Precise Infrared Radial Velocities from Keck/NIRSPEC and the Search for Young Planets

Abstract

We present a high-precision infrared radial velocity study of late-type stars using spectra obtained with NIRSPEC at the W. M. Keck Observatory. Radial velocity precisions of 50 m/s are achieved for old field mid-M dwarfs using telluric features for precise wavelength calibration. Using this technique, 20 young stars in the β Pic (age ~12 Myr) and TW Hya (age ~8 Myr) Associations were monitored over several years to search for low mass companions; we also included the chromospherically active field star GJ 873 (EV Lac) in this survey. Based on comparisons with previous optical observations of these young active stars, radial velocity measurements at infrared wavelengths mitigate the radial velocity noise caused by star spots by a factor of ~3. Nevertheless, star spot noise is still the dominant source of measurement error for young stars at 2.3 μm, and limits the precision to ~77 m/s for the slowest rotating stars (v sin i < 6 km/s), increasing to ~168 m/s for rapidly rotating stars (v sin i > 12 km/s). The observations reveal both GJ 3305 and TWA 23 to be single-lined spectroscopic binaries; in the case of GJ 3305, the motion is likely caused by its 0.09" companion, identified after this survey began. The large amplitude, short-timescale variations of TWA 13A are indicative of a hot Jupiter-like companion, but the available data are insufficient to confirm this. We label it as a candidate radial velocity variable. For the remainder of the sample, these observations exclude the presence of any 'hot' (P < 3 days) companions more massive than 8 MJup, and any 'warm' (P < 30 days) companions more massive than 17 MJup, on average. Assuming an edge-on orbit for the edge-on disk system AU Mic, these observations exclude the presence of any hot Jupiters more massive than 1.8 MJup or warm Jupiters more massive than 3.9 MJup.

Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal. 18 pages, 7 figures

References in corpus (27)

• Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799
• Optical Images of an Exosolar Planet 25 Light Years from Earth
• The Occurrence and Mass Distribution of Close-in Super-Earths, Neptunes, and Jupiters
• Planet formation around stars of various masses: The snow line and the frequency of giant planets
• The Stellar Populations of Praesepe and Coma Berenices
• The First Direct Measurements of Magnetic Fields on Very Low-Mass Stars
• TW Hydrae: evidence of stellar spots instead of a Hot Jupiter
• Debris disks as signposts of terrestrial planet formation
• Lithium Depletion of Nearby Young Stellar Associations
• Can giant planets form by gravitational fragmentation of discs?
• A novel L-band imaging search for giant planets in the Tucana and Beta Pictoris moving groups
• Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems: Upper Limits to the Gas Mass in Disks Around Sun-like Stars
• New periodic variable stars coincident with ROSAT sources discovered using SuperWASP
• Close encounters in young stellar clusters: implications for planetary systems in the solar neighbourhood
• A Long-Period Jupiter-Mass Planet Orbiting the Nearby M Dwarf GJ849
• Silicon and Nickel Enrichment in Planet-Host Stars: Observations and Implications for the Core-Accretion Theory of Planet Formation
• Differential Radial Velocities and Stellar Parameters of Nearby Young Stars
• A Young Planet Search in Visible and IR Light: DN Tau, V836 Tau, and V827 Tau
• On the origin of eccentricities among extrasolar planets
• Multiepoch Radial Velocity Observations of L Dwarfs
• Starspot-induced optical and infrared radial velocity variability in T Tauri star Hubble 4
• Rotation and activity of pre-main-sequence stars
• Rapid Formation of Super-Earths around M Dwarf Stars
• Star Spot Induced Radial Velocity Variability in LkCa 19
• Precision radial velocities with CSHELL
• A Search for Planets Transiting the M Dwarf Debris Disk Host, AU Microscopii
• High Precision Radial Velocity Measurements in the Infrared: A First Assessment of the RV Stability of CRIRES

Cited by in corpus (55)

• Intrinsic Colors, Temperatures, and Bolometric Corrections of Pre-Main Sequence Stars
• Stellar Multiplicity
• Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager
• On the age of the $\beta$ Pictoris moving group
• Bayesian analysis to identify new star candidates in nearby young stellar kinematic groups
• The rotation and Galactic kinematics of mid M dwarfs in the Solar Neighborhood
• A High-Precision NIR Survey for RV Variable Low-Mass Stars
• BANYAN. IV. Fundamental parameters of low-mass star candidates in nearby young stellar kinematic groups - Isochronal Age determination using Magnetic evolutionary models
• HD 285507b: An Eccentric Hot Jupiter in the Hyades Open Cluster
• A Candidate Young Massive Planet in Orbit around the Classical T Tauri Star CI Tau
• All-sky Co-moving Recovery Of Nearby Young Members. (ACRONYM) II: The Beta Pictoris Moving Group
• LACEwING: A New Moving Group Analysis Code
• A Search for Giant Planet Companions to T Tauri Stars
• Diving Beneath the Sea of Stellar Activity: Chromatic Radial Velocities of the Young AU Mic Planetary System
• KELT-8b: A highly inflated transiting hot Jupiter and a new technique for extracting high-precision radial velocities from noisy spectra
• SPOTS: The Search for Planets Orbiting Two Stars: II. First constraints on the frequency of sub-stellar companions on wide circumbinary orbits
• Spectroscopic confirmation of M-dwarf candidate members of the Beta Pictoris and AB Doradus Moving Groups
• Search for associations containing young stars (SACY) VII. New stellar and substellar candidate members in the young associations
• Dynamical Masses of Young M Dwarfs: Masses and Orbital Parameters of GJ 3305 AB, the Wide Binary Companion to the Imaged Exoplanet Host 51 Eri
• Analysis of membership probability in nearby young moving groups with Gaia DR2
• A 3D Search for Companions to 12 Nearby M-Dwarfs
• Spin-orbit alignment and magnetic activity in the young planetary system AU Mic
• ROPS: A New Search for Habitable Earths in the Southern Sky
• Search for associations containing young stars (SACY) VIII. An updated census of spectroscopic binary systems showing hints of non-universal multiplicity among these associations
• Rotational Velocities of Individual Components in Very Low Mass Binaries
• The Magnetic Field of Active Region 11158 During the 2011 February 12-17 Flares : Differences between Photospheric Extrapolation and Coronal Forward-Fitting Methods
• Precise Radial Velocities of Cool Low Mass Stars With iSHELL
• Planets around stars in young nearby associations *** radial Velocity searches: a feasibility study, and first results
• The beta Pictoris association: Catalog of photometric rotational periods of low-mass members and candidate members
• The Sizes of the Nearest Young Stars
• A Census of the TW Hya Association with Gaia
• The crucial role of higher-order multiplicity in wide binary formation: A case study using the $\beta$-Pictoris moving group
• SPOTS: The Search for Planets Orbiting Two Stars. I. Survey description and first observations
• Redshifted X-rays from the material accreting onto TW Hya: evidence of a low-latitude accretion spot
• The Mean Magnetic Field Strength of CI Tau
• High precision radial velocities with GIANO spectra
• Stable and unstable accretion in the classical T Tauri stars IM Lup and RU Lup as observed by MOST
• PSYM-WIDE: a survey for large-separation planetary-mass companions to late spectral type members of young moving groups
• Keck NIRSPEC Radial Velocity Observations of Late-M dwarfs
• Flares, Rotation, Activity Cycles and a Magnetic Star-Planet Interaction Hypothesis for the Far Ultraviolet Emission of GJ 436
• The Epoch of Giant Planet Migration Planet Search Program. I. Near-Infrared Radial Velocity Jitter of Young Sun-like Stars
• Radial Velocity Variability of Field Brown Dwarfs
• Retrieval of Precise Radial Velocities from Near-Infrared High Resolution Spectra of Low Mass Stars
• Characterization of the Wolf 1061 Planetary System
• Mind the Gap I: H$\alpha$ Activity of M Dwarfs Near the Partially/Fully Convective Boundary and a New H$\alpha$ Emission Deficiency Zone on the Main Sequence
• The Closest M-Dwarf Quadruple System to the Sun
• Multiplexing Precision RVs: Searching for Close in Gas Giants in Open Clusters
• Evidence of a substellar companion around a very young T Tauri star
• Radial velocity survey of spatially resolved young, low-mass binaries
• IGRINS RV: A Precision RV Pipeline for IGRINS Using Modified Forward Modeling in the Near-Infrared
• The triple system AT Mic AB + AU Mic in the beta Pictoris Association
• The visual binary AG Tri in $\beta$ Pictoris Association: can a debris disc cause very different rotation periods of its components?
• On the age of the magnetically active WW Psa and TX Psa members of the beta Pictoris association
• Orbital characterization of GJ1108A system, and comparison of dynamical mass with model-derived mass for resolved binaries
• Near-IR and optical radial velocities of the active M dwarf star Gl 388 (AD Leo) with SPIRou at CFHT and SOPHIE at OHP: A 2.23 day rotation period and no evidence for a corotating planet