Measuring turbulent motion in planet-forming disks with ALMA: A detection around DM Tau and non-detections around MWC 480 and V4046 Sgr

Abstract

Turbulence is a crucial factor in many models of planet formation, but it has only been directly constrained among a small number of planet forming disks. Building on the upper limits on turbulence placed in disks around HD 163296 and TW Hya, we present ALMA CO J=2-1 line observations at $\sim 0.3"$ (20-50 au) resolution and 80 ms${}^{-1}$ channel spacing of the disks around DM Tau, MWC 480, and V4046 Sgr. Using parametric models of disk structure, we robustly detect non-thermal gas motions around DM Tau of between 0.25 c${}_s$ and 0.33 c${}_s$, with the range dominated by systematic effects, making this one of the only systems with directly measured non-zero turbulence. Using the same methodology, we place stringent upper limits on the non-thermal gas motion around MWC 480 ($<$0.08c${}_s$) and V4046 Sgr ($<$0.12 c${}_s$). The preponderance of upper limits in this small sample, and the modest turbulence levels consistent with dust studies, suggest that weak turbulence ($\alpha \lesssim 10^{-3}$) may be a common, albeit not universal, feature of planet-forming disks. We explore the particular physical conditions around DM Tau that could lead this system to be more turbulent than the others.

21 pages, 10 figures, accepted to ApJ

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