The initial conditions for planet formation: Turbulence driven by hydrodynamical instabilities in disks around young stars

Abstract

This review examines recent theoretical developments in our understanding of turbulence in cold, non-magnetically active, planetesimal forming regions of protoplanetary disks which we refer to throughout as "Ohmic zones". We give a brief background introduction to the subject of disk turbulence followed by a terse pedagogical review of the phenomenology of hydrodynamic turbulence. The equations governing the dynamics of cold astrophysical disks are given and basic flow states are described. We discuss the Solberg-Hoiland conditions required for stability, and the three recently identified turbulence generating mechanisms possibly active in protoplanetary disk Ohmic zones, namely, (i) the Vertical Shear Instability, (ii) The Convective Overstability and (iii) the Zombie Vortex Instability. We summarize the properties of these processes, identify their limitations and discuss where and under what conditions these processes are active in protoplanetary disk Ohmic zones.

arXiv commentReview to appear in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (PASP). 32 pages, 16 figures. Accepted

References in corpus (93)

• Spectral Energy Distributions of T Tauri Stars With Passive Circumstellar Disks
• Rapid planetesimal formation in turbulent circumstellar discs
• Streaming Instabilities in Protoplanetary Disks
• Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus
• Rossby Wave Instability of Keplerian Accretion Disks
• Rosseland and Planck Mean Opacities for Protoplanetary Discs
• Planetesimal Formation by Gravitational Instability
• Protoplanetary Disk Turbulence Driven by the Streaming Instability: Non-Linear Saturation and Particle Concentration
• Linear and nonlinear evolution of the vertical shear instability in accretion discs
• Turbulence in Accretion Disks. Vorticity Generation and Angular Momentum Transport via the Global Baroclinic Instability
• Enhanced Angular Momentum Transport in Accretion Disks
• High Resolution Submillimeter Constraints on Circumstellar Disk Structure
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks II: Gas Disk Radii
• Rossby Wave Instability of Thin Accretion Disks -- II. Detailed Linear Theory
• Linear Analysis of the Hall Effect in Protostellar Disks
• Protoplanetary Disk Turbulence Driven by the Streaming Instability: Linear Evolution and Numerical Methods
• Global simulations of protoplanetary disks with ohmic resistivity and ambipolar diffusion
• The structure of protoplanetary discs around evolving young stars
• Thanatology in Protoplanetary Discs: the combined influence of Ohmic, Hall, and ambipolar diffusion on dead zones
• The Balbus-Hawley instability in weakly ionised discs
• Hydrodynamic turbulence cannot transport angular momentum effectively in astrophysical disks
• Rossby Wave Instability of Thin Accretion Disks - III. Nonlinear Simulations
• Magnetic fields in protoplanetary disks
• Effect of Ambipolar Diffusion on the Non-linear Evolution of Magnetorotational Instability in Weakly Ionized Disks
• Hall-effect Controlled Gas Dynamics in Protoplanetary Disks: II. Full 3D Simulations toward the Outer Disk
• Hall magnetohydrodynamics of partially ionized plasmas
• The subcritical baroclinic instability in local accretion disc models
• Vortex generation in protoplanetary disks with an embedded giant planet
• Reviving Dead Zones in Accretion Disks by Rossby Vortices at their Boundaries
• Cooling Requirements for the Vertical Shear Instability in Protoplanetary Disks
• Gas and Dust Emission at the Outer Edge of Protoplanetary Disks
• An update on the double cascade scenario in two-dimensional turbulence
• Convective Overstability in radially stratified accretion disks under thermal relaxation
• Standing on the shoulders of giants: Trojan Earths and vortex trapping in low mass self-gravitating protoplanetary disks of gas and solids
• Dust sedimentation and self-sustained Kelvin-Helmholtz turbulence in protoplanetary disk mid-planes. I. Radially symmetric simulations
• Survival of the mm-cm size grain population observed in protoplanetary disks
• Magnetic self-organisation in Hall-dominated magnetorotational turbulence
• Vertical shear instability in accretion disc models with radiation transport
• Tracing Slow Winds from T Tauri Stars via Low Velocity Forbidden Line Emission
• On the Stability of Elliptical Vortices in Accretion Discs
• Radiation Hydrodynamical Turbulence In Protoplanetary Disks: Numerical Models and Observational Constraints
• Zombie Vortex Instability I: A Purely Hydrodynamic Instability to Resurrect the Dead Zones of Protoplanetary Disks
• Baroclinic Vorticity Production in Protoplanetary Disks; Part I: Vortex Formation
• Hall diffusion and the magnetorotational instability in protoplanetary discs
• Hydrodynamic stability of rotationally supported flows: Linear and nonlinear 2D shearing box results
• Magnetized Accretion and Dead Zones in Protostellar Disks
• On the Linear Stability of Weakly-Ionized, Magnetized Planar Shear Flows
• On the Terminal Rotation Rates of Giant Planets
• Convective overstability in accretion disks: 3D linear analysis and nonlinear saturation
• Rossby Wave Instability and three-dimensional vortices in accretion disks
• The baroclinic instability in the context of layered accretion. Self-sustained vortices and their magnetic stability in local compressible unstratified models of protoplanetary disks
• Baroclinic Vorticity Production in Protoplanetary Disks; Part II: Vortex Growth and Longevity
• Stability and angular-momentum transport of fluid flows between corotating cylinders
• Vortices in the Co-orbital Region of an Embedded Protoplanet
• Particle dynamics in discs with turbulence generated by the vertical shear instability
• Hall-effect Mediated Magnetic Flux Transport in Protoplanetary Disks
• Magnetorotational instability in protoplanetary discs
• On the vertical-shear instability in astrophysical discs
• On hydrodynamic shear turbulence in Keplerian disks: via transient growth to bypass transition
• The Global Baroclinic Instability in Accretion Disks. II: Local Linear Analysis
• The excitation of spiral density waves through turbulent fluctuations in accretion discs I: WKBJ theory
• Rossby wave instability at dead zone boundaries in 3D resistive magnetohydrodynamical global models of protoplanetary disks
• Energetic Protons, Radionuclides and Magnetic Activity in Protostellar Disks
• Vortex formation in protoplanetary discs induced by the vertical shear instability
• Self-Replicating Three-Dimensional Vortices in Neutrally-Stable Stratified Rotating Shear Flows
• Global Modeling of Nebulae with Particle Growth, Drift and Evaporation Fronts. I: Methodology and Typical Results
• Efficiency of thermal relaxation by radiative processes in protoplanetary discs: constraints on hydrodynamic turbulence
• Vortex Formation and Survival in Protoplanetary Disks subject to Vertical Shear Instability
• Vortices and the saturation of the vertical shear instability in protoplanetary disks
• Rossby wave instability does not require sharp resistivity gradients
• Anisotropic hydrodynamic turbulence in accretion disks
• Angular momentum transport and turbulence in laboratory models of Keplerian flows
• Large-scale anisotropy in stably stratified rotating flows
• Origin of Weak Turbulence in the Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Nonlinear stability of laboratory quasi-Keplerian flows
• On the convective overstability in protoplanetary discs
• Local models of astrophysical discs
• On the survival of zombie vortices in protoplanetary discs
• Transient growth in linearly stable Taylor-Couette flows
• Lecture notes: Astrophysical fluid dynamics
• Boundary-layer turbulence in experiments of quasi-Keplerian flows
• Testing large-scale vortex formation against viscous layers in three-dimensional discs
• Zombie Vortex Instability. II. Thresholds to Trigger Instability and the Properties of Zombie Turbulence in the Dead Zones of Protoplanetary Disks
• Zombie Vortex Instability. III. Persistence with Nonuniform Stratification and Radiative Damping
• Potential vorticity dynamics in the framework of disk shallow-water theory: I. The Rossby wave instability
• Linear analysis of the vertical shear instability: outstanding issues and improved solutions (Research Note)
• A Weakly nonlinear theory for spiral density waves excited by accretion disc turbulence
• Critical layers and protoplanetary disk turbulence
• On Vertically Global, Horizontally Local Models for Astrophysical Disks
• Reynolds number scaling of influence of boundary layers on the global behavior of laboratory quasi-Keplerian flows
• Planet-disc interaction in laminar and turbulent discs
• Ion dynamics and the magnetorotational instability in weakly-ionized discs
• On the mechanism of self gravitating Rossby interfacial waves in proto-stellar accretion discs

Cited by in corpus (65)

• Measuring turbulent motion in planet-forming disks with ALMA: A detection around DM Tau and non-detections around MWC 480 and V4046 Sgr
• Gas and dust dynamics in starlight-heated protoplanetary disks
• Streaming Instability in Turbulent Protoplanetary Disks
• How efficient is the streaming instability in viscous protoplanetary disks?
• Planet formation and migration near the silicate sublimation front in protoplanetary disks
• Global Three-Dimensional Simulations of Outer Protoplanetary Disks with Ambipolar Diffusion
• A Tale of Planet Formation: From Dust to Planets
• Turbulence Regulates the Rate of Planetesimal Formation via Gravitational Collapse
• Cascade Model for Planetesimal Formation by Turbulent Clustering
• High Resolution Parameter Study of the Vertical Shear Instability
• The Sandwich Mode for Vertical Shear Instability in Protoplanetary Disks
• Pebble trapping in vortices: three-dimensional simulations
• Three-dimensional Global Simulations of Type-II Planet-disk Interaction with a Magnetized Disk Wind: I. Magnetic Flux Concentration and Gap Properties
• Evolution of the Water Snow Line in Magnetically Accreting Protoplanetary Disks
• Low-mass planet migration in three dimensional wind-driven inviscid discs: a negative corotation torque
• Insights into non-axisymmetric instabilities in three-dimensional rotating supernova models with neutrino and gravitational-wave signatures
• Turbulence in outer protoplanetary disks: MRI or VSI?
• High Resolution Parameter Study of the Vertical Shear Instability II: Dependence on temperature gradient and cooling time
• Hydrodynamical simulations of protoplanetary disks including irradiation of stellar photons. I. Resolution study for Vertical Shear Instability (VSI)
• The vertical shear instability in poorly ionised, magnetized protoplanetary discs
• Effects of Dust Evolution on the Vertical Shear Instability in the Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Direct Formation of Planetary Embryos in Self-Gravitating Disks
• Resolved molecular line observations reveal an inherited molecular layer in the young disk around TMC1A
• Influences of three-dimensional gas flow induced by protoplanets on pebble accretion --$\mathrm{I}$. shear regime
• The saturation of the VSI in protoplanetary disks via parametric instability
• Dust Coagulation Reconciles Protoplanetary Disk Observations with the Vertical Shear Instability. I. Dust Coagulation and the VSI Dead Zone
• On the Vertical Shear Instability in Magnetized Protoplanetary Disks
• Zero net flux MRI-turbulence in disks $-$ sustenance scheme and magnetic Prandtl number dependence
• No self-shadowing instability in 2D radiation-hydrodynamical models of irradiated protoplanetary disks
• Vertical shear instability in two-moment radiation-hydrodynamical simulations of irradiated protoplanetary disks I. Angular momentum transport and turbulent heating
• A Self-Consistent Model for Dust-Gas Coupling in Protoplanetary Disks
• Co-accretion + giant impact origin of the Uranus system: Tilting Impact
• Determining dispersal mechanisms of protoplanetary disks using accretion and wind mass loss rates
• Two saturated states of the vertical shear instability in protoplanetary disks with vertically varying cooling times
• Axisymmetric simulations of the convective overstability in protoplanetary discs
• Variability of the inner dead zone edge in 2D radiation hydrodynamic simulations
• Energy balance and Alfvén Mach numbers in compressible magnetohydrodynamic turbulence with a large-scale magnetic field
• The Roles of Dust Growth in the Temperature Evolution and Snow Line Migration in Magnetically Accreting Protoplanetary Disks
• Tidally Forced Planetary Waves in the Tachocline of Solar-like Stars
• The Super-Alfvénic Rotational Instability in accretion disks about black holes
• Global Modeling of Nebulae With Particle Growth, Drift, and Evaporation Fronts. II. The Influence of Porosity on Solids Evolution
• Presolar grain dynamics: creating nucleosynthetic variations through a combination of drag and viscous evolution
• Planetesimal formation via the streaming instability with multiple grain sizes
• Turbulence in particle laden midplane layers of planet forming disks
• Influences of protoplanet-induced three-dimensional gas flow on pebble accretion $\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}$. Headwind regime
• Planetesimal and planet formation in transient dust traps
• Dust Transport in Protoplanetary Disks with Wind-driven Accretion
• Hydrodynamic turbulence in disks with embedded planets
• Formation of the First Planetesimals via the Streaming Instability in Globally Turbulent Protoplanetary Disks?
• Experiments and long-term High Performance Computations on amplitude modulations of strato-rotational flows
• Global Modeling of Nebulae With Particle Growth, Drift, and Evaporation Fronts. III. Redistribution of Refractories and Volatiles
• Radiative Nonideal MHD Simulations of Inner Protoplanetary Disks: Temperature Structures, Asymmetric Winds, and Episodic Surface Accretion
• Imaging the Dusty Substructures due to Terrestrial Planets in Planet-forming Disks with ALMA and the Next Generation Very Large Array
• A minimal model for vertical shear instability in protoplanetary accretion disks
• Investigating the Future Potential of an Upgraded ALMA to Image Planet Forming Disks at Sub-au Scales
• UV-processing of icy pebbles in the outer parts of VSI-turbulent disks
• Measuring the Numerical Viscosity in Simulations of Protoplanetary Disks in Cartesian Grids -- The Viscously Spreading Ring Revisited
• Observability of the Vertical Shear Instability in protoplanetary disk CO kinematics
• How two-dimensional are planet-disc interactions? II. Radiation hydrodynamics and suitable cooling prescriptions
• Hydrodynamical simulations of the vertical shear instability with dynamic dust and cooling rates in protoplanetary disks
• History of the Solar Nebula from Meteorite Paleomagnetism
• Gas dynamics around dust asymmetries in turbulent disks
• Turbulence destroys thermal lobes around Mars-sized planetary embryos
• OSSOS finds an Exponential Cutoff in the Size Distribution of the Cold Classical Kuiper belt
• The Substructures in Disks undergoing Vertical Shear Instability: II. Observational Predictions for the Dust Continuum