Indication of a massive circumbinary planet orbiting the Low Mass X-ray Binary MXB 1658-298

Abstract

We present an X-ray timing analysis of the transient X-ray binary MXB 1658-298, using data obtained from the RXTE and XMM-Newton observatories. We have made 27 new mid eclipse time measurements from observations made during the two outbursts of the source. These new measurements have been combined with the previously known values to study long term changes in orbital period of the binary system. We have found that the mid-eclipse timing record of MXB 1658-298 is quite unusual. The long term evolution of mid-eclipse times indicates an overall orbital period decay with a time scale of -- 6.5(7) x 10^7 year. Over and above this orbital period decay, the O-C residual curve also shows a periodic residual on shorter timescales. This sinusoidal variation has an amplitude of ~9 lt-sec and a period of ~760 d. This is indicative of presence of a third body around the compact X-ray binary. The mass and orbital radius of the third body are estimated to lie in the range, 20.5-26.9 Jupiter mass and 750-860 lt-sec, respectively. If true, then it will be the most massive circumbinary planet and also the smallest period binary known to host a planet.

arXiv comment5 pages, 3 figures, Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters

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• Consistent accretion-induced heating of the neutron-star crust in MXB 1659-29 during two different outbursts
• Broadband spectral analysis of MXB 1659-298 in its soft and hard state
• Measuring masses in low mass X-ray binaries via X-ray spectroscopy: the case of MXB 1659-298
• Spectral properties of MXB 1658-298 in the low/hard and high/soft state
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• Independent validation of the temperate Super-Earth HD79211 b using HARPS-N
• Time Domain Astronomy with the THESEUS Satellite