The Occurrence and Mass Distribution of Close-in Super-Earths, Neptunes, and Jupiters

Abstract

The questions of how planets form and how common Earth-like planets are can be addressed by measuring the distribution of exoplanet masses and orbital periods. We report the occurrence rate of close-in planets (with orbital periods less than 50 days) based on precise Doppler measurements of 166 Sun-like stars. We measured increasing planet occurrence with decreasing planet mass (M). Extrapolation of a power law mass distribution fitted to our measurements, df/dlogM = 0.39M^-0.48, predicts that 23% of stars harbor a close-in Earth-mass planet (ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 Earth masses). Theoretical models of planet formation predict a deficit of planets in the domain from 5 to 30 Earth masses and with orbital periods less than 50 days. This region of parameter space is in fact well populated, implying that such models need substantial revision.

arXiv commentFirst published in Science on Oct 29, 2010 (vol. 330, pp. 653-655). Includes supporting online material. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/330/6004/653

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• EXPRES IV: Two Additional Planets Orbiting $\rho$ Coronae Borealis Reveal Uncommon System Architecture
• The Demographics of Exoplanets
• On the Possibility of Habitable Moons in the System of HD 23079: Results from Orbital Stability Studies
• Forming Different Planetary Systems
• In Situ and Ex Situ Formation Models of Kepler 11 Planets
• Two Planets Straddling the Habitable Zone of The Nearby K Dwarf Gl 414A
• A multi-planetary system orbiting the early-M dwarf TOI-1238
• The RoPES project with HARPS and HARPS-N. I. A system of super-Earths orbiting the moderately active K-dwarf HD 176986
• Confirmation of the Long-Period Planet Orbiting Gliese 411 and the Detection of a New Planet Candidate
• The Demographics of Wide-Separation Planets
• Minimal conditions for survival of technological civilizations in the face of stellar evolution
• Trawling for transits in a sea of noise: A Search for Exoplanets by Analysis of WASP Optical Lightcurves and Follow-up (SEAWOLF)
• Formation of Super-Earths by Tidally-Forced Turbulence
• Rocky histories: The effect of high excitations on the formation of rocky planets
• Connecting Planetary Composition with Formation
• Binary stripping as a plausible origin of correlated pairs of extreme trans-Neptunian objects
• Below One Earth Mass: The Detection, Formation, and Properties of Subterrestrial Worlds
• Planets in Open Clusters Detectable by Kepler
• Atmospheric Characterization via Broadband Color Filters on the PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars (PLATO) Mission
• The need for a public forecast of stellar activity to optimise exoplanet radial velocity detections & transmission spectroscopy
• Radial-velocity search and statistical studies for short-period planets in the Pleiades open cluster
• Accounting for stellar activity signals in radial-velocity data by using Change Point Detection techniques
• An Early Catalog of Planet Hosting Multiple Star Systems of Order Three and Higher
• Radial velocity confirmation of a hot super-Neptune discovered by TESS with a warm Saturn-mass companion
• The California Legacy Survey II. Occurrence of Giant Planets Beyond the Ice line
• Unveiling the Planet Population at Birth
• Imaging the Dusty Substructures due to Terrestrial Planets in Planet-forming Disks with ALMA and the Next Generation Very Large Array
• Hiding Planets Near and Far: The Parameter Space of Hidden Companions for Known Planetary Systems
• The role of Jupiter in driving Earth's orbital evolution: an update
• A Simple Depth of Search Metric for Exoplanet Imaging Surveys
• Populations of Extrasolar Giant Planets from Transit and Radial Velocity Surveys
• Formation of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes from rings of planetesimals
• ExoplANNET: A deep learning algorithm to detect and identify planetary signals in radial velocity data
• Can Rocky Exoplanets with Rings Pose as Sub-Neptunes?
• Prospects for detecting the astrometric signature of Barnard's Star b
• Planet Occurrence: Doppler and Transit Surveys
• Mutual Occurrence Ratio of Planets. I. New Clues to Reveal Origins of Hot- and Warm-Jupiter from the RV Sample
• Forming rocky exoplanets around K-dwarf stars
• Relative occurrence rates of terrestrial planets orbiting FGK stars
• Data Reduction Pipeline of the TOU Optical Very High Resolution Spectrograph and Its sub-m/s Performance
• Planet formation: key mechanisms and global models
• Planet-forming disks and their environment across regions and time from the full NIR census
• A low-mass sub-Neptune planet transiting the bright active star HD 73344
• Application of recent results on the orbital migration of low mass planets: convergence zones
• SIOUX project: a simultaneous multiband camera for exoplanet atmospheres studies
• Stacked Periodograms as a Probe of Exoplanetary Populations
• The debris disk - terrestrial planet connection
• An improved correction of radial-velocity systematic for the SOPHIE spectrograph
• Halting Migration in Magnetospherically Sculpted Protoplanetary Disks
• Precise Masses and Orbits for Nine Radial Velocity Exoplanets
• Planetary population synthesis
• Stellar statistics along the ecliptic and the impact on the K2 mission concept
• The architecture of multi-planet systems as a tracer of their formation mechanisms
• Reflected light from giant planets in habitable zones: Tapping into the power of the Cross-Correlation Function
• Ohmic dissipation during the formation of super-Earth
• The California Legacy Survey I. A Catalog of 178 Planets from Precision Radial Velocity Monitoring of 719 Nearby Stars over Three Decades
• A search for transit timing variations in the transiting hot Jupiter systems HIP 65, NGTS-6, NGTS-10 and WASP-173
• Effects of Self-gravity on Mass-loss of the Post-impact Super-Earths
• The Mass Budgets and Spatial Scales of Exoplanet Systems and Protoplanetary Disks
• Inferring planet occurrence rates from radial velocities
• The California Legacy Survey III. On The Shoulders of (Some) Giants: The Relationship between Inner Small Planets and Outer Massive Planets
• In situ formation of super-Earth/sub-Neptune driven by the planetary rotation
• BEBOP II: Sensitivity to sub-Saturn circumbinary planets using radial-velocities
• The Transits of Extrasolar Planets with Moons
• The SATCHEL pipeline: A general tool for data classified through citizen science
• Re-evaluating Hot Jupiter WASP-12b: An Update
• POSEIDON II: The Anti-Aligned Orbit of the Warm Neptune TOI-1710 A b