3-D selection of 167 sub-stellar companions to nearby stars

Abstract

We analyze 5108 AFGKM stars with at least five high precision radial velocity points as well as Gaia and Hipparcos astrometric data utilizing a novel pipeline developed in previous work. We find 914 radial velocity signals with periods longer than 1000\,d. Around these signals, 167 cold giants and 68 other types of companions are identified by combined analyses of radial velocity, astrometry, and imaging data. Without correcting for detection bias, we estimate the minimum occurrence rate of the wide-orbit brown dwarfs to be 1.3\%, and find a significant brown dwarf valley around 40 $M_{\mathrm{Jup}}$. We also find a power-law distribution in the host binary fraction beyond 3 au similar to that found for single stars, indicating no preference of multiplicity for brown dwarfs. Our work also reveals nine sub-stellar systems (GJ 234 B, GJ 494 B, HD 13724 b, HD 182488 b, HD 39060 b and c, HD 4113 C, HD 42581 d, HD 7449 B, and HD 984 b) that have previously been directly imaged, and many others that are observable at existing facilities. Depending on their ages we estimate that an additional 10-57 sub-stellar objects within our sample can be detected with current imaging facilities, extending the imaged cold (or old) giants by an order of magnitude.

39 pages, 14 figures, 5 tables, published in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

References in corpus (66)

• Array Programming with NumPy
• The NumPy array: a structure for efficient numerical computation
• The Gaia mission
• New evolutionary models for pre-main sequence and main sequence low-mass stars down to the hydrogen-burning limit
• astroquery: An Astronomical Web-Querying Package in Python
• The Occurrence and Mass Distribution of Close-in Super-Earths, Neptunes, and Jupiters
• Spectrum radial velocity analyser (SERVAL). High-precision radial velocities and two alternative spectral indicators
• A million binaries from Gaia eDR3: sample selection and validation of Gaia parallax uncertainties
• Accurate, Empirical Radii and Masses of Planets and their Host Stars with Gaia Parallaxes
• The fast spin-rotation of a young extrasolar planet
• A new set of atmosphere and evolution models for cool T-Y brown dwarfs and giant exoplanets
• The Stellar Population of the Chamaeleon I Star-Forming Region
• Stellar and substellar companions from Gaia EDR3 -- Proper motion anomaly and resolved common proper motion pairs
• A public HARPS radial velocity database corrected for systematic errors
• The Field Substellar Mass Function Based on the Full-sky 20-pc Census of 525 L, T, and Y Dwarfs
• Cool Jupiters greatly outnumber their toasty siblings: Occurrence rates from the Anglo-Australian Planet Search
• Five Intermediate-Period Planets from the N2K Sample
• Direct confirmation of the radial-velocity planet $\beta$ Pic c
• A Search for Multi-Planet Systems Using the Hobby-Eberly Telescope
• The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets XV. Discovery of two eccentric planets orbiting HD4113 and HD156846
• The Orbit and Transit Prospects for $\beta$ Pictoris b constrained with One Milliarcsecond Astrometry
• Long-Period Objects in the Extrasolar Planetary Systems 47 UMa and 14 Her
• The mass of Beta Pictoris c from Beta Pictoris b orbital motion
• A new Neptune-mass planet orbiting HD 219828
• A high binary fraction for the most massive close-in giant planets and brown dwarf desert members
• Detection of the nearest Jupiter analog in radial velocity and astrometry data
• The CORALIE survey for southern extrasolar planets XVII. New and updated long period and massive planets
• Improved Dynamical Masses for Six Brown Dwarf Companions Using Hipparcos and Gaia EDR3
• Characterizing and correcting the proper motion bias of the bright Gaia EDR3 sources
• The California Planet Survey IV: A Planet Orbiting the Giant Star HD 145934 and Updates to Seven Systems with Long-Period Planets
• Precise Dynamical Masses and Orbital Fits for $\beta$ Pic b and $\beta$ Pic c
• A precise architecture characterization of the $\pi$ Men planetary system
• Newly-Discovered Planets Orbiting HD~5319, HD~11506, HD~75784 and HD~10442 from the N2K Consortium
• SOAR TESS Survey. II: The impact of stellar companions on planetary populations
• Fourteen New Companions from the Keck & Lick Radial Velocity Survey Including Five Brown Dwarf Candidates
• Two intermediate-mass transiting brown dwarfs from the TESS mission
• The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Dynamical Mass of the Exoplanet beta Pictoris b from Combined Direct Imaging and Astrometry
• The Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign: The Orbit of the Young Exoplanet beta Pictoris b
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XVII. Six long-period giant planets around BD -17 0063, HD 20868, HD 73267, HD 131664, HD 145377, HD 153950
• The CORALIE survey for southern extrasolar planets XVIII. Three new massive planets and two low mass brown dwarfs at separation larger than 5 AU
• A significant mutual inclination between the planets within the $\pi$ Mensae system
• Triage of Astrometric Binaries - how to find triple systems and dormant black-hole secondaries in the Gaia orbits
• True masses of the long-period companions to HD 92987 and HD 221420 from Hipparcos-Gaia astrometry
• The Pan-Pacific Planet Search. II. Confirmation of a two-planet system around HD 121056
• Detection of Planetary and Stellar Companions to Neighboring Stars via a Combination of Radial Velocity and Direct Imaging Techniques
• Orbital misalignment of the super-Earth $\pi$ Men c with the spin of its star
• Determining the true mass of radial-velocity exoplanets with Gaia: 9 planet candidates in the brown-dwarf/stellar regime and 27 confirmed planets
• A planetary system and a highly eccentric brown dwarf around the giant stars HIP67851 and HIP97233
• Exploring the Brown Dwarf Desert: New Substellar Companions from the SDSS-III MARVELS Survey
• Search for Nearby Earth Analogs. II. detection of five new planets, eight planet candidates, and confirmation of three planets around nine nearby M dwarfs
• A Long-period Eccentric Substellar Companion to the Evovled Intermediate-Mass Star HD 14067
• The Anglo-Australian Planet Search XXV: A Candidate Massive Saturn Analog Orbiting HD 30177
• Search for nearby Earth analogs I. 15 planet candidates found in PFS data
• Optimized modeling of Gaia-Hipparcos astrometry for the detection of the smallest cold Jupiter and confirmation of seven low mass companions
• Disentangling 2:1 resonant radial velocity orbits from eccentric ones and a case study for HD 27894
• Spectral and atmospheric characterisation of a new benchmark brown dwarf HD13724B
• Three planets around HD 27894. A close-in pair with a 2:1 period ratio and an eccentric Jovian planet at 5.4 AU
• NGTS-19b : A high mass transiting brown dwarf in a 17-day eccentric orbit
• A Radial Velocity Study of the Planetary System of Pi Mensae: Improved Planet Parameters for PI Mensae c and a Third Planet on a 125-d Orbit
• Are the orbital poles of binary stars in the solar neighbourhood anisotropically distributed?
• Four Jovian planets around low-luminosity giant stars observed by the EXPRESS and PPPS
• Mutual inclinations between giant planets and their debris discs in HD 113337 and HD 38529
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets. XVIII: Six new cold Jupiters, including one of the most eccentric exoplanet orbits
• Dynamical Mass Estimates of the $\beta$ Pictoris Planetary System Through Gaussian Process Stellar Activity Modelling
• Study of the Mass-Ratio Distribution of Spectroscopic Binaries. II. The Boundaries of the Brown-Dwarf Desert as Seen with the APOGEE Spectroscopic Binaries
• Hybrid star HD 81817 accompanied by brown dwarf or substellar companion

Cited by in corpus (40)

• Rotation Periods, Inclinations, and Obliquities of Cool Stars Hosting Directly Imaged Substellar Companions: Spin-Orbit Misalignments are Common
• The Enhanced Resolution Imager and Spectrograph for the VLT
• The Masses of a Sample of Radial-Velocity Exoplanets with Astrometric Measurements
• On the radial distribution of giant exoplanets at Solar System scales
• Revised orbits of the two nearest Jupiters
• Surveying Nearby Brown Dwarfs with HGCA: Direct Imaging Discovery of a Faint, High-Mass Brown Dwarf Orbiting HD 176535 A
• Updated characterization of long-period single companion by combining radial velocity, relative astrometry, and absolute astrometry
• Exploring the Brown Dwarf Desert with Precision Radial Velocities and Gaia DR3 Astrometric Orbits
• A dynamical mass for GJ 463 b: A massive super-Jupiter companion beyond the snow line of a nearby M dwarf
• Multiplicity of stars with planets in the solar neighbourhood
• Architecture Classification for Extrasolar Planetary Systems
• Multi techniques approach to identify and/or constrain radial velocity sub-stellar companions
• Luminaries in the Sky: The TESS Legacy Sample of Bright Stars. I. Asteroseismic detections in naked-eye main-sequence and sub-giant solar-like oscillators
• Dark Exoplanets
• Orbital Migration of Protoplanets in a Marginally Gravitationally Unstable Disk. II. Migration, Merging, and Ejection
• The Jiao Tong University Spectroscopic Telescope Project
• A low-mass companion desert among intermediate-mass visual binaries: The scaled-up counterpart to the brown dwarf desert
• The 14 Her Planetary System: Companion Masses and Architecture from Radial Velocities and Astrometry
• HD 28185 Revisited: An Outer Planet, Instead of a Brown Dwarf, On a Saturn-like Orbit
• Relative Occurrence Rate Between Hot and Cold Jupiters as an Indicator to Probe Planet Migration
• Using Asteroseismology to Calibrate the Physical Parameters of Confirmed Exoplanets and Their Evolved Host Stars
• Investigating Possible Binarity for GJ 229B
• Revealing the Fate of Exoplanet Systems: Asteroseismic Identification of Host Star in the Red Clump or Red Giant Branch
• Direct Imaging Explorations for Companions around Mid-Late M Stars from the Subaru/IRD Strategic Program
• Planets Around Solar Twins/Analogs (PASTA) II: chemical abundances, systematic offsets, and clues to planet formation
• Searching for substellar companion candidates with Gaia. II. A catalog of 9,698 planet candidate solar-type hosts
• Planetary system architectures with low-mass inner planets: Direct imaging exploration of mature systems beyond 1 au
• A High-Resolution Spectroscopic Survey of Directly Imaged Companion Hosts: II. Diversity in C/O Ratios among Host Stars
• SCExAO/CHARIS and Gaia Direct Imaging and Astrometric Discovery of a Superjovian Planet 3--4 lambda/D from the Accelerating Star HIP 54515
• Gaia Astrometry and MIKE+PFS Doppler Data Joint Analysis Reveals that HD 175167b is a Massive Cold Jupiter
• Radial velocity homogeneous analysis of M dwarfs observed with HARPS. II. Detection limits and planetary occurrence statistics
• Chemical composition of planetary hosts: II. Abundances of neutron-capture elements
• Fates of the sub-stellar objects (FOSSO) I. Fates of the known brown dwarfs in main-sequence--BD binaries
• Radio prospects of extrasolar aurorae polaris as a probe of planetary magnetism
• SPORES-HWO. II. Companion Mass Limits and Updated Planet Properties for 120 Future Exoplanet Imaging Targets from 35 yr of Precise Doppler Monitoring
• A universal brown dwarf desert formed between planets and stars
• The GAPS Programme at TNG LXVIII. Characterization of the outer substellar companion around HD 72659 with a multi-technique approach
• TOI-1438: A rare system with two short-period sub-Neptunes and a tentative long-period Jupiter-like planet orbiting a K0V star
• Breaking the Mass Inclination Degeneracy of Radial Velocity Measurements via Monitoring von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai Cycles: Implications in the HD 41004 System
• Cold giant discoveries from a joint radial-velocity and astrometry framework