A Tale of Planet Formation: From Dust to Planets

Abstract

The characterization of exoplanets and their birth protoplanetary disks has enormously advanced in the last decade. Benefitting from that, our global understanding of the planet formation processes has been substantially improved. In this review, we first summarize the cutting-edge states of the exoplanet and disk observations. We further present a comprehensive panoptic view of modern core accretion planet formation scenarios, including dust growth and radial drift, planetesimal formation by the streaming instability, core growth by planetesimal accretion and pebble accretion. We discuss the key concepts and physical processes in each growth stage and elaborate on the connections between theoretical studies and observational revelations. Finally, we point out the critical questions and future directions of planet formation studies.

arXiv comment48 pages, 8 figures, invited review for Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics

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• How efficient is the streaming instability in viscous protoplanetary disks?
• A new condition for the transition from runaway to oligarchic growth
• The growth of planetary embryos: orderly, runaway, or oligarchic?
• Orbital migration of interacting low-mass planets in evolutionary radiative turbulent models
• Occurrence and Architecture of Kepler Planetary Systems as Functions of Stellar Mass and Effective Temperature
• Pebbles versus Planetesimals: The case of Trappist-1
• Dust Transport in MRI Turbulent Disks: Ideal and Non-ideal MHD with Ambipolar Diffusion
• Tidal dissipation and the formation of Kepler near-resonant planets
• New constraints on turbulence and embedded planet mass in the HD 163296 disk from planet-disk hydrodynamic simulations
• Planetesimal formation via sweep-up growth at the inner edge of dead zones
• Are the Kepler Near-Resonance Planet Pairs due to Tidal Dissipation?
• The Ring Structure in the MWC 480 Disk Revealed by ALMA
• Four new planets around giant stars and the mass-metallicity correlation of planet-hosting stars
• Global Modeling of Nebulae with Particle Growth, Drift and Evaporation Fronts. I: Methodology and Typical Results
• Planet-driven spiral arms in protoplanetary disks: II. Implications
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XXXVI. Eight HARPS multi-planet systems hosting 20 super-Earth and Neptune-mass companions
• Planetesimal Formation In Self-Gravitating Discs
• Global models of planetary system formation in radiatively-inefficient protoplanetary discs
• On the eccentricity of self-gravitating circumstellar disks in eccentric binary systems
• Growth after the streaming instability: from planetesimal accretion to pebble accretion
• Hiding Planets Behind a Big Friend: Mutual Inclinations of Multi-Planet Systems with External Companions
• On the Numerical Robustness of the Streaming Instability: Particle Concentration and Gas Dynamics in Protoplanetary Disks
• On the growth of pebble-accreting planetesimals
• Requirements for gravitational collapse in planetesimal formation --- the impact of scales set by Kelvin-Helmholtz and nonlinear streaming instability
• The magnetic field and accretion regime of CI Tau
• Planetesimal collisions in binary systems
• On the coexistence of the streaming instability and the vertical shear instability in protoplanetary disks
• Planet Formation in Disks with Inclined Binary Companions: Can Primordial Spin-Orbit Misalignment be Produced?
• Protoplanetary Disk Masses from Radiative Transfer Modeling: A Case Study in Taurus
• Interior characterization in multiplanetary systems: TRAPPIST-1
• Jupiter's heavy-element enrichment expected from formation models
• How planets grow by pebble accretion II: Analytical calculations on the evolution of polluted envelopes
• Challenges in Forming the Solar System's Giant Planet Cores via Pebble Accretion
• The dynamical fate of planetary systems in young star clusters
• Dust capture and long-lived density enhancements triggered by vortices in 2D protoplanetary disks
• Pebbles versus planetesimals: the outcomes of population synthesis models
• An Analytic Criterion for Turbulent Disruption of Planetary Resonances
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• The gravitational interaction between planets on inclined orbits and protoplanetary disks as the origin of primordial spin--orbit misalignments
• Predicting the Configuration of Planetary System: KOI-152 Observed by Kepler
• Migration and Growth of Protoplanetary Embryos I: Convergence of Embryos in Protoplanetary Disks
• Forming Close-in Earth-like Planets via a Collision-Merger Mechanism in Late-stage Planet Formation
• Inside-Out Planet Formation. III. Planet-disk interaction at the dead zone inner boundary
• The distribution of heavy-elements in giant protoplanetary atmospheres: the importance of planetesimal-envelope interactions
• Pebble drift and planetesimal formation in protoplanetary discs with embedded planets
• Gas flow around a planet embedded in a protoplanetary disc: the dependence on the planetary mass
• Pebble Accretion in Turbulent Protoplanetary Disks
• Constraining the radial drift of millimeter-sized grains in the protoplanetary disks in Lupus
• Peas in a Pod? Radius correlations in Kepler multi-planet systems
• The Observability Of Vortex-Driven Spiral Arms In Protoplanetary Disk: Basic Spiral Properties
• Planetesimal clearing and size-dependent asteroid retention by secular resonance sweeping during the depletion of the solar nebula
• Search for nearby Earth analogs I. 15 planet candidates found in PFS data
• Formation of S-type planets in close binaries: scattering induced tidal capture of circumbinary planets
• Terrestrial Planet Formation in the Inclined Systems: Application to OGLE-2006-BLG-109L System
• Migration and Growth of Protoplanetary Embryos II: Emergence of Proto-Gas-Giants Cores versus Super Earths' Progenitor
• Rocky Planetesimal Formation Aided by Organics
• Meso-scale Instability Triggered by Dust Feedback in Dusty Rings: Origin and Observational Implications
• Making giant planet cores: convergent migration and growth of planetary embryos in non-isothermal discs
• New constraints on the dust and gas distribution in the LkCa 15 disk from ALMA
• Effects of Ringed Structures and Dust Size Growth on Millimeter Observations of Protoplanetary Disks
• Near Mean-motion Resonances in the Systems Observed by Kepler: Affected by Mass Accretion and Type I Migration
• Migration and Growth of Protoplanetary Embryos III: Mass and Metallicity Dependence for FGKM main-sequence stars
• Unified simulations of planetary formation and atmospheric evolution II: Rapid disk clearing by photoevaporation yields low-mass super-Earth atmospheres
• Configurations of Bounded and Free-floating Planets in Very Young Open Clusters
• Millimeter Spectral Indices and Dust Trapping By Planets in Brown Dwarf Disks
• Multiplanet systems in inviscid discs can avoid forming resonant chains
• Promoted Mass Growth of Multiple, Distant Giant Planets through Pebble Accretion and Planet-Planet Collision
• Terrestrial Planets Formation under Migration: the Systems near 4:2:1 Mean Motion Resonance
• Gas-Assisted Growth of Protoplanets in a Turbulent Medium
• The scattering outcomes of Kepler circumbinary planets: planet mass ratio
• Forming Different Planetary Systems
• Near Mean Motion Resonance of Terrestrial Planet Pair Induced by Giant Planet: Application to Kepler-68 System
• Scale Dependence of Multiplier Distributions for Particle Concentration, Enstrophy and Dissipation in the Inertial Range of Homogeneous Turbulence
• Dynamical rearrangement of super-Earths during disk dispersal II. Assessment of the magnetospheric rebound model for planet formation scenarios
• Erosion of planetesimals by gas flow
• Birth environment of circumbinary planets: are there CBPs on the inclined orbits?

Cited by in corpus (39)

• X-ray Super-Flares From Pre-Main Sequence Stars: Flare Energetics And Frequency
• Gravitational instability in a planet-forming disk
• TOI-530b: A giant planet transiting an M dwarf detected by TESS
• CHES: a space-borne astrometric mission for the detection of habitable planets of the nearby solar-type stars
• From Pebbles and Planetesimals to Planets and Dust: the Protoplanetary Disk--Debris Disk Connection
• Millimeter-sized Dust Grains Appear Surviving the Water-sublimating Temperature in the Inner 10 au of the FU Ori Disk
• Formation of Comets
• Detailed elemental abundances of binary stars: Searching for signatures of planet formation and atomic diffusion
• The importance of thermal torques on the migration of planets growing by pebble accretion
• How planets grow by pebble accretion IV: Envelope opacity trends from sedimenting dust and pebbles
• Planetesimal Initial Mass Functions following Diffusion Regulated Gravitational Collapse
• A massive hot Jupiter orbiting a metal-rich early-M star discovered in the TESS full frame images
• Solving for the 2D Water Snowline with Hydrodynamic Simulations. Emergence of gas outflow, water cycle and temperature plateau
• Departure from the Exact Location of Mean Motion Resonances Induced by the Gas Disk in the Systems Observed by Kepler
• Growth after the streaming instability: The radial distance dependence of the planetary growth
• Closeby Habitable Exoplanet Survey (CHES). I. Astrometric Noise and Planetary Detection Efficiency due to Stellar Spots and Faculae
• Extremely Inclined Orbit of S-type Planet $\gamma$ Cep Ab Induced by Eccentric Kozai-Lidov Mechanism
• The effect of the streaming instability on protoplanetary disc emission at millimetre wavelengths
• The Terrestrial Planet Formation around M Dwarfs: In-situ, Inward Migration or Reversed Migration
• Dust Dynamics in AGN Winds: A New Mechanism For Multiwavelength AGN Variability
• Delivery of gas onto the circumplanetary disk of giant planets: Planetary-mass dependence of the source region of accreting gas and mass accretion rate
• Grain Growth in the Dust Ring with Crescent around Very Low Mass Star ZZ Tau IRS with JVLA
• Nii: a Bayesian orbit retrieval code applied to differential astrometry
• Radiative Nonideal MHD Simulations of Inner Protoplanetary Disks: Temperature Structures, Asymmetric Winds, and Episodic Surface Accretion
• Relative Occurrence Rate Between Hot and Cold Jupiters as an Indicator to Probe Planet Migration
• Discovery of double Hall pattern associated with collisionless magnetic reconnection in dusty plasmas
• RW Aur A : SpeX Spectral Evidence for Differentiated Planetesimal Formation, Migration and Destruction in an 3 Myr Old Excited CTTS System
• Vanadium oxide clusters in substellar atmospheres: A quantum chemical study
• Detecting and Monitoring Tidal Dissipation of Hot Jupiters in the Era of SiTian
• Hidden under a warm blanket: If planets existed in protostellar disks, they would hardly produce observable substructures
• From Planetesimals to Dwarf Planets by Pebble Accretion
• Planetesimal Growth in Evolving Protoplanetary Disks: Constraints from the Pebble Supply
• The radiative torque spin-up efficiency of ballistic dust grain aggregates
• Planetary Edge Trends (PET). I. The Inner Edge-Stellar Mass Correlation
• MANGOS II: Five new giant planets orbiting low-mass stars
• Limitations of the modified blackbody fit method for determining molecular cloud properties
• Direct Imaging for the Debris Disk around $\epsilon$ Eridani with the Cool-Planet Imaging Coronagraph
• Effects of Self-gravity on Mass-loss of the Post-impact Super-Earths
• A universal brown dwarf desert formed between planets and stars