Statistics of Magrathea exoplanets beyond the Main Sequence. Simulating the long-term evolution of circumbinary giant planets with TRES

Abstract

Notwithstanding the tremendous growth of the exoplanetary field in the last decade, limited attention has been paid to the planets around binary stars. Circumbinary planets (CBPs) have been discovered primarily around Main Sequence (MS) stars. No exoplanet has been found orbiting double white dwarf (DWD) binaries yet. We modelled the long-term evolution of CBPs, throughout the life stages of their hosts, from MS to white dwarf (WD). Our goal is to provide the community with both theoretical constraints on CBPs evolution beyond the MS and the occurrence rates of planet survival. We further developed the publicly available Triple Evolution Simulation (TRES) code, implementing a variety of physical processes affecting substellar bodies. We then used this code to simulate the evolution, up to one Hubble time, of two synthetic populations of circumbinary giant planets. Each population has been generated using different priors for the planetary orbital parameters. In our simulated populations we identified several evolutionary categories, such as survived, merged, and destabilised systems. Our primary focus is those systems where the planet survived the entire system evolution and orbits a DWD binary, which we call "Magrathea" planets. We found that a significant fraction of simulated CBPs survive and become Magratheas. In the absence of multi-planet migration mechanisms, this category of planets is characterised by long orbital periods. Magrathea planets are a natural outcome of triple systems evolution, and they could be relatively common in the Galaxy. They can survive the death of their binary hosts if they orbit far enough to avoid engulfment and instabilities. Our results can ultimately be a reference to orient future observations of this uncharted class of planets and to compare different theoretical models.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication on A&A. 17 pages (+7 in the appendix), 8 figures (+9 in the appendix), 3 tables

References in corpus (150)

• The chemical composition of the Sun
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA)
• Gaia Data Release 3: Summary of the content and survey properties
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Binaries, Pulsations, and Explosions
• Binary interaction dominates the evolution of massive stars
• Evolution of binary stars and the effect of tides on binary populations
• A Survey of Stellar Families: Multiplicity of Solar-Type Stars
• Comprehensive analytic formulae for stellar evolution as a function of mass and metallicity
• Mass-loss predictions for O and B stars as a function of metallicity
• Shrinking binary and planetary orbits by Kozai cycles with tidal friction
• Stellar Multiplicity
• The Zwicky Transient Facility: Data Processing, Products, and Archive
• Mind your Ps and Qs: the Interrelation between Period (P) and Mass-ratio (Q) Distributions of Binary Stars
• Common Envelope Evolution: Where we stand and how we can move forward
• The stellar activity-rotation relationship and the evolution of stellar dynamos
• Long-Term Stability of Planets in Binary Systems
• Kepler-16: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet
• Mass loss from hot massive stars
• Probabilistic Forecasting of the Masses and Radii of Other Worlds
• Roche lobe effects on the atmospheric loss of "Hot Jupiters"
• The frequency of planetary debris around young white dwarfs
• Estimation of the XUV radiation onto close planets and their evaporation
• Population synthesis for double white dwarfs I.Close detached systems
• Ancient planetary systems are orbiting a large fraction of white dwarf stars
• From binaries to multiples II: hierarchical multiplicity of F and G dwarfs
• Supernova Type Ia progenitors from merging double white dwarfs: Using a new population synthesis model
• The Deuterium-Burning Mass Limit for Brown Dwarfs and Giant Planets
• COSMIC Variance in Binary Population Synthesis
• Atmospheric Escape and the Evolution of Close-in Exoplanets
• Post-common-envelope binaries from SDSS. IX: Constraining the common-envelope efficiency
• A Circumbinary Disk in the Final Stages of Common Envelope and the Core-Degenerate Scenario for Type Ia Supernovae
• A Young White Dwarf Companion to Pulsar 1620-26: Evidence for Early Planet Formation
• Time-Evolution of Viscous Circumstellar Disks due to Photoevaporation by FUV, EUV and X-ray Radiation from the Central Star
• Gaia Data Release 3: Stellar multiplicity, a teaser for the hidden treasure
• Prospects for detection of detached double white dwarf binaries with Gaia, LSST and LISA
• Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited
• Simulating the Common Envelope Phase of a Red Giant Using SPH and Uniform Grid Codes
• The Great Escape: How Exoplanets and Smaller Bodies Desert Dying Stars
• The ELM Survey. I. A Complete Sample of Extremely Low Mass White Dwarfs
• Kepler-413b: a slightly misaligned, Neptune-size transiting circumbinary planet
• Population-Level Eccentricity Distributions of Imaged Exoplanets and Brown Dwarf Companions: Dynamical Evidence for Distinct Formation Channels
• A Giant Planet Candidate Transiting a White Dwarf
• The binarity of the local white dwarf population
• Predicting the LISA white dwarf binary population in the Milky Way with cosmological simulations
• Two planets orbiting the recently formed post-common envelope binary NN Serpentis
• Accretion of a giant planet onto a white dwarf
• General relativistic orbital decay in a seven-minute-orbital-period eclipsing binary system
• The effect of common-envelope evolution on the visible population of post-common-envelope binaries
• Hot stars observed by XMM-Newton I. The catalog and the properties of OB stars
• Chandra X-ray Observation of the Orion Nebula Cluster. II Relationship between X-ray activity indicators and stellar parameters
• The evolution of stellar triples: The most common evolutionary pathways
• Transiting hot Jupiters from WASP-South, Euler and TRAPPIST: WASP-95b to WASP-101b
• On the Abundance of Circumbinary Planets
• Planet-Planet Scattering Alone Cannot Explain the Free-Floating Planet Population
• How planetary growth outperforms migration
• A systematic search of Zwicky Transient Facility data for ultracompact binary LISA-detectable gravitational-wave sources
• Accretion in common envelope evolution
• The ELM Survey. VIII. 98 Double White Dwarf Binaries
• Discovery of a Planetary-Mass Brown Dwarf with a Circumstellar Disk
• On the Terminal Rotation Rates of Giant Planets
• Monte Carlo simulations of post-common-envelope white dwarf + main sequence binaries: comparison with the SDSS DR7 observed sample
• Recombination energy in double white dwarf formation
• Interacting Binaries with Eccentric Orbits. Secular Orbital Evolution Due To Conservative Mass Transfer
• The unbiased frequency of planetary signatures around single and binary white dwarfs using $Spitzer$ and $Hubble$
• Characterizing K2 Planet Discoveries: A super-Earth transiting the bright K-dwarf HIP 116454
• PopCORN: Hunting down the differences between binary population synthesis codes
• The giant planet orbiting the cataclysmic binary DP Leonis
• Two Empirical Regimes of the Planetary Mass-Radius Relation
• Observationally driven Galactic double white dwarf population for LISA
• On the role of recombination in common-envelope ejections
• Common envelope events with low-mass giants: understanding the transition to the slow spiral-in
• TOI-1338: TESS' First Transiting Circumbinary Planet
• The ESO supernovae type Ia progenitor survey (SPY)
• On the dynamical stability of the proposed planetary system orbiting NSVS 14256825
• Interacting Binaries with Eccentric Orbits II. Secular Orbital Evolution Due To Non-Conservative Mass Transfer
• The dependence of convective core overshooting on stellar mass: reality check, and additional evidence
• Possible detection of two giant extrasolar planets orbiting the eclipsing polar UZ Fornacis
• Orbital evolution of mass-transferring eccentric binary systems. II. Secular Evolution
• Companion-launched jets and their effect on the dynamics of common envelope interaction simulations
• The quest for companions to post-common envelope binaries: III. A reexamination of HW Virginis
• A Jovian analogue orbiting a white dwarf star
• Common envelopes in massive stars: Towards the role of radiation pressure and recombination energy in ejecting red supergiant envelopes
• Efficient common-envelope ejection through dust-driven winds
• Stellar triples on the edge; Comprehensive overview of the evolution of destabilised triples leading to stellar and binary exotica
• Star Hoppers: Planet Instability and Capture in Evolving Binary Systems
• Giant Planets
• Gaia's potential for the discovery of circumbinary planets
• Populations of double white dwarfs in Milky Way satellites and their detectability with LISA
• A Circumbinary Planet in Orbit Around the Short-Period White-Dwarf Eclipsing Binary RR Cae
• The BEBOP radial-velocity survey for circumbinary planets I. Eight years of CORALIE observations of 47 single-line eclipsing binaries and abundance constraints on the masses of circumbinary planets
• Chandra X-ray Observation of the Orion Nebula Cluster. I Detection, Identification and Determination of X-ray Luminosities
• Orbital evolution of mass-transferring eccentric binary systems. I. Phase-dependent evolution
• Speaking with one voice: simulations and observations discuss the common envelope $\alpha$ parameter
• Common-envelope evolution with an asymptotic giant branch star
• The limited role of recombination energy in common envelope removal
• Eccentricity and Spin-Orbit Misalignment in Short-Period Stellar Binaries as a Signpost of Hidden Tertiary Companions
• Radial-velocity discovery of a second planet in the TOI-1338/BEBOP-1 circumbinary system
• Modelling the formation of double white dwarfs
• On the Fate of Unstable Circumbinary Planets: Tatooine's Close Encounters with a Death Star
• On the use of hydrogen recombination energy during common envelope events
• Long-term eclipse timing of white dwarf binaries: an observational hint of a magnetic mechanism at work
• Planet formation from the ejecta of common envelopes
• Close detached white dwarf + brown dwarf binaries: further evidence for low values of the common envelope efficiency
• An analytic model for mass transfer in binaries with arbitrary eccentricity, with applications to triple-star systems
• Planet Scattering Around Binaries: Ejections, Not Collisions
• Energy transport by convection in the common envelope evolution
• Final Masses of Giant Planets III: Effect of Photoevaporation and a New Planetary Migration Model
• Free-floating planets from core accretion theory: microlensing predictions
• The HARPS search for southern extrasolar planets. XXIII. 8 planetary companions to low-activity solar-type stars
• The Role of Convection in Determining the Ejection Efficiency of Common Envelope Interactions
• On the Eccentricity Excitation in Post-Main Sequence Binaries
• The impact of recombination energy on simulations of the common envelope binary interaction
• Simulating a binary system that experiences the grazing envelope evolution
• As the Worlds Turn: Constraining Spin Evolution in the Planetary-Mass Regime
• Formation of sdB-stars via common envelope ejection by substellar companions
• Planets in Binaries: Formation and Dynamical Evolution
• Listening to the gravitational wave sound of circumbinary exoplanets
• Cold giant planets evaporated by hot white dwarfs
• Updating the theoretical tidal evolution constants: Apsidal motion and the moment of inertia
• TOI-3714 b and TOI-3629 b: Two gas giants transiting M dwarfs confirmed with HPF and NEID
• Deep Near-Infrared Imaging of the rho Oph Cloud Core: Clues to the Origin of the Lowest-Mass Brown Dwarfs
• Properties of the post in-spiral common envelope ejecta II: dust formation
• Common envelopes in massive stars II: The distinct roles of hydrogen and helium recombination
• Tatooine's Future: The Eccentric Response of Kepler's Circumbinary Planets to Common-Envelope Evolution of their Host Stars
• Characterisation of the upper atmospheres of HAT-P-32 b, WASP-69 b, GJ 1214 b, and WASP-76 b through their He I triplet absorption
• Inferred timescales for common envelope ejection using wide astrometric companions
• BEBOP III. Observations and an independent mass measurement of Kepler-16 (AB) b -- the first circumbinary planet detected with radial velocities
• Constraints on the common-envelope evolution process from wide triple systems
• Rotationally Driven Ultraviolet Emission of Red Giant Stars
• Properties of von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai oscillations in triple systems at the quadrupole order: relaxing the test particle approximation
• Circumbinary exoplanets and brown dwarfs with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• Detection of two additional circumbinary planets around Kepler-451
• Indication of a massive circumbinary planet orbiting the Low Mass X-ray Binary MXB 1658-298
• Eclipse timing variations in post-common envelope binaries: Are they a reliable indicator of circumbinary companions?
• A gap in the double white dwarf separation distribution caused by the common-envelope evolution: astrometric evidence from Gaia
• TOI-1259Ab -- a gas giant planet with 2.7% deep transits and a bound white dwarf companion
• Searching for Small Circumbinary Planets I. The STANLEY Automated Algorithm and No New Planets in Existing Systems
• Bayesian Characterisation of Circumbinary Exoplanets with LISA
• Stability of planets in triple star systems
• Post-AGB discs from common-envelope evolution
• Effects of XUV radiation on circumbinary planets
• On the Terminal Spins of Accreting Stars and Planets: Boundary Layers
• NY Vir Eclipse timing observations: Two planet solution
• Long-term stability of planets in and around binary stars
• A Close-in Substellar Object Orbiting the sdOB-type Eclipsing-Binary System NSVS14256825
• The quest for Magrathea planets I: formation of second generation exoplanets around double white dwarfs
• Will Gravitational Waves Discover the First Extra-Galactic Planetary System?
• A white dwarf bound to the transiting planetary system WASP-98
• Hot white dwarf candidates from the IGAPS-GALEX cross-match
• Lucky planets: how circum-binary planets survive the supernova in one of the inner-binary components

Cited by in corpus (1)

• The quest for Magrathea planets I: formation of second generation exoplanets around double white dwarfs