The Theory of Brown Dwarfs and Extrasolar Giant Planets

Abstract

Straddling the traditional realms of the planets and the stars, objects below the edge of the main sequence have such unique properties, and are being discovered in such quantities, that one can rightly claim that a new field at the interface of planetary science and and astronomy is being born. In this review, we explore the essential elements of the theory of brown dwarfs and giant planets, as well as of the new spectroscopic classes L and T. To this end, we describe their evolution, spectra, atmospheric compositions, chemistry, physics, and nuclear phases and explain the basic systematics of substellar-mass objects across three orders of magnitude in both mass and age and a factor of 30 in effective temperature. Moreover, we discuss the distinctive features of those extrasolar giant planets that are irradiated by a central primary, in particular their reflection spectra, albedos, and transits. Aspects of the latest theory of Jupiter and Saturn are also presented. Throughout, we highlight the effects of condensates, clouds, molecular abundances, and molecular/atomic opacities in brown dwarf and giant planet atmospheres and summarize the resulting spectral diagnostics. Where possible, the theory is put in its current observational context.

67 pages (including 36 figures), RMP RevTeX LaTeX, accepted for publication in the Reviews of Modern Physics. 30 figures are color. Most of the figures are in GIF format to reduce the overall size. The full version with figures can also be found at: http://jupiter.as.arizona.edu/~burrows/papers/rmp

Cited by in corpus (467)

• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA)
• The James Webb Space Telescope
• Control of star formation by supersonic turbulence
• Defining and cataloging exoplanets: The exoplanet.eu database
• Detection of Thermal Emission from an Extrasolar Planet
• Astrometry and Photometry for Cool Dwarfs and Brown Dwarfs
• The Ages of Stars
• The Cosmic Energy Inventory
• Near-Infrared Photometry and Spectroscopy of L and T Dwarfs: the Effects of Temperature, Clouds, and Gravity
• Disequilibrium Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Chemistry in the Atmospheres of HD 189733b and HD 209458b
• L' and M' Photometry of Ultracool Dwarfs
• Towards Spectral Classification of L and T Dwarfs: Infrared and Optical Spectroscopy and Analysis
• Neglected Clouds in T and Y Dwarf Atmospheres
• Binarity in Brown Dwarfs: T Dwarf Binaries Discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope WPFC2
• Constraints on Earth-mass primordial black holes from OGLE 5-year microlensing events
• L and T Dwarf Models and the L to T Transition
• Possible Solutions to the Radius Anomalies of Transiting Giant Planets
• The 0.8-14.5 micron Spectra of Mid-L to Mid-T Dwarfs: Diagnostics of Effective Temperature, Grain Sedimentation, Gas Transport, and Surface Gravity
• Spectral and Photometric Diagnostics of Giant Planet Formation Scenarios
• Imaging Extrasolar Giant Planets
• How to Constrain Your M dwarf II: the mass-luminosity-metallicity relation from 0.075 to 0.70$M_{\odot }$
• A Re-appraisal of the Habitability of Planets Around M Dwarf Stars
• Atmospheric Parameters of Field L and T Dwarfs
• The NIRSPEC Brown Dwarf Spectroscopic Survey. I. Low-Resolution Near-Infrared Spectra
• Can TiO Explain Thermal Inversions in the Upper Atmospheres of Irradiated Giant Planets?
• Infrared Photometry of Late-M, L, and T Dwarfs
• A new set of atmosphere and evolution models for cool T-Y brown dwarfs and giant exoplanets
• The Deuterium-Burning Mass Limit for Brown Dwarfs and Giant Planets
• Young L Dwarfs Identified in the Field: A Preliminary Low-Gravity, Optical Spectral Sequence from L0 to L5
• Beyond the T Dwarfs: Theoretical Spectra, Colors, and Detectability of the Coolest Brown Dwarfs
• BANYAN. II. Very Low Mass and Substellar Candidate Members to Nearby, Young Kinematic Groups With Previously Known Signs of Youth
• Theoretical Spectra and Light Curves of Close-in Extrasolar Giant Planets and Comparison with Data
• On the Radii of Extrasolar Giant Planets
• Meeting the Cool Neighbors. IX. The Luminosity Function of M7-L8 Ultracool Dwarfs in the Field
• Gaia Data Release 3: Stellar multiplicity, a teaser for the hidden treasure
• Population Properties of Brown Dwarf Analogs to Exoplanets
• Stars, Gas, and Dark Matter in the Solar Neighborhood
• Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler VI: Planet Sample from Q1-Q16 (47 Months)
• Stellar structure models in modified theories of gravity: lessons and challenges
• The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. II. Young Ultracool Field Dwarfs
• HST hot-Jupiter transmission spectral survey: detection of potassium in WASP-31b along with a cloud deck and Rayleigh scattering
• Detection of H2O and evidence for TiO/VO in an ultra hot exoplanet atmosphere
• Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph Observations of M, L, and T Dwarfs
• A Sample of Very Young Field L Dwarfs and Implications for the Brown Dwarf "Lithium Test" at Early Ages
• The Palomar/Keck Adaptive Optics Survey of Young Solar Analogs: Evidence for a Universal Companion Mass Function
• The sdB+M Eclipsing System HW Virginis and its Circumbinary Planets
• The cosmic shoreline: the evidence that escape determines which planets have atmospheres, and what this may mean for Proxima Centauri b
• Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Observations of T Dwarfs: Brown Dwarf Multiplicity and New Probes of the L/T Transition
• Low Luminosity Companions to White Dwarfs
• Exoplanetary Atmospheres - Chemistry, Formation Conditions, and Habitability
• On the Cool Side: Modeling the Atmospheres of Brown Dwarfs and Giant Planets
• Search for Carbon Monoxide in the atmosphere of the Transiting Exoplanet HD189733b
• Can Planets survive Stellar Evolution?
• HST hot Jupiter Transmission Spectral Survey: A detection of Na and strong optical absorption in HAT-P-1b
• HELIOS-K: An Ultrafast, Open-source Opacity Calculator for Radiative Transfer
• The NIRSPEC Ultracool Dwarf Radial Velocity Survey
• Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Binary Very-Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs
• Line Intensities and Molecular Opacities of the FeH $F^4{\Delta }_i-X^4{\Delta }_i$ Transition
• Activity and Kinematics of Ultracool Dwarfs Including An Amazing Flare Observation
• The First Substellar Subdwarf? Discovery of a Metal-poor L Dwarf with Halo Kinematics
• A Method for Determining the Physical Properties of the Coldest Known Brown Dwarfs
• Individual Dynamical Masses of Ultracool Dwarfs
• Spitzer/IRAC Photometry of M, L, and T Dwarfs
• The XO Project: Searching for Transiting Extra-solar Planet Candidates
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). I. Bern global model of planet formation and evolution, model tests, and emerging planetary systems
• Calculations of the Far-Wing Line Profiles of Sodium and Potassium in the Atmospheres of Substellar-Mass Objects
• An HST Optical to Near-IR Transmission Spectrum of the Hot Jupiter WASP-19b: Detection of Atmospheric Water and Likely Absence of TiO
• Discovery of a Binary Brown Dwarf at 2 Parsecs from the Sun
• Identifying Young Brown Dwarfs Using Gravity-Sensitive Spectral Features
• Binaries and the L Dwarf/T Dwarf Transition
• Accreting Circumplanetary Disks: Observational Signatures
• XO-3b: A Massive Planet in an Eccentric Orbit Transiting an F5V Star
• Phase Separation in Giant Planets: Inhomogeneous Evolution of Saturn
• A self-consistent cloud model for brown dwarfs and young giant exoplanets: comparison with photometric and spectroscopic observations
• No Thermal Inversion and a Solar Water Abundance for the Hot Jupiter HD209458b from HST WFC3 Emission Spectroscopy
• Model atmospheres for massive gas giants with thick clouds: Application to the HR 8799 planets and predictions for future detections
• Uniform Atmospheric Retrieval Analysis of Ultracool Dwarfs I: Characterizing Benchmarks, Gl570D and HD3651B
• Dynamical Mass of the Substellar Benchmark Binary HD 130948BC
• White Dwarf Donors in Ultracompact Binaries: The Stellar Structure of Finite Entropy Objects
• Discovery of 11 New T Dwarfs in the Two Micron All-Sky Survey, Including a Possible L/T Transition Binary
• High-Resolution Spectroscopic Detection of TiO and Stratosphere in the Day-side of WASP-33b
• Discovery and Validation of Kepler-452b: A 1.6-Re Super Earth Exoplanet in the Habitable Zone of a G2 Star
• A magnetic field evolution scenario for brown dwarfs and giant planets
• A library of near-infrared integral field spectra of young M-L dwarfs
• Gravity Indicators in the Near-Infrared Spectra of Brown Dwarfs
• Constraining the initial entropy of directly-detected exoplanets
• 2MASSJ035523.51+113337.4: A Young, Dusty, Nearby, Isolated Brown Dwarf Resembling A Giant Exoplanet
• Ab initio equations of state for hydrogen (H-REOS.3) and helium (He-REOS.3) and their implications for the interior of Brown Dwarfs
• SDSS J1534+1615AB: A Novel T Dwarf Binary Found with Keck Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics and the Potential Role of Binarity in the L/T Transition
• The Extreme Microlensing Event OGLE-2007-BLG-224: Terrestrial Parallax Observation of a Thick-Disk Brown Dwarf
• Statistical Properties of Brown Dwarf Companions: Implications for Different Formation Mechanisms
• The Dependence of Brown Dwarf Radii on Atmospheric Metallicity and Clouds: Theory and Comparison with Observations
• HD 203030B: an Unusually Cool Young Sub-Stellar Companion near the L/T Transition
• On the Indirect Detection of Sodium in the Atmosphere of the Planetary Companion to HD 209458
• The Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign: Discovery of a Close Substellar Companion to the Young Debris Disk Star PZ Tel
• New study of the line profiles of sodium perturbed by H2
• A novel L-band imaging search for giant planets in the Tucana and Beta Pictoris moving groups
• New CrH Opacities for the Study of L and Brown Dwarf Atmospheres
• HST hot-Jupiter transmission spectral survey: Haze in the atmosphere of WASP-6b
• T Dwarfs and the Substellar Mass Function. I. Monte Carlo Simulations
• MIRACLES: atmospheric characterization of directly imaged planets and substellar companions at 4-5 $\mu$m. I. Photometric analysis of $\beta$ Pic b, HIP 65426 b, PZ Tel B and HD 206893 B
• Tides and Tidal Engulfment in Post-Main Sequence Binaries: Period Gaps for Planets and Brown Dwarfs Around White Dwarfs
• Hubble Space Telescope hot Jupiter Transmission Spectral Survey: detection of water in HAT-P-1b from Wide Field Camera 3 near-infrared spatial scan observations
• Beyond Equilibrium Temperature: How the Atmosphere/Interior Connection Affects the Onset of Methane, Ammonia, and Clouds in Warm Transiting Giant Planets
• Tracing the Mass during Low-Mass Star Formation, IV: Observations and Modeling of the Submillimeter Continuum Emission from Class I Protostars
• The Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign : Discovery of a Substellar L Dwarf Companion to the Nearby Young M Dwarf CD-35 2722
• Photometric and Spectral Signatures of 3D Models of Transiting Giant Exoplanets
• Exploring the substellar temperature regime down to ~550K
• A Flaring L5 Dwarf: The Nature of HαEmission in Very Low Mass (Sub)Stellar Objects
• Atmospheric Dynamics of Hot Giant Planets and Brown Dwarfs
• On the Age of the TRAPPIST-1 System
• BOSS Ultracool Dwarfs I: Colors and Magnetic Activity of M and L dwarfs
• Uniform Atmospheric Retrieval Analysis of Ultracool Dwarfs II: Properties of 11 T-dwarfs
• A Definition for Giant Planets Based on the Mass-Density Relationship
• A theoretical look at the direct detection of giant planets outside the Solar System
• Physical parameters of two very cool T dwarfs
• Spectra and Diagnostics for the Direct Detection of Wide-Separation Extrasolar Giant Planets
• Discovery of a Very Nearby Brown Dwarf to the Sun: A Methane Rich Brown Dwarf Companion to the Low Mass Star SCR 1845-6357
• Atmospheric Retrieval Analysis of the Directly Imaged Exoplanet HR 8799b
• Keck Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics Monitoring of 2MASS J1534-2952AB: First Dynamical Mass Determination of a Binary T Dwarf
• Spectra as Windows into Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Theoretical Spectral Models of T Dwarfs at Short Wavelengths and Their Comparison with Data
• A Surprising Reversal of Temperatures in the Brown-Dwarf Eclipsing Binary 2MASS J05352184-0546085
• The Magnetic Properties of an L Dwarf Derived from Simultaneous Radio, X-ray, and H-alpha Observations
• On the Distribution of Orbital Eccentricities for Very Low-Mass Binaries
• The Substellar Mass Function: A Bayesian Approach
• 3-D selection of 167 sub-stellar companions to nearby stars
• Quiescent Radio Emission from Southern Late-type M Dwarfs and a Spectacular Radio Flare from the M8 Dwarf DENIS 1048-3956
• Discovery of Two Very Low-Mass Binaries: Final Results of an Adaptive Optics Survey of Nearby M6.0-M7.5 Stars
• The Viewing Geometry of Brown Dwarfs Influences Their Observed Colours and Variability Properties
• Atmospheric Regimes and Trends on Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs
• Studying the Physical Diversity of Late-M Dwarfs with Dynamical Masses
• Phase Functions and Light Curves of Wide Separation Extrasolar Giant Planets
• Highlights in the Study of Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Kelu-1 is a Binary L Dwarf: First Brown Dwarf Science from Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics
• Evidence Against an Edge-On Disk Around the Extrasolar Planet 2MASS 1207 b and a New Thick Cloud Explanation for its Under-Luminosity
• Direct detection of exoplanets in the 3 -- 10 micron range with E-ELT/METIS
• Discovery of a T Dwarf Binary with the Largest Known J-Band Flux Reversal
• Near-Infrared Variability in the 2MASS Calibration Fields: A Search for Planetary Transit Candidates
• Discovery of a Second L Subdwarf in the Two Micron All Sky Survey
• Star Formation via the Little Guy: A Bayesian Study of Ultracool Dwarf Imaging Surveys for Companions
• A Possible Brown Dwarf Companion to the White Dwarf GD1400
• Helios-r2 -- A new Bayesian, open-source retrieval model for brown dwarfs and exoplanet atmospheres
• Thermal Infrared MMTAO Observations of the HR 8799 Planetary System
• A Universe Without Weak Interactions
• A Search for L/T Transition Dwarfs With Pan-STARRS1 and WISE. II. L/T Transition Atmospheres and Young Discoveries
• The Emergent 1.1-1.7 Micron Spectrum of the Exoplanet CoRoT-2b as Measured Using the Hubble Space Telescope
• Atmospheres of Brown Dwarfs
• The NIRSPEC Brown Dwarf Spectroscopic Survey II: High-Resolution J-Band Spectra of M, L and T Dwarfs
• Dust in the Photospheric Environment III. A Fundamental Element in the Characterization of Ultracool Dwarfs
• The Late-T Dwarf Companion to the Exoplanet Host Star HD 3651: A New Benchmark for Gravity and Metallicity Effects in Ultracool Spectra
• Atmospheric Circulation of Exoplanets
• Stellar parameters for TRAPPIST-1
• Chemistry of Low Mass Substellar Objects
• Detecting isotopologues in exoplanet atmospheres using ground-based high-dispersion spectroscopy
• Formation, Orbital and Internal Evolutions of Young Planetary Systems
• A Panchromatic View of Brown Dwarf Aurorae
• Inelastic Na+H collision data for non-LTE applications in stellar atmospheres
• The Physical Properties of HD 3651B: An Extrasolar Nemesis?
• Keck Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics Monitoring of the M8+L7 Binary LHS 2397aAB: First Dynamical Mass Benchmark at the L/T Transition
• AKARI Observations of Brown Dwarfs. III. CO, CO2 and CH4 Fundamental Bands and Physical Parameters
• Direct discovery of the inner exoplanet in the HD206893 system. Evidence for deuterium burning in a planetary-mass companion
• Impact of a new H/He equation of state on the evolution of massive brown dwarfs. New determination of the hydrogen burning limit
• On the effects of clouds and hazes in the atmospheres of hot Jupiters: semi-analytical temperature-pressure profiles
• Primeval very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs. I. Six new L subdwarfs, classification and atmospheric properties
• Atmosphere and Spectral Models of the Kepler-Field Planets HAT-P-7b and TrES-2
• Breaking Degeneracies in Formation Histories by Measuring Refractory Content in Gas Giants
• Molecular astronomy of cool stars and sub-stellar objects
• AKARI Observations of Brown Dwarfs I.: CO and CO_2 Bands in the Near-Infrared Spectra
• A Uniform Retrieval Analysis of Ultracool Dwarfs. III. Properties of Y-Dwarfs
• Improved Dynamical Masses for Six Brown Dwarf Companions Using Hipparcos and Gaia EDR3
• Rotational periods of very young brown dwarfs and very low-mass stars in ChaI
• Atmospheric circulation of brown dwarfs and directly imaged exoplanets driven by cloud radiative feedback: global and equatorial dynamics
• The Structure of Exoplanets
• Magellan Adaptive Optics first-light observations of the exoplanet $\beta$ Pic b. I. Direct imaging in the far-red optical with MagAO+VisAO and in the near-IR with NICI
• Multiepoch Radial Velocity Observations of L Dwarfs
• Transition from L to T Dwarfs on the Color-Magnitude Diagram
• System Parameters of the Transiting Extrasolar Planet HD 209458b
• Atmospheric Retrieval of Exoplanets
• Discovery of a Young L Dwarf Binary, SDSS J224953.47+004404.6AB
• Discovery of a High Proper Motion L Dwarf Binary: 2MASS J15200224-4422419AB
• Patchy Forsterite Clouds in the Atmospheres of Two Highly Variable Exoplanet Analogs
• Transit confirmation and improved stellar and planet parameters for the super-Earth HD 97658 b and its host star
• Significance Mode Analysis (SigMA) for hierarchical structures. An application to the Sco-Cen OB association
• Discovery of 9 New Companions to Nearby Young M Stars with the Altair AO System
• The 2MASS Wide-Field T Dwarf Search. II. Discovery of Three T Dwarfs in the Southern Hemisphere
• SDSS J141624.08+134826.7: A Nearby Blue L Dwarf From the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Deuterium burning in objects forming via the core accretion scenario - Brown dwarfs or planets?
• SDSS J042348.57-041403.5AB: A Brown Dwarf Binary Straddling the L/T Transition
• Surface Gravities for 228 M, L, and T Dwarfs in the NIRSPEC Brown Dwarf Spectroscopic Survey
• On the Radii of Brown Dwarfs Measured with AKARI Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
• Evaporation of dark matter from celestial bodies
• The Y-Band at 1.035 um: Photometric Calibration and the Dwarf Stellar/Sub-Stellar Color Sequence
• Dawes Review. The tidal downsizing hypothesis of planet formation
• Dynamical Mass of GJ 802B: a brown dwarf in a triple system
• Theoretical Radii of Transiting Giant Planets: The Case of OGLE-TR-56b
• The Gaia Ultracool Dwarf Sample. I. Known L and T dwarfs and the first Gaia data release
• Near Infrared Monitoring of Ultracool Dwarfs: Prospects for Searching for Transiting Companions
• A Theory of Exoplanet Transits with Light Scattering
• EPIC 219388192 b - an inhabitant of the brown dwarf desert in the Ruprecht 147 open cluster
• Towards Precise Ages and Masses of Free Floating Planetary Mass Brown Dwarfs
• A Dynamical Mass of $70\pm 5$ Jupiter Masses for Gliese 229B, the First T Dwarf
• SDSS J080531.84+481233.0: An Unresolved L Dwarf/T Dwarf Binary
• Discovery of the Coolest Extreme Subdwarf
• The Ultracool SpeXtroscopic Survey. I. Volume-Limited Spectroscopic Sample and Luminosity Function of M7$-$L5 Ultracool Dwarfs
• Orbit and Dynamical Mass of the Late-T Dwarf Gl 758 B
• Low Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in NGC 2024: Constraints on the Substellar Mass Function
• Discovery of An Unusually Blue L Dwarf Within 10 pc of the Sun
• An Initial Mass Function for Individual Stars in Galactic Disks: I. Constraining the Shape of the IMF
• The mass-radius relation of exoplanets, revisited
• Parallax and Luminosity Measurements of an L Subdwarf
• The First JWST Spectral Energy Distribution of a Y dwarf
• Exploring the Role of Sub-micron Sized Dust Grains in the Atmospheres of Red L0 - L6 Dwarfs
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets. IV. Massive companions in the planet-brown dwarf boundary
• The orbital period analyses for two cataclysmic variables: UZ Fornacis and V348 Puppis inside Period Gap
• Discovery of a T dwarf + white dwarf binary system
• Proper motions of field L and T dwarfs
• Blue not brown: UKIDSS T dwarfs with suppressed K-band flux
• The Internal Structural Adjustment due to Tidal Heating of Short-Period Inflated Giant Planets
• WISE J072003.20-084651.2: An Old and Active M9.5 + T5 Spectral Binary 6 pc from the Sun
• The VLT/NaCo large program to probe the occurrence of exoplanets and brown dwarfs at wide orbits. III. The frequency of brown dwarfs and giant planets as companions to solar-type stars
• Observed Polarization of Brown Dwarfs Suggests Low Surface Gravity
• The detectability of radio emission from exoplanets
• Exoplanet Chemistry
• A New Low-Mass Eclipsing Binary from SDSS-II
• First High-Contrast Science with an Integral Field Spectrograph: the Sub-Stellar Companion to GQ Lup
• First-Principles Equation of State and Electronic Properties of Warm Dense Oxygen
• MOA-2007-BLG-197: Exploring the brown dwarf desert
• Primeval very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs - VI. Population properties of metal-poor degenerate brown dwarfs
• TOI-5205 b: A Short-period Jovian Planet Transiting a Mid-M Dwarf
• Dynamical Masses of Eps Ind B and C: Two Massive Brown Dwarfs at the Edge of the Stellar-Substellar Boundary
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets IX. Populating the brown dwarf desert
• Transit spectrophotometry of the exoplanet HD189733b. II. New Spitzer observations at 3.6 microns
• Probing Dust in the Atmosphere of Brown Dwarfs Through Polarization
• The Radial and Rotational Velocities of PSO J318.5338$-$22.8603, a Newly Confirmed Planetary-Mass Member of the $\beta$ Pictoris Moving Group
• The Coolest Isolated Brown Dwarf Candidate Member of TWA
• Populating the brown dwarf and stellar boundary: Five stars with transiting companions near the hydrogen-burning mass limit
• TESS Observations of the Luhman 16AB Brown Dwarf System: Rotational Periods, Lightcurve Evolution, and Zonal Circulation
• New constraints on the formation and settling of dust in the atmospheres of young M and L dwarfs
• The Spectral Energy Distribution of the Coldest Known Brown Dwarf
• A New Brown Dwarf Desert? A Scarcity of Wide Ultracool Binaries
• WISE J072003.20-084651.2B Is A Massive T Dwarf
• Radio Flaring from the T6 Dwarf WISEPC J112254.73+255021.5 with A Possible Ultra-short Periodicity
• Discovery of a Very Low Mass Triple with Late-M and T Dwarf Components: LP 704-48/SDSS J0006-0852AB
• Primeval very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs - II. The most metal-poor substellar object
• The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. V. New T-Dwarf Members and Candidate Members of Nearby Young Moving Groups
• Primeval very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs - IV. New L subdwarfs, Gaia astrometry, population properties, and a blue brown dwarf binary
• Trigonometric Parallaxes for Two Late-Type Subdwarfs: LSR1425+71 (sdM8.0) and the Binary LSR1610-00 (sd?M6pec)
• TOI-811b and TOI-852b: New transiting brown dwarfs with similar masses and very different radii and ages from the TESS mission
• Hot Super Earths: disrupted young jupiters?
• Pre-Discovery 2007 Image of the HR 8799 Planetary System
• A Signature of Chromospheric Activity in Brown Dwarfs Revealed by 2.5-5.0 Micron AKARI Spectra
• COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS). I. A High-Gravity T4 Benchmark around an Old White Dwarf and A Re-Examination of the Surface-Gravity Dependence of the L/T Transition
• Reference study to characterise plasma and magnetic properties of ultra-cool atmospheres
• Photometric variability of a young, low-mass brown dwarf
• Discovery of a Low-Luminosity, Tight Substellar Binary at the T/Y Transition
• The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. III. 2MASS J0249-0557 c: A Wide Planetary-mass Companion to a Low-mass Binary in the beta Pic Moving Group
• A Significant Over-Luminosity in the Transiting Brown Dwarf CWW 89Ab
• Astrometric Accelerations as Dynamical Beacons: Discovery and Characterization of HIP 21152 B, the First T-Dwarf Companion in the Hyades
• A Mass Function Constraint on Extrasolar Giant Planet Evaporation Rates
• Gaia Data Release 3: A Golden Sample of Astrophysical Parameters
• Simultaneous Multiwavelength Flare Observations of EV Lacertae
• The relative abundances of ellipticals and starbursts among the Extremely Red Galaxies
• Models of Neptune-Mass Exoplanets: Emergent Fluxes and Albedos
• Y dwarf Trigonometric Parallaxes from the Spitzer Space Telescope
• Star Formation in Molecular Clouds
• Dynamical Mass of the Young Substellar Companion HD 984 B
• Hot NH3 Spectra for Astrophysical Applications
• A 3 Gyr White Dwarf with Warm Dust Discovered via the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Citizen Science Project
• Planetary transit candidates in the CoRoT LRa01 field
• On the Nature of the Unique H$\alpha$-Emitting T Dwarf 2MASS J12373919+6526148
• Outer-planet scattering can gently tilt an inner planetary system
• Uniform Forward-Modeling Analysis of Ultracool Dwarfs. II. Atmospheric Properties of 55 Late-T Dwarfs
• Theoretical Study of Sodium and Potassium Resonance Lines Pressure Broadened by Helium Atoms
• A deep WISE search for very late type objects and the discovery of two halo/thick-disk T dwarfs: WISE 0013+0634 and WISE 0833+0052
• Exoplanet Spectroscopy with JWST NIRISS: Diagnostics and Case Studies
• Uniform Forward-Modeling Analysis of Ultracool Dwarfs. I. Methodology and Benchmarking
• Radio detections of southern ultracool dwarfs
• Considerations for Atmospheric Retrieval of High-Precision Brown Dwarf Spectra
• SDSS J125637-022452: a high proper motion L subdwarf
• Cloud Atlas: Discovery of Rotational Spectral Modulations in a Low-mass, L-type Brown Dwarf Companion to a Star
• A spectroscopic and proper motion search of Sloan digital Sky Survey: red subdwarfs in binary systems
• Collisional broadening of alkali doublets by helium perturbers
• Adaptive Optics Observations of Vega: Eight Detected Sources and Upper Limits to Planetary-Mass Companions
• An eccentric companion at the edge of the brown dwarf desert orbiting the 2.4 Msun giant star HIP67537
• An overlooked brown dwarf neighbour (T7.5 at d~5pc) of the Sun and two additional T dwarfs at about 10pc
• L and T dwarfs in the Hyades and Ursa Major moving groups
• FIRE Spectroscopy of the ultra-cool brown dwarf, UGPS J072227.51-054031.2: Kinematics, Rotation and Atmospheric Parameters
• Ultracool Dwarfs Observed with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph -- III. Dust Grains in Young L Dwarf Atmospheres Are Heavier
• The Schizophrenic Spectrum of LSR 1610-0040: a Peculiar M Dwarf/Subdwarf
• 2MASS J13243553+6358281 is an Early T-Type Planetary-Mass Object in the AB Doradus Moving Group
• JWST/NIRCam discovery of the first Y+Y brown dwarf binary: WISE J033605.05$-$014350.4
• A 1.46-2.48 $\mu$m Spectroscopic Atlas of a T6 Dwarf (1060 K) Atmosphere with IGRINS: First Detections of H${}_2$S and H${}_2$, and Verification of H${}_2$O, CH${}_4$, and NH${}_3$ Line Lists
• Formation of secondary atmospheres on terrestrial planets by late disk accretion
• The distance to the cool T9 brown dwarf ULAS J003402.77-005206.7
• Theoretical Study of Pressure Broadening of Lithium Resonance Lines by Helium Atoms
• Multiple Scattering Polarization of Substellar-mass Objects : T-dwarfs
• Searching for chemical signatures of brown dwarf formation
• Explaining the Observed Polarization from Brown Dwarfs by Single Dust Scattering
• The dM4.5e star G124-62 and its binary L dwarf companion DENIS-P J1441-0945: Common proper motion, distance, age, and masses
• Characterizing the Cool KOIs. VII. Refined Physical Properties of the Transiting Brown Dwarf LHS 6343 C
• The magnetosphere of the ultracool dwarf DENIS 1048-3956
• Complexity of magnetic fields on red dwarfs
• Characterization of the Very Low Mass Secondary in the GJ 660.1AB System
• Polarisation of very-low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• Identification of Main Sequence Stars with Mid-Infrared Excesses Using GLIMPSE: Beta-Pictoris Analogs?
• Towards Robust Atmospheric Retrieval on Cloudy L Dwarfs: The Impact of Thermal and Abundance Profile Assumptions
• Moderate Resolution Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) Observations of M, L, and T Dwarfs
• A Statistical Survey of Peculiar L and T Dwarfs in SDSS, 2MASS, and WISE
• Brown dwarfs as ideal candidates for detecting UV aurora outside the Solar System: Hubble Space Telescope observations of 2MASS J1237+6526
• ISPY-NACO Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars. The demographics of forming planets embedded in protoplanetary disks
• The Cornell High-order Adaptive Optics Survey for Brown Dwarfs in Stellar Systems-I: Observations, Data Reduction, and Detection Analysis
• Mid-Infrared Observations of the White Dwarf Brown Dwarf Binary GD 1400
• Cloud Atlas: Variability in and out of the Water Band in the Planetary-mass HD 203030B Points to Cloud Sedimentation in Low-gravity L Dwarfs
• Discovery of extended infrared emission around the neutron star RX J0806.4-4123
• Gemini Planet Imager Spectroscopy of the Dusty Substellar Companion HD 206893 B
• Properties of the T8.5 Dwarf Wolf 940 B
• Discovery of a Methane Dwarf from the IfA-Deep Survey
• EXTraS discovery of an X-ray superflare from an L dwarf
• Characterizing the Atmospheres of the HR8799 Planets with HST/WFC3
• Improved radius determinations for the transiting brown dwarf population in the era of Gaia and TESS
• The Need for Laboratory Work to Aid in The Understanding of Exoplanetary Atmospheres
• Hubble Space Telescope astrometry of the closest brown dwarf binary system -- I. Overview and improved orbit
• Primeval very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs - III. The halo transitional brown dwarfs
• Resolved Spectroscopy of M Dwarf/L Dwarf Binaries. IV. Discovery of an M9 + L6 BInary Separated by Over 100 AU
• An eccentric Brown Dwarf eclipsing an M dwarf
• The ages of L dwarfs
• Temperature constraints on the coldest brown dwarf known WISE 0855-0714
• Transition properties of potassium atom
• GASTLI: An open-source coupled interior-atmosphere model to unveil gas giant composition
• High Proper Motion Objects from the UKIDSS Galactic Plane Survey
• On the existence of brown dwarfs more massive than the hydrogen burning limit
• The McDonald Accelerating Stars Survey (MASS): Discovery of a Long-Period Substellar Companion Orbiting the Old Solar Analog HD 47127
• UKIDSS detections of cool brown dwarfs - proper motions of 14 known $>$T5 dwarfs and discovery of three new T5.5-T6 dwarfs
• An Improved Near-Infrared Spectrum of the Archetype Y Dwarf WISEP J182831.08+265037.8
• Using Narrow Band Photometry to Detect Young Brown Dwarfs in IC348
• The First Brown Dwarf/Planetary-Mass Object in the 32 Orionis Group
• An extreme planetary system around HD219828. One long-period super Jupiter to a hot-neptune host star
• Brown Dwarf Atmospheres as the Potentially Most Detectable and Abundant Sites for Life
• Radio Emission from Red-Giant Hot Jupiters
• The Initial Mass Function of Lens Galaxies from Quasar Microlensing
• Magnetic induction processes in Hot Jupiters, application to KELT-9b
• Jupiter and jovian (exo)-planets in Palatini $f(\bar{R})$ gravity
• Resolved Spectroscopy of M Dwarf/L Dwarf Binaries. III. The "Wide" L3.5/L4 Dwarf Binary 2MASS J15500845+1455180AB
• Adiabatic Evolution of Mass-losing Stars
• HIP 33609 b: An Eccentric Brown Dwarf Transiting a V=7.3 Rapidly Rotating B-Star
• Methane band and Spitzer mid-IR imaging of L and T dwarf candidates in the Pleiades
• Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). II. A Low-Mass Companion to the Young M Dwarf GJ 3629 Separated By 0.2"
• 325 MHz VLA Observations of Ultracool Dwarfs TVLM 513-46546 and 2MASS J0036+1821104
• Measuring the Initial Mass Function of Low Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs
• Polarization of L Dwarfs by Dust Scattering
• Rotation and Abundances of the Benchmark Brown Dwarf HD 33632 Ab from Keck/KPIC High-resolution Spectroscopy
• Thermal Infrared Imaging and Atmospheric Modeling of VHS J125601.92-125723.9 b: Evidence for Moderately Thick Clouds and Equilibrium Carbon Chemistry in a Hierarchical Triple System
• Luminosity Functions of Young Clusters: Modeling the Substellar Mass Regime
• Low Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in Praesepe
• Size and strength of self-excited dynamos in Jupiter-like extrasolar planets
• Observation of R-Band Variability of L Dwarfs
• Understanding Fundamental Properties and Atmospheric Features of Subdwarfs via a Case Study of SDSS J125637.13-022452.4
• Physical Parameters and Properties of 20 Cold Brown Dwarfs in JWST
• Prospects for Directly Imaging Young Giant Planets at Optical Wavelengths
• Deep near-IR observations of the Globular Cluster M4: Hunting for Brown Dwarfs
• USco1621 B and USco1556 B: Two wide companions at the deuterium-burning mass limit in Upper Scorpius
• First spectropolarimetric measurement of a brown dwarf magnetic field in molecular bands
• ALMA and VLA Observations of the HD 141569 System
• An Age Constraint for the Very Low-Mass Stellar/Brown Dwarf Binary 2MASS J03202839-0446358AB
• Spectroscopic signatures of youth in low-mass kinematic candidates of young moving groups
• VLTI/GRAVITY Observations and Characterization of the Brown Dwarf Companion HD 72946 B
• Characterizing The Cloud Decks of Luhman 16AB with Medium-Resolution Spectroscopic Monitoring
• The first spectroscopically identified L dwarf in Praesepe
• Global weather map reveals persistent top-of-atmosphere features on the nearest brown dwarfs
• Spitzer-IRAC Search for Companions to Nearby, Young M Dwarfs
• A search for lithium in metal-poor L dwarfs
• GJ 229B: Solving the Puzzle of the First Known T-Dwarf with the APOLLO Retrieval Code
• Looking for outflows from brown dwarfs
• Search for planets around stars with wide brown dwarfs
• Temperature and density dependence of line profiles of sodium perturbed by helium
• Primeval very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs -- VII. The discovery of the first wide M + L extreme subdwarf binary
• Evidence for a polar circumbinary exoplanet orbiting a pair of eclipsing brown dwarfs
• Proper motions of field L and T dwarfs -II
• Out-of-Transit Refracted Light in the Atmospheres of Transiting and Non-Transiting Exoplanets
• The Future of Ultracool Dwarf Science with JWST
• A Spitzer IRAC Imaging Survey for T Dwarf Companions Around M, L, and T Dwarfs: Observations, Results, and Monte Carlo Population Analyses
• The Impact of Chromospheric Activity on Observed Initial Mass Functions
• First polarimetric measurements and modeling of the Paschen-Back effect in CaH transitions
• KOI-3890: A high mass-ratio asteroseismic red-giant$+$M-dwarf eclipsing binary undergoing heartbeat tidal interactions
• Beyond the Local Volume. II. Population Scaleheights and Ages of Ultracool Dwarfs in Deep HST/WFC3 Parallel Fields
• First assessment of the binary lens OGLE-2015_BLG-0232
• Discovery of the Exceptionally Short Period Ultracool Dwarf Binary LP 413-53AB
• Low-frequency GMRT observations of ultra-cool dwarfs
• The search for planetary mass companions to field brown dwarfs with HST/NICMOS
• Impacts of Water Latent Heat on the Thermal Structure of Ultra-Cool Objects: Brown Dwarfs and Free-Floating Planets
• TOI-1442 b and TOI-2445 b: two potentially rocky ultra-short period planets around M dwarfs
• Low-mass members of nearby young stellar moving groups from Gaia EDR3
• Following the Lithium: Tracing Li-bearing Molecules Across Age, Mass, and Gravity in Brown Dwarfs
• Mid-infrared characterization of the planetary-mass companion ROXs 42B b
• A long-period massive planet around HD106515A
• Cooling process of substellar objects in scalar-tensor gravity
• BANYAN. X. Discovery of a wide, low-gravity L-type companion to a fast-rotating M3 dwarf
• Greening of the Brown Dwarf Desert. EPIC 212036875 b -- a 51 M${}_{\mathrm{J}}$ object in a 5 day orbit around an F7 V star
• Study of the Mass-Ratio Distribution of Spectroscopic Binaries. II. The Boundaries of the Brown-Dwarf Desert as Seen with the APOGEE Spectroscopic Binaries
• Prospects for Life on Temperate Planets Around Brown Dwarfs
• OGLE-2016-BLG-0693LB: Probing the Brown Dwarf Desert with Microlensing
• A possible giant planet orbiting the cataclysmic variable LX Ser
• Uniform Modelling of the Stellar Density of Thirteen Tidal Streams within the Galactic Halo
• A new L-dwarf member of the moderately metal-poor triple system HD 221356
• 2MASS J11151597+1937266: A Young, Dusty, Isolated, Planetary-Mass Object with a Potential Wide Stellar Companion
• Hotter Than Expected: HST/WFC3 Phase-resolved Spectroscopy of a Rare Irradiated Brown Dwarf with Strong Internal Heat Flux
• L dwarfs detection from SDSS images using improved Faster R-CNN
• HST astrometry of the closest Brown Dwarfs -- II. Improved parameters and constraints on a third body
• Stable Hydrogen burning limits in rapidly rotating very low mass objects
• Discovery of a Possible Early-T Thick-Disk Subdwarf from the AllWISE2 Motion Survey
• The spectral type of CHS7797 - an intriguing very low mass periodic variable in the Orion Nebula Cluster
• The Sonora Substellar Atmosphere Models VI. Red Diamondback: Extending Diamondback with SPHINX for Brown Dwarf Early Evolution
• Primeval very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs -- VIII. The first age benchmark L subdwarf, a wide companion to a halo white dwarf
• NICMOS Kernel-Phase Interferometry II: Demographics of Nearby Brown Dwarfs
• Giant Planet Atmospheres and Spectra
• Influences of internal forcing on atmospheric circulations of irradiated giant planets
• The Evolution of Jupiter and Saturn as a function of the Parameter R${}_{\rho }$
• The First High-Contrast Images of X-Ray Binaries: Detection of Candidate Companions in the $\gamma$ Cas Analog RX J1744.7$-$2713
• An L+T Spectral Binary with Possible AB Doradus Kinematics
• Orbital Modeling of HII 1348B: An Eccentric Young Substellar Companion in the Pleiades
• The circumstellar environment of the YSO TMR-1 and a revisit to the candidate very low-mass object TMR-1C
• M dwarf stars in the light of (future) exoplanet searches
• Distinct Rotational Evolution of Giant Planets and Brown Dwarf Companions
• A huge-amplitude white-light superflare on a L0 brown dwarf discovered by GWAC survey
• Measurement of stellar and substellar winds using white dwarf hosts
• DECam Survey for Low-Mass Stars and Substellar Objects in the UCL and LCC Subgroups of the Sco-Cen OB Association (SCOCENSUS)
• Discovery of a brown dwarf with quasi-spherical mass-loss
• Discovery of an L4$\beta$ Candidate Member of Argus in the Planetary Mass Regime: WISE J231921.92+764544.4
• Where to find over-massive brown dwarfs: new benchmark systems for binary evolution
• BD-14 3065b (TOI-4987b): from giant planet to brown dwarf: evidence for deuterium burning in old age?
• Planetary Dynamos in Evolving Cold Gas Giants
• SCExAO/CHARIS and Gaia Direct Imaging and Astrometric Discovery of a Superjovian Planet 3--4 lambda/D from the Accelerating Star HIP 54515
• The Sonora Brown Dwarf Atmosphere and Evolution Models I. Model Description and Application to Cloudless Atmospheres in Rainout Chemical Equilibrium
• Large-amplitude Variability Driven by Giant Dust Storms on a Planetary-mass Companion
• 2MASS J04435686+3723033 B: A Young Companion at the Substellar Boundary with Potential Membership in the $\beta$ Pictoris Moving Group
• Near-infrared spectra of the inflated post-common envelope brown dwarf NLTT 5306B
• Origin of High Dark Remnant Fractions in Milky Way Globular Clusters: The Crucial Role of Initial Black Hole Retention
• Confronting the dark matter capture rate with a continuous gravitational wave probe of local neutron stars
• Spectral analysis of two directly imaged benchmark L dwarf companions at the stellar-substellar boundary
• True Masses using RV data with Hipparcos and Gaia Astrometry
• Low-resolution near-infrared spectroscopic signatures of unresolved ultracool companions to M dwarfs
• A numerical modeling of rotating substellar objects up to mass-shedding limits
• Companions to Kepler giant stars: A long-period eccentric substellar companion to KIC 3526061 and a stellar companion to HD 187878
• Time-resolved Optical Polarization Monitoring of the Most Variable Brown Dwarf
• SDSS J100711.74+193056.2: A Candidate Common Motion Substellar Companion to the Nearest B-Type Star Regulus
• Benchmark brown dwarfs -- I. A blue M2 + T5 wide binary and a probable young [M4 + M4] + [T7 + T8] hierarchical quadruple
• Effect of Dust Size on the Near-Infrared Spectra (1.0-5.0 $\mu$m) of Brown Dwarf Atmospheres
• Fates of the sub-stellar objects (FOSSO) I. Fates of the known brown dwarfs in main-sequence--BD binaries
• The Brown Dwarf Kinematics Project (BDKP). V. Radial and Rotational Velocities of T Dwarfs from Keck/NIRSPEC High-Resolution Spectroscopy
• Phase-resolved Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 Spectroscopy of Weakly-Irradiated Brown Dwarf GD 1400 and Energy Redistribution-Irradiation Trends in Six WD$-$BD Binaries
• Theory and simulation of spectral line broadening by exoplanetary atmospheric haze
• Disk fraction among free-floating planetary-mass objects in Upper Scorpius
• New Way to Date Globular Clusters: Brown Dwarf Cooling Sequences
• Next-generation Exo-REM atmospheric models: application to VHS 1256 b to emulate patchy clouds
• Optical and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of the L Subdwarf SDSS J125637.13-022452.4
• Searching for Faint Comoving Companions to the $\alpha$ Centauri system in the VVV Survey Infrared Images
• Photochemistry and Spectral Characterization of Temperate and Gas-Rich Exoplanets
• Resizing the giants: How modelling adiabatic interiors impacts predicted planetary radii
• A Uniform Retrieval Analysis of Ultra-cool Dwarfs. IV. A Statistical Census from 50 Late-T Dwarfs
• Ross 19B: An Extremely Cold Companion Discovered via the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Citizen Science Project
• On the desert between neutron star and black hole remnants
• L-band Integral Field Spectroscopy of the HR 8799 Planetary System
• Panchromatic characterization of the Y0 brown dwarf WISEP J173835.52+273258.9 using JWST/MIRI
• JWST high-contrast spectroscopy with speckle modelling: Atmospheric retrievals of the T dwarf companion HD 19467 B
• Evidence of Radius Inflation Based on 50 Transiting Brown Dwarfs and Low-mass Stellar Companions
• TOI-7154b: A Close-in Massive Brown Dwarf in an Eccentric Orbit