TOI-5205 b: A Short-period Jovian Planet Transiting a Mid-M Dwarf

Abstract

We present the discovery of TOI-5205~b, a transiting Jovian planet orbiting a solar metallicity M4V star, which was discovered using Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite photometry and then confirmed using a combination of precise radial velocities, ground-based photometry, spectra, and speckle imaging. TOI-5205~b has one of the highest mass ratios for M dwarf planets with a mass ratio of almost 0.3$\%$, as it orbits a host star that is just $0.392\pm 0.015$ \solmass{}. Its planetary radius is $1.03\pm 0.03R_J$, while the mass is $1.08\pm 0.06M_J$. Additionally, the large size of the planet orbiting a small star results in a transit depth of $\sim 7\%$, making it one of the deepest transits of a confirmed exoplanet orbiting a main-sequence star. The large transit depth makes TOI-5205~b a compelling target to probe its atmospheric properties, as a means of tracing the potential formation pathways. While there have been radial-velocity-only discoveries of giant planets around mid-M dwarfs, this is the first transiting Jupiter with a mass measurement discovered around such a low-mass host star. The high mass of TOI-5205~b stretches conventional theories of planet formation and disk scaling relations that cannot easily recreate the conditions required to form such planets.

arXiv commentAccepted in AJ. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2203.07178

References in corpus (153)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Array Programming with NumPy
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• Binary companions of evolved stars in APOGEE DR14: Search method and catalog of ~5,000 companions
• Analytic Lightcurves for Planetary Transit Searches
• Local Kinematics and the Local Standard of Rest
• The generalised Lomb-Scargle periodogram. A new formalism for the floating-mean and Keplerian periodograms
• galpy: A Python Library for Galactic Dynamics
• Understanding the Lomb-Scargle Periodogram
• The Zwicky Transient Facility: Data Processing, Products, and Archive
• ATLAS: A High-Cadence All-Sky Survey System
• The All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) Light Curve Server v1.0
• Exploring the Milky Way stellar disk. A detailed elemental abundance study of 714 F and G dwarf stars in the Solar neighbourhood
• The effects of snowlines on C/O in planetary atmospheres
• Fast and scalable Gaussian process modeling with applications to astronomical time series
• The Revised TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List
• Models of Stars, Brown Dwarfs and Exoplanets
• Efficient, uninformative sampling of limb darkening coefficients for two-parameter laws
• Circumstellar Dust Disks in Taurus-Auriga: The Submillimeter Perspective
• The Theory of Brown Dwarfs and Extrasolar Giant Planets
• astroquery: An Astronomical Web-Querying Package in Python
• The Mass Dependence Between Protoplanetary Disks and their Stellar Hosts
• Planet-disk interaction and orbital evolution
• How to Constrain Your M Dwarf: measuring effective temperature, bolometric luminosity, mass, and radius
• The TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List
• AstroImageJ: Image Processing and Photometric Extraction for Ultra-Precise Astronomical Light Curves (Expanded Edition)
• AstroImageJ: Image Processing and Photometric Extraction for Ultra-Precise Astronomical Light Curves
• Overview of the Kepler Science Processing Pipeline
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks I: Dust and Gas Masses
• Origins of Hot Jupiters
• A Framework for Prioritizing the TESS Planetary Candidates Most Amenable to Atmospheric Characterization
• BANYAN. XI. The BANYAN $\Sigma$ multivariate Bayesian algorithm to identify members of young associations within 150 pc
• Improving the Efficiency of Markov Chain Monte Carlo for Analyzing the Orbits of Extrasolar Planets
• The Solar Neighborhood XVII: Parallax Results from the CTIOPI 0.9m Program -- Twenty New Members of the RECONS 10 Parsec Sample
• Towards a deterministic model of planetary formation. III. Mass distribution of short-period planets around stars of various masses
• The metal-rich nature of stars with planets
• Spectrum radial velocity analyser (SERVAL). High-precision radial velocities and two alternative spectral indicators
• A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation
• Core-Accretion Model Predicts Few Jovian-Mass Planets Orbiting Red Dwarfs
• The Mass-Metallicity Relation for Giant Planets
• Stellar SEDs from 0.3-2.5 Microns: Tracing the Stellar Locus and Searching for Color Outliers in SDSS and 2MASS
• ExoMol line lists IV: The rotation-vibration spectrum of methane up to 1500 K
• The Star-formation History and Accretion-Disk Fraction Among the K-Type Members of the Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association
• Stellar and substellar companions of nearby stars from Gaia DR2 - Binarity from proper motion anomaly
• Unresolved stellar companions with Gaia DR2 astrometry
• The HARPS-TERRA project I. Description of the algorithms, performance and new measurements on a few remarkable stars observed by HARPS
• A variationally computed line list for hot NH3
• How to Constrain Your M dwarf II: the mass-luminosity-metallicity relation from 0.075 to 0.70$M_{\odot }$
• STARRY: Analytic Occultation Light Curves
• An ALMA Survey of Protoplanetary Disks in the $\sigma$ Orionis Cluster
• PandExo: A Community Tool for Transiting Exoplanet Science with JWST & HST
• ExoMol line lists III: An improved hot rotation-vibration line list for HCN and HNC
• A stellar-mass-dependent drop in planet occurrence rates
• Precision Stellar Characterization of FGKM Stars using an Empirical Spectral Library
• Evidence for Mass-dependent Circumstellar Disk Evolution in the 5 Myr-old Upper Scorpius OB Association
• ALMA Observations of Circumstellar Disks in the Upper Scorpius OB Association
• Spectroscopic stellar parameters for 582 FGK stars in the HARPS volume-limited sample. Revising the metallicity-planet correlation
• Towards Chemical Constraints on Hot Jupiter Migration
• A Parametric Modeling Approach to Measuring the Gas Masses of Circumstellar Disks
• Chromospheric Activity, Rotation, and Rotational Braking in M and L Dwarfs
• Multiple-Planet Scattering and the Origin of Hot Jupiters
• eleanor: An open-source tool for extracting light curves from the TESS Full-Frame Images
• Photo-astrometric distances, extinctions, and astrophysical parameters for Gaia EDR3 stars brighter than G=18.5
• Improved HCN/HNC linelist, model atmospheres and synthetic spectra for WZ Cas
• The Solar Neighborhood XXXVII: The Mass-Luminosity Relation for Main Sequence M Dwarfs
• exoplanet: Gradient-based probabilistic inference for exoplanet data & other astronomical time series
• Stellar Parameters and Metallicities of Stars Hosting Jovian and Neptunian Mass Planets: A Possible Dependence of Planetary Mass on Metallicity
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). IV. Planetary systems around low-mass stars
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Different roads to radii and masses of the target stars
• Lupus disks with faint CO isotopologues: low gas/dust or large carbon depletion?
• Barycentric Corrections at 1 cm/s for precise Doppler velocities
• The Habitable-Zone Planet Finder: A Stabilized Fiber-Fed NIR Spectrograph for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope
• Characterizing the Cool KOIs II. The M Dwarf KOI-254 and its Hot Jupiter
• Disk evolution in the solar neighborhood. I Disk frequencies from 1 to 100 Myr
• An Activity-Rotation Relationship and Kinematic Analysis of Nearby Mid-to-Late-type M Dwarfs
• Evidence of an Upper Bound on the Masses of Planets and its Implications for Giant Planet Formation
• Rapid Formation of Gas Giant Planets around M Dwarf Stars
• CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs V. Luminosities, colours, and spectral energy distributions
• Ten Year Review of Queue Scheduling of the Hobby-Eberly Telescope
• Analytic Planetary Transit Light Curves and Derivatives for Stars with Polynomial Limb Darkening
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XLI. A dozen planets around the M dwarfs GJ 3138, GJ 3323, GJ 273, GJ 628, and GJ 3293
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. First visual-channel radial-velocity measurements and orbital parameter updates of seven M-dwarf planetary systems
• Stellar Spectroscopy in the Near-infrared with a Laser Frequency Comb
• Correcting for Telluric Absorption: Methods, Case Studies, and Release of the TelFit Code
• The Photoeccentric Effect and Proto-Hot Jupiters I. Measuring photometric eccentricities of individual transiting planets
• Protoplanetary Disk Properties in the Orion Nebula Cluster: Initial Results from Deep, High-Resolution ALMA Observations
• Formation of Giant Planets by Disk Instability on Wide Orbits Around Protostars with Varied Masses
• The 10 parsec sample in the Gaia era
• HATS-6b: A Warm Saturn Transiting an Early M Dwarf Star, and a Set of Empirical Relations for Characterizing K and M Dwarf Planet Hosts
• GENESIS: New Self-Consistent Models of Exoplanetary Spectra
• A giant exoplanet orbiting a very low-mass star challenges planet formation models
• Python Leap Second Management and Implementation of Precise Barycentric Correction (barycorrpy)
• SDSS-IV MaStar -- A Large and Comprehensive Empirical Stellar Spectral Library: First Release
• Retired A Stars Revisited: An Updated Giant Planet Occurrence Rate as a Function of Stellar Metallicity and Mass
• A Physically-Motivated Photometric Calibration of M Dwarf Metallicity
• Exo-Transmit: An Open-Source Code for Calculating Transmission Spectra for Exoplanet Atmospheres of Varied Composition
• Vibrational transition moments of CH${}_4$ from first principles
• The Mass Budget of Planet Forming Discs: Isolating the Epoch of Planetesimal Formation
• Towards Space-like Photometric Precision from the Ground with Beam-Shaping Diffusers
• NGTS-1b: A hot Jupiter transiting an M-dwarf
• Observational evidence for two distinct giant planet populations
• Binary deviations from single object astrometry
• GJ 832c: A super-earth in the habitable zone
• New Avenues for Thermal Inversions in hot Jupiters
• A Versatile Technique to Enable sub-milli-Kelvin Instrument Stability for Precise Radial Velocity Measurements: Tests with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder
• TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) VI: an 11 Myr giant planet transiting a very low-mass star in Lower Centaurus Crux
• A Gap in the Lower Main Sequence Revealed by Gaia Data Release 2
• Model Atmospheres From Very Low Mass Stars to Brown Dwarfs
• Standard Galactic Field RR Lyrae. I. Optical to Mid-infrared Phased Photometry
• Exploring the age dependent properties of M and L dwarfs using Gaia and SDSS
• HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG XII. The abundance signature of M dwarf stars with planets
• Have proto-planetary discs formed planets?
• A sub-Neptune sized planet transiting the M2.5-dwarf G 9-40: Validation with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder
• RV-detected planets around M dwarfs: Challenges for core accretion models
• Constraining proto-planetary disc evolution using accretion rate and disc mass measurements: the usefulness of the dimensionless accretion parameter
• Metallicity of the Massive Protoplanets Around HR 8799 If Formed by Gravitational Instability
• The Theoretical Mass--Magnitude Relation of Low-Mass Stars and its Metallicity Dependence
• The TESS Faint Star Search: 1,617 TOIs from the TESS Primary Mission
• Measuring Jupiter's water abundance by Juno: the link between interior and formation models
• A discontinuity in the $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$-radius relation of M-dwarfs
• Analytical Models of Exoplanetary Atmospheres. III. Gaseous C-H-O-N Chemistry with 9 Molecules
• Peter Pan Disks: Long-lived Accretion Disks Around Young M Stars
• On the Temperature Profiles and Emission Spectra of Mini-Neptune Atmospheres
• Overview of the spectrometer optical fiber feed for the Habitable-zone Planet Finder
• A Balanced Budget View on Forming Giant Planets by Pebble Accretion
• A closer look at the transition between fully convective and partly radiative low mass stars
• Embedded protostellar disks around (sub-)solar stars. II. Disk masses, sizes, densities, temperatures and the planet formation perspective
• Connecting substellar and stellar formation. The role of the host star's metallicity
• A He3 driven instability near the fully convective boundary
• HATS-74Ab, HATS-75b, HATS-76b and HATS-77b: Four Transiting Giant Planets around K and M Dwarfs
• TOI-530b: A giant planet transiting an M dwarf detected by TESS
• TOI-3714 b and TOI-3629 b: Two gas giants transiting M dwarfs confirmed with HPF and NEID
• A warm Jupiter transiting an M dwarf: A TESS single transit event confirmed with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder
• Gaia Gaps and the Physics of Low-Mass Stars. I. The Fully Convective Boundary
• Assessing Spectra and Thermal Inversions due to TiO in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
• Classifying Single Stars and Spectroscopic Binaries Using Optical Stellar Templates
• The California Planet Survey II. A Saturn-Mass Planet Orbiting the M Dwarf Gl649
• New Constraints on Protoplanetary Disk Gas Masses in Lupus
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Two Saturn-mass planets orbiting active stars
• Astrometric excess noise in Gaia DR2 and the search for X-ray emitting binaries
• 2MASS J15460752-6258042: a mid-M dwarf hosting a prolonged accretion disc
• Astrometric excess noise in Gaia EDR3 and the search for X-ray binaries
• TOI-519 b: a short-period substellar object around an M dwarf validated using multicolour photometry and phase curve analysis
• Search for Nearby Earth Analogs. III. Detection of ten new planets, three planet candidates, and confirmation of three planets around eleven nearby M dwarfs
• An explanation for the gap in the Gaia HRD for M dwarfs
• Constraining the origin of giant exoplanets via elemental abundance measurements
• TOI-1728b: The Habitable-zone Planet Finder confirms a warm super Neptune orbiting an M dwarf host
• Remote Operations and Nightly Automation of The Red Buttes Observatory
• Peter Pan Discs: finding Neverland's parameters
• Molecular tracers of planet formation in the atmospheres of hot Jupiters
• The LHS 1678 System: Two Earth-Sized Transiting Planets and an Astrometric Companion Orbiting an M Dwarf Near the Convective Boundary at 20 pc
• Planetesimals Around Stars with TESS (PAST): II. An M Dwarf "Dipper" Star with a Long-Lived Disk in the TESS Continuous Viewing Zone

Cited by in corpus (18)

• Mid-to-Late M Dwarfs Lack Jupiter Analogs
• TOI-3235 b: a transiting giant planet around an M4 dwarf star
• Searching for Giant Exoplanets around M-dwarf Stars (GEMS) I: Survey Motivation
• An M dwarf accompanied by a close-in giant orbiter with SPECULOOS
• TOI-3984 A b and TOI-5293 A b: two temperate gas giants transiting mid-M dwarfs in wide binary systems
• The mass determination of TOI-519 b: a close-in giant planet transiting a metal-rich mid-M dwarf
• Impact of galactic distributions in celestial capture of dark matter
• A massive hot Jupiter orbiting a metal-rich early-M star discovered in the TESS full frame images
• Metallicity Dependence of Giant Planets around M Dwarfs
• The bulk metallicity of giant planets around M stars
• TOI-5344 b: A Saturn-like planet orbiting a super-Solar metallicity M0 dwarf
• Hundreds of TESS exoplanets might be larger than we thought
• Validation of up to seven TESS planet candidates through multi-colour transit photometry using MuSCAT2 data
• A transiting giant planet in orbit around a 0.2-solar-mass host star
• GEMS JWST: Transmission spectroscopy of TOI-5205b reveals significant stellar contamination and a metal-poor atmosphere
• MANGOS II: Five new giant planets orbiting low-mass stars
• Kepler-1624b Has No Significant Transit Timing Variations
• ExoEcho: Exoplanet Ephemerides Change Observations. III. A JWST Survey for Transit Timing Variations of 37 Exoplanets