1641
• The evolution of accretion in young stellar objects: Strong accretors at 3 - 10 Myr
• Discovery of a Transiting Planet Near the Snow-Line
• The effect of stellar multiplicity on protoplanetary discs. A NIR survey of the Lupus star forming region
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Class III Stars: Early Planetesimal Belt Formation and Rapid Disk Dispersal
• Warm formaldehyde in the Oph IRS 48 transitional disk
• High Precision Dynamical Masses of Pre-Main Sequence Stars with ALMA and Gaia
• The Effect of Binarity on Circumstellar Disk Evolution
• A 1.3 mm SMA Survey of 29 Variable Young Stellar Objects
• Fomalhaut b as a Cloud of Dust: Testing Aspects of Planet Formation Theory
• Terrestrial planet formation: Dynamical shake-up and the low mass of Mars
• An eccentric companion at the edge of the brown dwarf desert orbiting the 2.4 Msun giant star HIP67537
• Do the TRAPPIST-1 Planets Have Hydrogen-rich Atmospheres?
• Population Synthesis Models Indicate a Need for Early and Ubiquitous Disk Substructures
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): I. Program Overview and Summary of First Results
• On the underestimation of dust mass in protoplanetary disks: Effects of disk structure and dust properties
• Measuring the Dust Masses of Protoplanetary Disks in Lupus with ALMA: Evidence that Disks can be Optically Thick at 3 mm
• Population study on MHD wind-driven disc evolution -- Confronting theory and observation
• An ALMA Constraint on the GSC 6214-210 B Circum-Substellar Accretion Disk Mass
• A high resolution mid-infrared survey of water emission from protoplanetary disks
• Survey of Orion Disks with ALMA (SODA) I: Cloud-level demographics of 873 protoplanetary disks
• An ALMA survey of $\lambda$ Orionis disks: from supernovae to planet formation
• A Search for L/T Transition Dwarfs With Pan-STARRS1 and WISE. III. Young L Dwarf Discoveries and Proper Motion Catalogs in Taurus and Scorpius-Centaurus
• Hints for Small Disks around Very Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs
• HST Scattered Light Imaging and Modeling of the Edge-on Protoplanetary Disk ESO-H$\alpha$ 569
• A bright inner disk and structures in the transition disk around the very low-mass star CIDA 1
• A SCUBA-2 850 micron survey of protoplanetary discs in the sigma Orionis cluster
• First millimeter detection of the disk around a young, isolated, planetary-mass object
• Resolved Multifrequency Radio Observations of GG Tau
• Destruction of refractory carbon grains drives the final stage of proto-planetary disk chemistry
• Tracing pebble drift and trapping using radial carbon depletion profiles in protoplanetary disks
• Formation of secondary atmospheres on terrestrial planets by late disk accretion
• Effects of stellar density on the photoevaporation of circumstellar discs
• A hypothesis for the rapid formation of planets
• V409 Tau As Another AA Tau: Photometric Observations of Stellar Occultations by the Circumstellar Disk
• On the diversity in mass and orbital radius of giant planets formed via disk instability
• Constraining the radial drift of millimeter-sized grains in the protoplanetary disks in Lupus
• Resolved Gas Interior to the Dust Rings of the HD 141569 Disk
• An Increase in Small-planet Occurrence with Metallicity for Late-type Dwarf Stars in the Kepler Field and Its Implications for Planet Formation
• Making Planet Nine: A Scattered Giant in the Outer Solar System
• What happened before? -- The disks around the precursors of young Herbig Ae/Be stars
• ALMA Observations of the Young Substellar Binary System 2M1207
• A Deep Spitzer Survey of Circumstellar Disks in the Young Double Cluster, h and chi Persei
• The influence of the environment on the spin evolution of low-mass stars. I. External photoevaporation of circumstellar disks
• Effects of inclined star-disk encounter on protoplanetary disk size
• The Architecture of the GW Ori Young Triple Star System and Its Disk: Dynamical Masses, Mutual Inclinations, and Recurrent Eclipses
• Searching for Giant Exoplanets around M-dwarf Stars (GEMS) I: Survey Motivation
• Disc population synthesis: Decrease in the solid mass reservoir through pebble drift
• Testing a New Model of Embedded Protostellar Disks Against Observation: The Majority of Orion Class 0/I Disks Are Likely Warm, Massive, and Gravitationally Unstable
• A Minimum Mass Nebula for M Dwarfs
• Kepler-167e as a Probe of the Formation Histories of Cold Giants with Inner Super-Earths
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: SCUBA-2 observations of circumstellar disks in L 1495
• A "Rosetta Stone" for protoplanetary disks: The synergy of multi-wavelength observations
• The Evolution of Inner Disk Gas in Transition Disks
• The Mean Magnetic Field Strength of CI Tau
• The Taurus Boundary of Stellar/Substellar (TBOSS) Survey I: far-IR disk emission measured with Herschel
• Survival of ALMA Rings in the Absence of Pressure Maxima
• Herschel survey of brown dwarf disks in Rho Ophiuchi
• An Explanation of the Very Low Radio Flux of Young Planet-mass Companions
• The Architecture of the V892 Tau System: the Binary and its Circumbinary Disk
• An M dwarf accompanied by a close-in giant orbiter with SPECULOOS
• Nonlinear outcome of gravitational instability in an irradiated protoplanetary disc
• Testing external photoevaporation in the $\sigma$-Orionis cluster with spectroscopy and disk mass measurements
• A massive Keplerian protostellar disk with flyby-induced spirals in the Central Molecular Zone
• ISPY-NACO Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars. The demographics of forming planets embedded in protoplanetary disks
• K2 Ultracool Dwarfs Survey. IV. Monster flares observed on the young brown dwarf CFHT-BD-Tau 4
• ALMA 0.88 mm Survey of Disks around Planetary-mass Companions
• An ALMA Survey of faint disks in the Chamaeleon I star-forming region: Why are some Class II disks so faint?
• TOI-3984 A b and TOI-5293 A b: two temperate gas giants transiting mid-M dwarfs in wide binary systems
• An upper limit on the mass of the circumplanetary disk for DH Tau b
• The Effect of Protoplanetary Disk Cooling Times on the Formation of Gas Giant Planets by Gravitational Instability
• Massive compact dust disk with a gap around CW Tau revealed by ALMA multi-band observations
• Resolved millimeter-dust continuum cavity around the very low mass young star CIDA 1
• External photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs in Cygnus OB2: linking discs to star formation dynamical history
• Determining Dust Properties in Protoplanetary Disks: SED-derived Masses and Settling With ALMA
• The impact of dynamic pressure bumps on the observational properties of protoplanetary disks
• Kinematic Analysis of a Protostellar Multiple System: Measuring the Protostar Masses and Assessing Gravitational Instability in the Disks of L1448 IRS3B and L1448 IRS3A
• An Inner Disk in the Large Gap of the Transition Disk SR 24S
• Brown dwarf disks with Herschel: Linking far-infrared and (sub)-mm fluxes
• CKS IX: Revisiting the Minimum-Mass Extrasolar Nebula with Precise Stellar Parameters
• A Rotation Rate for the Planetary-Mass Companion DH Tau b
• Linking planetesimal and dust content in protoplanetary disks via a local toy model
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): A Panchromatic View of DO Tau's Complex Kilo-au Environment
• An ALMA Survey for Disks Orbiting Low-Mass Stars in the TW Hya Association
• On the maximum grain size entrained by photoevaporative winds
• Simultaneous spectral energy distribution and near-infrared interferometry modeling of HD 142666
• Probing protoplanetary disk evolution in the Chamaeleon II region
• Influences of three-dimensional gas flow induced by protoplanets on pebble accretion --$\mathrm{I}$. shear regime
• The Planet Formation Potential Around a 45 Myr old Accreting M Dwarf
• DZ Cha: a bona fide photoevaporating disc
• ALMA Observations of the Largest Proto-Planetary Disk in the Orion Nebula, 114-426: A CO Silhouette
• Exoplanet Populations and their Dependence on Host Star Properties
• A companion on the planet/brown dwarf mass boundary on a wide orbit discovered by gravitational microlensing
• Signs of late infall and possible planet formation around DR Tau using VLT/SPHERE and LBTI/LMIRCam
• ALMA Super-resolution Imaging of T Tau: r = 12 au Gap in the Compact Dust Disk around T Tau N
• Building massive compact planetesimal disks from the accretion of pebbles
• Disk Masses and Dust Evolution of Protoplanetary Disks Around Brown Dwarfs
• IN-SYNC. VIII. Primordial Disk Frequencies in NGC 1333, IC 348, and the Orion A Molecular Cloud
• An ALMA Survey of Chemistry in Disks around M4-M5 Stars
• Evidence for Primordial Alignment: Insights from Stellar Obliquity Measurements for Compact Sub-Saturn Systems
• The formation of wide exoKuiper belts from migrating dust traps
• A hot Saturn on an eccentric orbit around the giant star EPIC228754001
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): A close low mass companion to ET Cha
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): III. Dust and Gas Disk Properties in the Lupus Star-forming Region
• Multi-wavelength observations of protoplanetary discs as a proxy for the gas disc mass
• Constraining the Disk Masses of the Class I Binary Protostar GV Tau
• Migration and Growth of Protoplanetary Embryos III: Mass and Metallicity Dependence for FGKM main-sequence stars
• Spectrally Resolved Mid-Infrared Molecular Emission from Protoplanetary Disks and the Chemical Fingerprint of Planetesimal Formation
• Dynamical masses of M-dwarf binaries in young moving groups: I - The case of TWA 22 and GJ 2060
• Dusty disk winds at the sublimation rim of the highly inclined, low mass YSO SU Aurigae
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk) V: Possible Annular Substructure in a Circumstellar Disk in the Ced110 IRS4 System
• The Spin-Orbit Misalignment of TOI-1842b: The First Measurement of the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect for a Warm Sub-Saturn around a Massive Star
• A SCUBA-2 850 micron Survey of Protoplanetary Discs in the IC 348 Cluster
• Chemical modeling of Orion Nebula Cluster disks: evidence for massive, compact gas disks with ISM-like gas-to-dust ratios
• Observing the gas component of circumplanetary disks around wide-orbit planet-mass companions in the (sub)mm regime
• A homogeneous analysis of disks around brown dwarfs
• The inner disk of RY Tau: evidence of stellar occultation by the disk atmosphere at the sublimation rim from K-band continuum interferometry
• Protoplanetary disks in the hostile environment of Carina
• A Theoretical Framework for the Mass Distribution of Gas Giant Planets forming through the Core Accretion Paradigm
• Super-Earths and sub-Neptunes are Insensitive to Stellar Metallicity
• Variability of Disk Emission in Pre-Main Sequence and Related Stars IV. Investigating the Structural Changes in the Inner Disk Region of MWC 480
• T Tauri Stars: Physical Parameters and Evolutionary Status
• Millimeter Spectral Indices and Dust Trapping By Planets in Brown Dwarf Disks
• Gravitational instabilities in a protosolar-like disc II: continuum emission and mass estimates
• Four Jovian planets around low-luminosity giant stars observed by the EXPRESS and PPPS
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): IV. Dust and Gas Disk Properties in the Upper Scorpius Star-forming Region
• Long-lived protoplanetary disks in multiple systems: the VLA view of HD 98800
• An ALMA Dynamical Mass Estimate of the Proposed Planetary-mass Companion FW Tau C
• Emerging trends in metallicity and lithium properties of debris disc stars
• Constraining the orbit of the planet-hosting binary $\tau$ Boötis: Clues about planetary formation and migration
• Which stars can form planets: Planetesimal formation at low metallicities
• Herschel Observations of Protoplanetary Disks in Lynds 1641
• The centimeter emission from planet-forming disks in Taurus
• Predicting the Yield of Small Transiting Exoplanets around Mid-M and Ultra-Cool Dwarfs in the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Galactic Bulge Time Domain Survey
• Relation between metallicities and spectral energy distributions of Herbig Ae/Be stars. A potential link with planet formation
• An asymmetric dust ring around a very low mass star ZZ Tau IRS
• Breaking mean-motion resonances during Type I planet migration
• A Tight Relation between Spiral Arm Pitch Angle and Protoplanetary Disk Mass
• Mass determination of protoplanetary disks from dust evolution
• [OI] disk emission in the Taurus star forming region
• The Transitional Disk around IRAS 04125+2902
• Ejection of close-in super-Earths around low-mass stars in the giant impact stage
• GG Tau A: Dark shadows on the ringworld
• Primordial Dusty Rings and Episodic Outbursts in Protoplanetary Discs
• Resolved imaging of the AR Puppis circumbinary disk
• Disentangling protoplanetary disk gas mass and carbon depletion through combined atomic and molecular tracers
• Dust Growth and Dynamics in Protoplanetary Nebulae: Implications for Opacity, Thermal Profile and Gravitational Instability
• Magnetohydrodynamics of protoplanetary discs
• Modeling the Protoplanetary Disks of Two Brown Dwarfs in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• Protostellar and Protoplanetary Disk Masses in the Serpens Region
• Can Large-Scale Migration Explain the Giant Planet Occurrence Rate?
• Why do more massive stars host larger planets?
• High-resolution ALMA observations of compact discs in the wide-binary system Sz 65 and Sz 66
• Demographics of Protoplanetary Disks: A Simulated Population of Edge-on Systems
• The big sibling of AU Mic: a cold dust-rich debris disk around CP-72 2713 in the $\beta$ Pic moving group
• Probing UV-Sensitive Pathways for CN and HCN Formation in Protoplanetary Disks with the Hubble Space Telescope
• Mid-infrared interferometric variability of DG Tau: implications for the inner-disk structure
• The bulk metallicity of giant planets around M stars
• Coagulation Calculations of Icy Planet Formation Around 0.1--0.5~\msun\ Stars: Super-Earths From Large Planetestimals
• Constraining the properties of transitional disks in Chamaeleon I with Herschel
• Predicting the water content of interstellar objects from galactic star formation histories
• Regular Radial Velocity Variations in Nine G- and K-type Giant Stars: Eight Planets and One Planet Candidate
• A VLA Survey For Faint Compact Radio Sources in the Orion Nebula Cluster
• The Radial Distribution and Excitation of H2 around Young Stars in the HST-ULLYSES Survey
• The Herschel view of circumstellar discs: a multi-wavelength study of Chamaeleon I
• Spiral Arms in Broad-line Regions of Active Galactic Nuclei. II. Loosely Wound Cases: Reverberation Properties
• Host Star Dependence of Small Planet Mass-Radius Distributions
• VLA observations of the disk around the young brown dwarf 2MASS J044427+2512
• TOI-5344 b: A Saturn-like planet orbiting a super-Solar metallicity M0 dwarf
• A resolved and asymmetric ring of PAHs within the young circumstellar disk of IRS 48
• A brief overview of planet formation
• A dichotomy in group II Herbig disks: ALMA gas disk height measurements show both shadowed large vertically extended disks and compact flat disks
• High-resolution survey for planetary companions to young stars in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• Below One Earth Mass: The Detection, Formation, and Properties of Subterrestrial Worlds
• Probing the Temperature Structure of the Inner Region of a Protoplanetary Disk
• Pebbles in an Embedded Protostellar Disk: The Case of CB26
• Residual Gas & Dust Around Transition Objects and Weak T Tauri Stars
• Herschel/PACS view of disks around low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in the TW Hya association
• The unusual M-dwarf Warm Jupiter TOI-1899~b: Refinement of orbital and planetary parameters
• Direct Imaging discovery of a second planet candidate around the possibly transiting planet host CVSO 30
• There is no disk mass budget problem of planet formation
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): Scattered light detection of a possible disk wind in RY Tau
• ALMA observations of the early stages of substellar formation in the Lupus 1 and 3 molecular clouds
• X-Shooter Survey of Young Intermediate Mass Stars -- I. Stellar Characterization and Disc Evolution
• An SMA Continuum Survey of Circumstellar Disks in the Serpens Star-Forming Region
• An SMA Survey of Chemistry in Disks around Herbig AeBe Stars
• Vertical CO surfaces as a probe for protoplanetary disk mass and carbon depletion
• Benchmark Transiting Brown Dwarf LHS 6343 C: Spitzer Secondary Eclipse Observations Yield Brightness Temperature and mid-T Spectral Class
• Isotopic enrichment of planetary systems from Asymptotic Giant Branch stars
• A low-mass companion desert among intermediate-mass visual binaries: The scaled-up counterpart to the brown dwarf desert
• Grain Growth in the Dust Ring with Crescent around Very Low Mass Star ZZ Tau IRS with JVLA
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): VI. Comparison of Dust Evolution Models to AGE-PRO Observations
• Dust mass in protoplanetary disks with porous dust opacities
• Global Spiral Density Wave Modes in Protoplanetary Disks: Morphology of Spiral Arms
• Bipolar molecular outflow of the very low-mass star Par-Lup3-4
• RW Aur B: a modest UX Ori type companion of the famous primary
• Characterization of debris disks observed with SPHERE
• Constraining giant planet formation with synthetic ALMA images of the Solar System's natal protoplanetary disk
• Using binary statistics in Taurus-Auriga to distinguish between brown dwarf formation processes
• High-resolution Pan-STARRS and SMA observations of IRAS 23077+6707: A giant edge-on protoplanetary disk
• Distributions of gas and small and large grains in the LkH$\alpha 330$ disk trace a young planetary system
• Imaging the Dusty Substructures due to Terrestrial Planets in Planet-forming Disks with ALMA and the Next Generation Very Large Array
• Sunscreen: Photometric Signatures of Galaxies Partially Cloaked in Dyson Spheres
• The disk around the brown dwarf KPNO Tau 3
• Orbital parameters and activity of ZZ Tau -- a low mass young binary with circumbinary disc
• Study of Jupiter's Interior with Quadratic Monte Carlo Simulations
• Relative Occurrence Rate Between Hot and Cold Jupiters as an Indicator to Probe Planet Migration
• DESTINY: Database for the Effects of STellar encounters on dIsks and plaNetary sYstems
• On Secular Gravitational Instability in Vertically Stratified Disks
• CI Tau: A controlled experiment in disk-planet interaction
• The evolution of protoplanetary disc radii and disc masses in star-forming regions
• Multi-frequency analysis of the ALMA and VLA high resolution continuum observations of the substructured disc around CI Tau. Preference for sub-mm-sized low-porosity amorphous carbon grains
• Intermediate mass T Tauri disk masses and a comparison to their Herbig disk descendants
• Imaging the warped dusty disk wind environment of SU Aurigae with MIRC-X
• What governs the spin distribution of very young < 1 Myr low mass stars
• How Flow Isolation May Set the Mass Scale for Super-Earth Planets
• A Large Double-ring Disk around the Taurus M Dwarf J04124068+2438157
• Time-dependent long-term hydrodynamic simulations of the inner protoplanetary disk III: The influence of photoevaporation
• Constraining the Movement of the Spiral Features and the Locations of Planetary Bodies within the AB Aur System
• Water transport throughout the TRAPPIST-1 system: the role of planetesimals
• GEMS JWST: Transmission spectroscopy of TOI-5205b reveals significant stellar contamination and a metal-poor atmosphere
• ALMA Observations of the Inner Cavity in the Protoplanetary Disk around Sz 84
• A New Desalination Pump Help Define the pH of Ocean Worlds
• Restoration of the Parameters of a Gas-Dust Disk Based on Its Synthetic Images
• Searching for Wide Companions and Identifying Circum(sub)stellar Disks through PSF-Fitting of Spitzer/IRAC Archival Images
• Radio multiwavelength analysis of the compact disk CX Tau: Presence of strong free-free variability or anomalous microwave emission
• Forming rocky exoplanets around K-dwarf stars
• From traffic jams to roadblocks: The outer regions of TW Hya with ALMA Band 8
• A complete Herbig disk mass survey in Orion
• Giant planet formation via pebble accretion across different stellar masses
• An HST/STIS View of Protoplanetary Disks in Upper Scorpius: Observations of Three Young M-Stars
• Transit timing variation analysis of the low-mass brown dwarf KELT-1 b
• Planet-forming disks and their environment across regions and time from the full NIR census
• Probing Inner-Edge of Dead Zones in Protoplanetary Disks with ALMA and Next Generation Very Large Array
• Gas kinematics of key prebiotic molecules in GV Tau N revealed with an ALMA, PdBI, and Herschel synergy
• The evolution of the flux-size relationship in protoplanetary discs by viscous evolution and radial pebble drift
• Proto-planetary disk composition-dependent element volatility in the context of rocky planet formation
• An upper limit for the growth of inner planets?
• Generation of inclined protoplanetary discs and misaligned planets through mass accretion I: Coplanar secondary discs
• Dust Drift Timescales in Protoplanetary Disks at the Cusp of Gravitational Instability
• An approach to robust Bayesian regression in astronomy
• Revisiting the Planet Mass and Stellar Metallicity Relation for Low-Mass Exoplanets Orbiting GKM Class Stars
• MANGOS II: Five new giant planets orbiting low-mass stars
• The Wanderer: Charting WASP-77A b's Formation and Migration Using a System-Wide Inventory of Carbon and Oxygen Abundances
• A multiwavelength analysis of the spiral arms in the protoplanetary disk around WaOph 6
• Survey of Orion Disks with ALMA (SODA) III: Disks in wide binary systems in L1641 and L1647
• Near-Infrared Polarization from Unresolved Disks Around Brown Dwarfs and Young Stellar Objects
• Timescales diagnostics for saving viscous and MHD-driven dusty discs from external photoevaporation
• Probing dust and grain growth in the optically thick circumbinary ring of V892 Tau
• The Structure and Evolution of Protoplanetary Disks: an infrared and submillimeter view
• Discovery of carbon monoxide emission from five debris disks around young A-type stars
• New X-ray Selected Pre-Main Sequence Members of the Serpens Molecular Cloud
• ALMA detections of circumstellar disks in the giant Hii region M17. Probing the intermediate- to high-mass pre-main-sequence population
• The extremely truncated circumstellar disc of V410 X-ray 1: a precursor to TRAPPIST-1?
• The Mass Budgets and Spatial Scales of Exoplanet Systems and Protoplanetary Disks
• The Radiowave Hunt for Young Stellar Object Emission and Demographics (RADIOHEAD): A Radio Luminosity$-$Spectral Type Dependence in Taurus$-$Auriga YSOs
• Measuring Dust Masses of Protoplanetary Disks in Serpens and L1641/L1647 with ALMA
• Diversity in planetary architectures from pebble accretion: Water delivery to the habitable zone with pebble snow
• NGTS-EB-8: A double-lined eclipsing M+M binary discovered by citizen scientists
• The influence of tight binaries on proto-planetary disk masses
• Rapid Formation of Super-Earths Around Low-Mass Stars
• Protoplanetary Disk Evolution: Singles vs. Binaries
• TOI-3757 b: A low density gas giant orbiting a solar-metallicity M dwarf
• The morphology of CSCha circumbinary disk suggesting the existence of a Saturn-mass planet
• Identification and spectroscopic characterization of 128 new Herbig stars
• Understanding Accretion Variability Through TESS Observations of Taurus
• A VLA View of the Flared, Asymmetric Disk Around the Class 0 Protostar L1527 IRS
• Searching for GEMS: Three warm Saturns and a super-Jupiter orbiting four early M-dwarfs
• Rapid and Predictive Planet Population Synthesis Model (RAPPS) I. Upgraded model and resulting synthetic populations
• The dispersal of protoplanetary discs -- III: Influence of stellar mass on disc photoevaporation
• Revisiting the exoplanet radius valley with host stars from SWEET-Cat
• Benchmarking pre-main sequence stellar evolutionary tracks using disk-based dynamical stellar masses
• The Variation of Circumstellar Parameters through Early Stellar Evolution
• Fundamental properties of protoplanetary discs determined from simultaneous fits to thermal dust images and spectral energy distributions
• The Substructures in Disks undergoing Vertical Shear Instability: II. Observational Predictions for the Dust Continuum
• The Dispersal of Planet-forming discs: Theory confronts Observations
• Kepler-1624b Has No Significant Transit Timing Variations
• The formation of planetary systems with SPICA
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars VI. Insights from Radiative Transfer Modeling
• Constraining the properties of the potential embedded planets in the disk around HD 100546