Gaia Data Release 3: Stellar multiplicity, a teaser for the hidden treasure

Abstract

The Gaia DR3 Catalogue contains for the first time about eight hundred thousand solutions with either orbital elements or trend parameters for astrometric, spectroscopic and eclipsing binaries, and combinations of them. This paper aims to illustrate the huge potential of this large non-single star catalogue. Using the orbital solutions together with models of the binaries, a catalogue of tens of thousands of stellar masses, or lower limits, partly together with consistent flux ratios, has been built. Properties concerning the completeness of the binary catalogues are discussed, statistical features of the orbital elements are explained and a comparison with other catalogues is performed. Illustrative applications are proposed for binaries across the H-R diagram. The binarity is studied in the RGB/AGB and a search for genuine SB1 among long-period variables is performed. The discovery of new EL CVn systems illustrates the potential of combining variability and binarity catalogues. Potential compact object companions are presented, mainly white dwarf companions or double degenerates, but one candidate neutron star is also presented. Towards the bottom of the main sequence, the orbits of previously-suspected binary ultracool dwarfs are determined and new candidate binaries are discovered. The long awaited contribution of Gaia to the analysis of the substellar regime shows the brown dwarf desert around solar-type stars using true, rather than minimum, masses, and provides new important constraints on the occurrence rates of substellar companions to M dwarfs. Several dozen new exoplanets are proposed, including two with validated orbital solutions and one super-Jupiter orbiting a white dwarf, all being candidates requiring confirmation. Beside binarity, higher order multiple systems are also found.

60 pages, 60 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2022-06-09). The catalogue of binary masses is available for download from the ESA Gaia DR3 Archive and will be available from the CDS/VizieR service

References in corpus (81)

• The Gaia mission
• Gaia Data Release 3: Summary of the content and survey properties
• The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• X-ray Properties of Black-Hole Binaries
• Gaia Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties
• Gaia Early Data Release 3: The astrometric solution
• Gaia Early Data Release 3: Photometric content and validation
• A distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud that is precise to one per cent
• The Occurrence and Mass Distribution of Close-in Super-Earths, Neptunes, and Jupiters
• The Second-Generation Guide Star Catalog: Description and Properties
• A million binaries from Gaia eDR3: sample selection and validation of Gaia parallax uncertainties
• Accurate, Empirical Radii and Masses of Planets and their Host Stars with Gaia Parallaxes
• Gaia-2MASS 3D maps of Galactic interstellar dust within 3 kpc
• Gaia Data Release 3 Properties and validation of the radial velocities
• Gaia Early Data Release 3: The Gaia Catalogue of Nearby Stars
• A catalogue of white dwarfs in Gaia EDR3
• The Hipparcos-Gaia Catalog of Accelerations: Gaia EDR3 Edition
• Parallax Systematics and Photocenter Motions of Benchmark Eclipsing Binaries in Gaia EDR3
• Stellar and substellar companions from Gaia EDR3 -- Proper motion anomaly and resolved common proper motion pairs
• A 15.65 solar mass black hole in an eclipsing binary in the nearby spiral galaxy Messier 33
• Gaia Data Release 3: Analysis of RVS spectra using the General Stellar Parametriser from spectroscopy
• Exploring The Frequency Of Close-In Jovian Planets Around M Dwarfs
• SkyMapper Southern Survey: Second Data Release (DR2)
• Photo-astrometric distances, extinctions, and astrophysical parameters for Gaia EDR3 stars brighter than G=18.5
• Gaia Data Release 3: Astrophysical parameters inference system (Apsis) I -- methods and content overview
• Gaia Data Release 3: Processing and validation of BP/RP low-resolution spectral data
• Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). IV. The Outer Architecture of M Dwarf Planetary Systems
• The Solar Neighborhood XLV. The Stellar Multiplicity Rate of M Dwarfs Within 25 pc
• The Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey: Implementation, data products, open cluster survey, science, and legacy
• Gaia Data Release 3: Catalogue Validation
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XIX. Characterization and dynamics of the GJ876 planetary system
• Gaia Data Release 3. Astrometric binary star processing
• Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the variability processing and analysis
• Double-blind test program for astrometric planet detection with Gaia
• SpeX Spectroscopy of Unresolved Very Low Mass Binaries. II. Identification of Fourteen Candidate Binaries with Late-M/Early-L and T Dwarf Components
• The Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey: Motivation, implementation, GIRAFFE data processing, analysis, and final data products
• (Sub)stellar companions shape the winds of evolved stars
• Observational Evidence for Tidal Interaction in Close Binary Systems
• Gaia DR3 astrometric orbit determination with Markov Chain Monte Carlo and Genetic Algorithms. Systems with stellar, substellar, and planetary mass companions
• Gaia Data Release 3. The first Gaia catalogue of eclipsing binary candidates
• Astrometric Identification of Nearby Binary Stars I: Predicted Astrometric Signals
• Revealing black holes with Gaia
• Heavy metal rules. I. Exoplanet incidence and metallicity
• Orbit alignment in triple stars
• Proper-motion binaries in the Hipparcos Catalogue. Comparison with radial velocity data
• A Jovian analogue orbiting a white dwarf star
• Hunting Black Holes with Gaia
• Multiplicity of Galactic Cepheids and RR Lyrae stars from Gaia DR2 - I. Binarity from proper motion anomaly
• Magnetic Field Evolution of Neutron Stars I: Basic formalism, numerical techniques, and first results
• A catalogue of stellar diameters and fluxes for mid-infrared interferometry
• Unicorns and Giraffes in the binary zoo: stripped giants with subgiant companions
• The Solar Neighborhood. XXXIX. Parallax Results from the CTIOPI and NOFS Programs: 50 New Members of the 25 Parsec White Dwarf Sample
• Lessons from the curious case of the `fastest' star in Gaia DR2
• Gaia Data Release 3: Gaia scan-angle dependent signals and spurious periods
• Astrometric planet search around southern ultracool dwarfs I: First results, including parallaxes of 20 M8-L2 dwarfs
• HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG XV. Planetary occurrence rates around early-M dwarfs
• Population Synthesis of Black Hole Binaries with Normal-Star Companions: I. Detached Systems
• The Gaia Ultra-Cool Dwarf Sample -- II: Structure at the end of the main sequence
• A Spectroscopic Binary at the M/L Transition
• Gaia Early Data Release 3: Updated radial velocities from Gaia DR2
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XVII. Six long-period giant planets around BD -17 0063, HD 20868, HD 73267, HD 131664, HD 145377, HD 153950
• Discovery of Two New Thermally Bloated Low-Mass White Dwarfs Among the Kepler Binaries
• Trigonometric Parallaxes for Two Late-Type Subdwarfs: LSR1425+71 (sdM8.0) and the Binary LSR1610-00 (sd?M6pec)
• Triage of Astrometric Binaries - how to find triple systems and dormant black-hole secondaries in the Gaia orbits
• Precise astrometry and diameters of asteroids from occultations -- a data-set of observations and their interpretation
• A planet in an 840-d orbit around a Kepler main-sequence A star found from phase modulation of its pulsations
• Determining the true mass of radial-velocity exoplanets with Gaia: 9 planet candidates in the brown-dwarf/stellar regime and 27 confirmed planets
• Exploring the Brown Dwarf Desert: New Substellar Companions from the SDSS-III MARVELS Survey
• Toward an internally consistent astronomical distance scale
• Elodie metallicity-biased search for transiting Hot Jupiters IV. Intermediate period planets orbiting the stars HD43691 and HD132406
• Search for nearby Earth analogs I. 15 planet candidates found in PFS data
• Spectroscopic orbits of nearby stars
• Individual, Model-Independent Masses of the Closest Known Brown Dwarf Binary to the Sun
• Determining the mass of the planetary candidate HD 114762 b using Gaia
• On The Orbital Separation Distribution and Binary Fraction of M Dwarfs
• Astrometric orbits of spectral binary brown dwarfs I: Massive T dwarf companions to 2M1059$-$21 and 2M0805$+$48
• DE0823$-$49 is a juvenile binary brown dwarf at 20.7 pc
• Individual Dynamical Masses of DENIS J063001.4$-$184014AB Reveal A Likely Young Brown Dwarf Triple
• Detection methods of binary stars with low- and intermediate-mass components
• The California Legacy Survey I. A Catalog of 178 Planets from Precision Radial Velocity Monitoring of 719 Nearby Stars over Three Decades
• Double-lined spectroscopic binaries in the APOGEE DR16 and DR17 data

Cited by in corpus (117)

• Gaia Data Release 3: Summary of the content and survey properties
• Gaia Data Release 3: Astrophysical parameters inference system (Apsis) I -- methods and content overview
• Gaia Data Release 3: Catalogue Validation
• Gaia Data Release 3. Astrometric binary star processing
• Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the variability processing and analysis
• Discovery of a dormant 33 solar-mass black hole in pre-release Gaia astrometry
• Gaia DR3 astrometric orbit determination with Markov Chain Monte Carlo and Genetic Algorithms. Systems with stellar, substellar, and planetary mass companions
• Gaia Data Release 3. The first Gaia catalogue of eclipsing binary candidates
• Significance Mode Analysis (SigMA) for hierarchical structures. An application to the Sco-Cen OB association
• Gaia Data Release 3: Gaia scan-angle dependent signals and spurious periods
• Two temperate Earth-mass planets orbiting the nearby star GJ1002
• Gaia Data Release 3: A Golden Sample of Astrophysical Parameters
• The multiplicity fraction in 202 open clusters from Gaia
• Long-term Evolution of Binary Orbits Induced by Circumbinary Disks
• RR Lyrae From Binary Evolution: Abundant, Young and Metal-Rich
• Cannibals in the thick disk II -- Radial-velocity monitoring of the young alpha-rich stars
• Wide post-common envelope binaries from Gaia: orbit validation and formation models
• Barium and related stars, and their white-dwarf companions. III. The masses of the white dwarfs
• The Masses of a Sample of Radial-Velocity Exoplanets with Astrometric Measurements
• ISPY-NACO Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars. The demographics of forming planets embedded in protoplanetary disks
• The PLATO field selection process. II. Characterization of LOPS2, the first long-pointing field
• Gaia Data Release 3: spectroscopic binary-star orbital solutions. The SB1 processing chain
• A generative model for Gaia astrometric orbit catalogs: selection functions for binary stars, giant planets, and compact object companions
• Bioverse: The Habitable Zone Inner Edge Discontinuity as an Imprint of Runaway Greenhouse Climates on Exoplanet Demographics
• A Deficit of Massive White Dwarfs in Gaia Astrometric Binaries
• Temporal variation of the photometric magnetic activity for the Sun and Kepler solar-like stars
• Isochrone fitting to the open cluster M67 in the era of Gaia and improved model physics
• Merging Hierarchical Triple Black Hole Systems with Intermediate-mass Black Holes in Population III Star Clusters
• Exploring the Brown Dwarf Desert with Precision Radial Velocities and Gaia DR3 Astrometric Orbits
• Red Supergiant Candidates for Multimessenger Monitoring of the Next Galactic Supernova
• Can Gaia find planets around white dwarfs?
• Age-dating the young open cluster UBC 1 with g-mode asteroseismology, gyrochronology, and isochrone fitting
• ESPRESSO observations of Gaia BH1: high-precision orbital constraints and no evidence for an inner binary
• A dynamical mass for GJ 463 b: A massive super-Jupiter companion beyond the snow line of a nearby M dwarf
• Precise Masses, Ages of ~1.0 million RGB and RC stars observed by the LAMOST
• Prospects from TESS and Gaia to constrain the flatness of planetary systems
• Combining Gaia and GRAVITY: Characterising five new Directly Detected Substellar Companions
• Stragglers of the thick disc
• A Triple Scenario for the Formation of Wide Black Hole Binaries Such As Gaia BH1
• Kepler meets Gaia DR3: homogeneous extinction-corrected color-magnitude diagram and binary classification
• Multiplicity of stars with planets in the solar neighbourhood
• Mind the Gap I: H$\alpha$ Activity of M Dwarfs Near the Partially/Fully Convective Boundary and a New H$\alpha$ Emission Deficiency Zone on the Main Sequence
• Multiples among B stars in the Scorpius-Centaurus association
• Stellar spectral-type (mass) dependence of the dearth of close-in planets around fast-rotating stars. Architecture of Kepler confirmed single-exoplanet systems compared to star-planet evolution models
• Closeby Habitable Exoplanet Survey (CHES). I. Astrometric Noise and Planetary Detection Efficiency due to Stellar Spots and Faculae
• Kepler main-sequence solar-like stars: surface rotation and magnetic-activity evolution
• Combining Hipparcos and Gaia data for the study of binaries: the BINARYS tool
• Gaia BH1 and BH2 -- evolutionary models with overshooting of the black hole progenitors within the present-day binary separation
• Magnetic activity of red giants: correlation between the amplitude of solar-like oscillations and chromospheric indicators
• Population demographics of white dwarf binaries with intermediate separations: Gaia constraints on post-AGB mass transfer
• Asteroseismic Study of Subgiants and Giants of the Open Cluster M67 using Kepler/K2: Expanded Sample and Precise Masses
• Spatial and Binary Parameter Distributions of Black Hole Binaries in the Milky Way Detectable with Gaia
• Lithium in Kepler Red Giants: Defining Normal and Anomalous
• Signature of spin-down stalling in stellar magnetic activity. The case of the open cluster NGC 6811
• The cosmic waltz of Coma Berenices and Latyshev 2 (Group X). Membership, phase-space structure, mass, and energy distributions
• VELOcities of CEpheids (VELOCE) II. Systematic Search for Spectroscopic Binary Cepheids
• An emerging and enigmatic spectral class of isolated DAe white dwarfs
• Testing tidal theory using Gaia binaries: the red giant branch
• Variability and stellar pulsation incidence in Am/Fm stars using TESS and Gaia data
• Binaries masses and luminosities with Gaia DR3
• Spatio-temporal map of star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds using Gaia: Synchronized peaks and radial shrinkage of cluster formation
• High mass function ellipsoidal variables in the Gaia Focused Product Release: searching for black hole candidates in the binary zoo
• Validation of Gaia DR3 orbital and acceleration solutions with hierarchical triples
• Ba Enrichment in Gaia MS+WD Binaries: Tracing $s$-Process Element Production
• Characterization of debris disks observed with SPHERE
• Detection of single-degenerate massive binaries with Gaia: The impact of blue supergiants, triples, mass precision, and high-precision parallax requirements
• ATOMIUM: Continuum emission and evidence of dust enhancement from binary motion
• Dormant black hole candidates from Gaia DR3 summary diagnostics
• A study of the frequency and characteristics of stellar companions and Jupiter-like planets in nearby open clusters
• The NEMESIS Catalogue of Young Stellar Objects for the Orion Star Formation Complex. I. General description of data curation
• The Gaia-ESO Survey DR5.1 and Gaia DR3 GSP-Spec: a comparative analysis
• DUETS: Setting expectations for asteroseismic binaries and binary products with synthetic populations
• Statistics of Magrathea exoplanets beyond the Main Sequence. Simulating the long-term evolution of circumbinary giant planets with TRES
• Discovery of four new EL CVn-type binaries in the Gaia eclipsing binaries
• Photometric activity cycles in fast-rotating stars: Revisiting the reality of stellar activity cycle branches
• HIP 15429: A newborn Be star on an eccentric binary orbit
• Five new eclipsing binaries with low-mass companions
• Gaia Barium Dwarfs and Their Ostensibly Ordinary Counterparts
• HD 7977 and its possible influence on Solar System bodies
• Searching for substellar companion candidates with Gaia. II. A catalog of 9,698 planet candidate solar-type hosts
• Planetary system architectures with low-mass inner planets: Direct imaging exploration of mature systems beyond 1 au
• Astrometric view of companions in the inner dust cavities of protoplanetary disks
• Machine learning-based identification of Gaia astrometric exoplanet orbits
• Power density spectra morphologies of seismically unresolved red-giant asteroseismic binaries
• Fewer Companions in the Crowd: The Low Close Binary Fraction in Globular Clusters from Gaia RVS
• An Unsupervised Machine Learning Approach to Identify Spectral Energy Distribution Outliers: Application to the S-PLUS DR4 data
• Dynamical Architectures of S-type Transiting Planets in Binaries II: A Dichotomy in Orbital Alignment of Small Planets in Close Binary Systems
• A comprehensive Gaia view of ellipsoidal and rotational red giant binaries
• Orbital inclination of astrometric binaries and the dearth of face-on orbits in Gaia DR3 solutions
• Millions of Main-Sequence Binary Stars from Gaia BP/RP Spectra
• Astrometry-Only Detection of Microlensing Events with Gaia
• The Corona-Australis star-forming region: New insights on its formation history from detailed stellar and disk analysis
• Nominal thresholds for good astrometric fits, and prospects for binary detectability, for the full extended Gaia mission
• Dynamical mass of a solar-like oscillator at the main-sequence turnoff from Gaia astrometry & ground-based spectroscopy
• Wide sdB binaries. I. Orbital and atmospheric parameters
• Supernovae Origin for the Low-Latitude-Intermediate-Velocity Arch and the North-Celestial-Pole Loop
• Stellar masses and mass ratios for Gaia open cluster members
• Measuring the dipole component of possible Galaxy-binary alignment in the mHz band
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: new spectroscopic binaries in the Milky Way
• Stellar initial mass function in the 100-pc solar neighbourhood
• Full abundance study of two newly discovered barium giants
• Super-slowly rotating Ap (ssrAp) stars: New spectroscopic observations
• Fates of the sub-stellar objects (FOSSO) I. Fates of the known brown dwarfs in main-sequence--BD binaries
• Two unseen massive white dwarf candidates in close binaries
• IK Pegasi and the Double-merger Path to Type Ia Supernovae
• Discovery of a compact hierarchical triple main-sequence star system while searching for binary stars with compact objects
• Modelling Gaia photometry signals of dark halos
• Model Independent Periodogram for Scanning Astrometry
• Magnetic activity and differential rotation of HIP12653
• Component masses in stellar and substellar binaries from Gaia astrometry and photometry
• Hidden oscillations in plain sight: identification of seismically unresolved red-giant asteroseismic binary candidates
• A Planetary Illusion's Funeral: Non-detection of a Gaia DR3 Exoplanet Candidate, and the Role of Intermediate-precision Radial Velocities in Gaia Exoplanet Follow-up
• Stellar Multiplicity in Open Clusters: Investigating Binary Fractions and Their Relationship with Cluster Properties
• A Quadruple Excess in Wide Binary Systems: Evidence for Correlated Binary Formation
• Interferometric Detection and Orbit Modeling of the Subcomponent in the Hot-dust System $\kappa$ Tuc A: A Low-mass Star on an Eccentric Orbit in a Hierarchical-quintuple System
• Identifying Hierarchically Triple Star Systems with Gaia DR3 and LAMOST
• ExoDNN: Boosting exoplanet detection with artificial intelligence. Application to Gaia Data Release 3