The Masses of a Sample of Radial-Velocity Exoplanets with Astrometric Measurements

Abstract

Being one of the most fundamental physical parameter of astronomical objects, mass plays a vital role in the study of exoplanets, including their temperature structure, chemical composition, formation, and evolution. However, nearly a quarter of the known confirmed exoplanets lack measurements of their masses. This is particularly severe for those discovered via the radial-velocity (RV) technique, which alone could only yield the minimum mass of planets. In this study, we use published RV data combined with astrometric data from a cross-calibrated Hipparcos-Gaia Catalog of Accelerations (HGCA) to jointly constrain the masses of 115 RV-detected substellar companions, by conducting full orbital fits using the public tool \texttt{orvara}. Among them, 9 exoplanets with $M_{\mathrm{p}}\sin i<13.5M_{\mathrm{Jup}}$ are reclassified to the brown dwarf (BD) regime, and 16 BD candidates ($13.5⩽M_{\mathrm{p}}\sin i<80M_{\mathrm{Jup}}$) turn out to be low-mass M dwarfs. We point out the presence of a transition in the BD regime as seen in the distributions of host star metallicity and orbital eccentricity with respect to planet masses. We confirm the previous findings that companions with masses below $42.5M_{\mathrm{Jup}}$ might primarily form in the protoplanetary disc through core accretion or disc gravitational instability, while those with masses above $42.5M_{\mathrm{Jup}}$ formed through the gravitational instability of molecular cloud like stars. Selection effects and detection biases which may affect our analysis to some extent, are discussed.

arXiv comment37 pages, 14 figures, accepted by Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics

References in corpus (128)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Array Programming with NumPy
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction
• The SIMBAD astronomical database
• Gaia Data Release 2: The astrometric solution
• The VizieR database of Astronomical Catalogues
• A Non-Gray Theory of Extrasolar Giant Planets and Brown Dwarfs
• Planet Occurrence within 0.25 AU of Solar-type Stars from Kepler
• The Revised TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List
• Importance Nested Sampling and the MultiNest Algorithm
• Spectroscopic [Fe/H] for 98 extra-solar planet-host stars: Exploring the probability of planet formation
• Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets
• The NASA Exoplanet Archive: Data and Tools for Exoplanet Research
• Defining and cataloging exoplanets: The exoplanet.eu database
• Origins of Eccentric Extrasolar Planets: Testing the Planet-Planet Scattering Model
• The metal-rich nature of stars with planets
• The LCES HIRES/Keck Precision Radial Velocity Exoplanet Survey
• Accurate, Empirical Radii and Masses of Planets and their Host Stars with Gaia Parallaxes
• The California Planet Survey I. Four New Giant Exoplanets
• Extrasolar planet population synthesis IV. Correlations with disk metallicity, mass and lifetime
• State of the Field: Extreme Precision Radial Velocities
• Spectral Properties of Cool Stars: Extended Abundance Analysis of 1617 Planet Search Stars
• Dynamic temperature selection for parallel-tempering in Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations
• SWEET-Cat: A catalogue of parameters for Stars With ExoplanETs I. New atmospheric parameters and masses for 48 stars with planets
• The Deuterium-Burning Mass Limit for Brown Dwarfs and Giant Planets
• The Hipparcos-Gaia Catalog of Accelerations: Gaia EDR3 Edition
• Gaia Data Release 3: Stellar multiplicity, a teaser for the hidden treasure
• The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets. XII. Orbital solutions for 16 extra-solar planets discovered with CORALIE
• Stellar and substellar companions from Gaia EDR3 -- Proper motion anomaly and resolved common proper motion pairs
• 55 Cancri (Copernicus): A Multi-Planet System with a Hot Super-Earth and a Jupiter Analogue
• The Hipparcos-Gaia Catalog of Accelerations
• Search for brown-dwarf companions of stars
• A Mass for the Extrasolar Planet Gl 876b Determined from Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor 3 Astrometry and High-Precision Radial Velocities
• A public HARPS radial velocity database corrected for systematic errors
• The fundamental definition of 'radial velocity'
• Evidence of an Upper Bound on the Masses of Planets and its Implications for Giant Planet Formation
• Ten Low Mass Companions from the Keck Precision Velocity Survey
• Statistical Properties of Brown Dwarf Companions: Implications for Different Formation Mechanisms
• First Results from the Anglo-Australian Planet Search - A Brown Dwarf Candidate and a 51 Peg-like Planet
• Four New Exoplanets and Hints of Additional Substellar Companions to Exoplanet Host Stars
• Gaia Data Release 3. Astrometric binary star processing
• Towards a Population Synthesis Model of Objects formed by Self-Gravitating Disc Fragmentation and Tidal Downsizing
• The ELODIE survey for northern extra-solar planets III. Three planetary candidates detected with ELODIE
• orvara: An Efficient Code to Fit Orbits using Radial Velocity, Absolute, and/or Relative Astrometry
• Retired A Stars Revisited: An Updated Giant Planet Occurrence Rate as a Function of Stellar Metallicity and Mass
• Correcting HIRES radial velocities for small systematic errors
• Mass constraints on substellar companion candidates from the re-reduced Hipparcos intermediate astrometric data: Nine confirmed planets and two confirmed brown dwarfs
• SWEET-Cat 2.0: The Cat just got SWEETer; Higher quality spectra and precise parallaxes from GAIA eDR3
• 3-D selection of 167 sub-stellar companions to nearby stars
• A Search for Multi-Planet Systems Using the Hobby-Eberly Telescope
• Observational evidence for two distinct giant planet populations
• The Mass of the Candidate Exoplanet Companion to HD 33636 from Hubble Space Telescope Astrometry and High-Precision Radial Velocities
• GJ 832c: A super-earth in the habitable zone
• Extra-solar planets around HD196050, HD216437 and HD160691
• The CORALIE survey for southern extrasolar planets. XVI. Discovery of a planetary system around HD 147018 and of two long period and massive planets orbiting HD 171238 and HD 204313
• Analysis of the Hipparcos Observations of the Extrasolar Planets and the Brown-Dwarf Candidates
• A Substellar Companion to the Intermediate-Mass Giant 11 Com
• Direct Imaging and Astrometric Detection of a Gas Giant Planet Orbiting an Accelerating Star
• Detection of the nearest Jupiter analog in radial velocity and astrometry data
• The CORALIE survey for southern extrasolar planets XVII. New and updated long period and massive planets
• The Mass of HD 38529 c from Hubble Space Telescope Astrometry and High-Precision Radial Velocities
• Four new wide binaries among exoplanet host stars
• Lithium abundance patterns of late-F stars: an in-depth analysis of the lithium desert
• Improved Dynamical Masses for Six Brown Dwarf Companions Using Hipparcos and Gaia EDR3
• A lucky imaging multiplicity study of exoplanet host stars
• Characterizing and correcting the proper motion bias of the bright Gaia EDR3 sources
• Four new planets around giant stars and the mass-metallicity correlation of planet-hosting stars
• The ELODIE survey for northern extra--solar planets I. 6 new extra--solar planet candidates
• The California Planet Survey IV: A Planet Orbiting the Giant Star HD 145934 and Updates to Seven Systems with Long-Period Planets
• New Planetary Systems from the Calan-Hertfordshire Extrasolar Planet Search
• The detection and characterisation of 54 massive companions with the SOPHIE spectrograph -- 7 new brown dwarfs and constraints on the BD desert
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets: XXVI: Seven new planetary systems
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets. V. Follow-up of ELODIE candidates: Jupiter-analogs around Sun-like stars
• Bisectors of the cross-correlation function applied to stellar spectra. Discriminating stellar activity, oscillations and planets
• Low Mass Companions for Five Solar-Type Stars from the Magellan Planet Search Program
• Substellar Companions to Seven Evolved Intermediate-Mass Stars
• Rotation periods of exoplanet host stars
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets. IV. Massive companions in the planet-brown dwarf boundary
• Homogeneous spectroscopic parameters for bright planet host stars from the northern hemisphere
• Planetary Companions to Three Evolved Intermediate-Mass Stars: HD 2952, HD 120084, and omega Serpentis
• Five Long-period Extrasolar Planets in Eccentric orbits from the Magellan Planet Search Program
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets IX. Populating the brown dwarf desert
• Astrometry with Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensors - A Review
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XVII. Six long-period giant planets around BD -17 0063, HD 20868, HD 73267, HD 131664, HD 145377, HD 153950
• A lucky imaging multiplicity study of exoplanet host stars II
• Five planets and an independent confirmation of HD 196885Ab from Lick Observatory
• The CORALIE survey for southern extrasolar planets XVIII. Three new massive planets and two low mass brown dwarfs at separation larger than 5 AU
• Exploring the realm of scaled Solar System analogs with HARPS
• Radial velocities from the N2K Project: 6 new cold gas giant planets orbiting HD 55696, HD 98736, HD 148164, HD 203473, and HD 211810
• Orbital inclination and mass of the exoplanet candidate Proxima c
• True masses of the long-period companions to HD 92987 and HD 221420 from Hipparcos-Gaia astrometry
• The Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey: HD32963 -- A New Jupiter Analog Orbiting a Sun-like Star
• Planetary companion candidates around the K giant stars 42 Dra and HD 139357
• The HARPS search for southern extrasolar planets XXI. Three new giant planets orbiting the metal-poor stars HD5388, HD181720, and HD190984
• Detection of Planetary and Stellar Companions to Neighboring Stars via a Combination of Radial Velocity and Direct Imaging Techniques
• The Mass of the Candidate Exoplanet Companion to HD136118 from Hubble Space Telescope Astrometry and High-Precision Radial Velocities
• CHES: a space-borne astrometric mission for the detection of habitable planets of the nearby solar-type stars
• Hipparcos preliminary astrometric masses for the two close-in companions to HD 131664 and HD 43848. A brown dwarf and a low mass star
• Chemical abundances of 1111 FGK stars from the HARPS-GTO planet search sample. III. Sulfur
• A planetary system and a highly eccentric brown dwarf around the giant stars HIP67851 and HIP97233
• Determining the true mass of radial-velocity exoplanets with Gaia: 9 planet candidates in the brown-dwarf/stellar regime and 27 confirmed planets
• An eccentric companion at the edge of the brown dwarf desert orbiting the 2.4 Msun giant star HIP67537
• Retired A Stars and Their Companions VIII: 15 New Planetary Signals Around Subgiants and Transit Parameters for California Planet Search Planets with Subgiant Hosts
• Faint objects in motion: the new frontier of high precision astrometry
• A Long-period Eccentric Substellar Companion to the Evovled Intermediate-Mass Star HD 14067
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXVI: Five new long-period giant planets and a system update
• Eccentricity in planetary systems and the role of binarity: sample definition, initial results, and the system of HD 211847
• Exoplanet Detection Techniques
• Searching for chemical signatures of brown dwarf formation
• Elodie metallicity-biased search for transiting Hot Jupiters IV. Intermediate period planets orbiting the stars HD43691 and HD132406
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets. XI. Three new companions and an orbit update: Giant planets in the habitable zone
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets VIII. Follow-up of ELODIE candidates: long-period brown-dwarf companions
• Optimized modeling of Gaia-Hipparcos astrometry for the detection of the smallest cold Jupiter and confirmation of seven low mass companions
• No difference in orbital parameters of RV-detected giant planets between 0.1 and 5 au in single vs multi-stellar systems
• Radial Velocity Discovery of an Eccentric Jovian World Orbiting at 18 au
• The CORALIE survey for southern extrasolar planets XIV. HD 142022 b: a long-period planetary companion in a wide binary
• The Pan-Pacific Planet Search III: Five companions orbiting giant stars
• Four Jovian planets around low-luminosity giant stars observed by the EXPRESS and PPPS
• CORALIE radial-velocity search for companions around evolved stars (CASCADES). I. Sample definition and first results: Three new planets orbiting giant stars
• Multiple Populations of Extrasolar Gas Giants
• A Possible Substellar Companion to the Intermediate-mass Giant HD 175679
• Extremely Inclined Orbit of S-type Planet $\gamma$ Cep Ab Induced by Eccentric Kozai-Lidov Mechanism
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets. XVIII: Six new cold Jupiters, including one of the most eccentric exoplanet orbits
• The mu Arae planetary system: Radial velocities and astrometry
• Analysis of the public HARPS/ESO spectroscopic archive -- Jupiter-like planets around HD 103891 and HD 105779
• High-Contrast Imaging of Intermediate-Mass Giants with Long-Term Radial Velocity Trends
• An Edge-On Orbit for the Eccentric Long-Period Planet HR 5183 b

Cited by in corpus (12)

• Multiplicity of stars with planets in the solar neighbourhood
• Cold Jupiters and small planets: Friends, foes, or indifferent? A search for correlations with the largest exoplanet samples
• The NEID Earth Twin Survey. II. Dynamical Masses in Seven High-acceleration Star Systems
• HD 28185 Revisited: An Outer Planet, Instead of a Brown Dwarf, On a Saturn-like Orbit
• Revealing the Fate of Exoplanet Systems: Asteroseismic Identification of Host Star in the Red Clump or Red Giant Branch
• Dancing with invisible partners: Three-body exchanges with primordial black holes
• Searching for substellar companion candidates with Gaia. II. A catalog of 9,698 planet candidate solar-type hosts
• Gaia Astrometry and MIKE+PFS Doppler Data Joint Analysis Reveals that HD 175167b is a Massive Cold Jupiter
• SCExAO/CHARIS and Gaia Direct Imaging and Astrometric Discovery of a Superjovian Planet 3--4 lambda/D from the Accelerating Star HIP 54515
• The Brown-dwarf Desert Persists as a Mass-ratio Desert around Low-mass Stars
• Radial velocity analysis of stars with debris discs
• A Planetary Illusion's Funeral: Non-detection of a Gaia DR3 Exoplanet Candidate, and the Role of Intermediate-precision Radial Velocities in Gaia Exoplanet Follow-up