Gap opening by planets in discs with magnetised winds

Abstract

Planets open deep gaps in protoplanetary discs when their mass exceeds a gap opening mass, $M_{\mathrm{gap}}$. We use one- and two-dimensional simulations to study planet gap opening in discs with angular momentum transport powered by MHD disc winds. We parameterise the efficiency of the MHD disc wind angular momentum transport through a dimensionless parameter ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{dw}}$, which is an analogue to the turbulent viscosity ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{v}}$. We find that magnetised winds are much less efficient in counteracting planet tidal torques than turbulence is. For discs with astrophysically realistic values of ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{dw}}$, $M_{\mathrm{gap}}$ is always determined by the residual disc turbulence, and is a factor of a few to ten smaller than usually obtained for viscous discs. We introduce a gap opening criterion applicable for any values of ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{v}}$ and ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{dw}}$ that may be useful for planet formation population synthesis. We show that in discs powered by magnetised winds, growing planets detach from the disc at planet masses below $\sim 0.1M_{\mathrm{Jup}}$ inside 10 AU. This promotes formation of super-Earth planets rather than gas giants in this region, in particular precluding formation of hot jupiters in situ. On larger scales, ALMA gap opening planet candidates may be less massive than currently believed. Future high-resolution observations with instruments such as the extended ALMA, ngVLA, and SKA are likely to show abundant narrow annular features at $R<10$ AU due to ubiquitous super-Earth planets.

arXiv comment14 pages, 9 figures, accepted to MNRAS

References in corpus (97)

• Spectral Energy Distributions of T Tauri Stars With Passive Circumstellar Disks
• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler, III: Analysis of the First 16 Months of Data
• Towards a Deterministic Model of Planetary Formation I: a Desert in the Mass and Semi Major Axis Distributions of Extra Solar Planets
• The Occurrence and Architecture of Exoplanetary Systems
• Rapid growth of gas-giant cores by pebble accretion
• Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars
• The Formation of a Star Cluster: Predicting the Properties of Stars and Brown Dwarfs
• Planet-disk interaction and orbital evolution
• On the width and shape of gaps in protoplanetary disks
• The formation and retention of gas giant planets around stars with a range of metallicities
• Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
• A torque formula for non-isothermal Type I planetary migration - II. Effects of diffusion
• Wind-driven Accretion in Protoplanetary Disks. I: Suppression of the Magnetorotational Instability and Launching of the Magnetocentrifugal Wind
• Two accreting protoplanets around the young star PDS 70
• Radial Flow of Dust Particles in Accretion Disks
• Dust Filtration by Planet-Induced Gap Edges: Implications for Transitional Disks
• Accretion during the merger of supermassive black holes
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP) VI: Dust trapping in thin-ringed protoplanetary disks
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks II: Gas Disk Radii
• Characterization of exoplanets from their formation I: Models of combined planet formation and evolution
• Three-dimensional Calculations of High and Low-mass Planets Embedded in Protoplanetary Discs
• Transitional and Pre-Transitional disks: Gap Opening by Multiple Planets?
• On planet formation in HL Tau
• Gas Flow Across Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks
• FARGO3D: A new GPU-oriented MHD code
• Make Super-Earths, Not Jupiters: Accreting Nebular Gas onto Solid Cores at 0.1 AU and Beyond
• In Situ Formation and Dynamical Evolution of Hot Jupiter Systems
• About 30% of Sun-like Stars Have Kepler-like Planetary Systems: A Study of their Intrinsic Architecture
• A Circumplanetary Disk Around PDS70c
• The Exoplanet Orbit Database II: Updates to exoplanets.org
• Challenges in Forming Planets by Gravitational Instability: Disk Irradiation and Clump Migration, Accretion & Tidal Destructio
• Evolution of Protoplanetary Discs with Magnetically Driven Disc Winds
• On the Minimum Core Mass for Giant Planet Formation at Wide Separations
• Warm Jupiters are less lonely than hot Jupiters: close neighbours
• The minimum mass of detectable planets in protoplanetary discs and the derivation of planetary masses from high resolution observations
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). I. Bern global model of planet formation and evolution, model tests, and emerging planetary systems
• On the formation of planetary systems via oligarchic growth in thermally evolving viscous discs
• Giant planet migration, disk evolution, and the origin of transitional disks
• Measuring turbulent motion in planet-forming disks with ALMA: A detection around DM Tau and non-detections around MWC 480 and V4046 Sgr
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): III. Spiral Structures in the Millimeter Continuum of the Elias 27, IM Lup, and WaOph 6 Disks
• Circumplanetary disc properties obtained from radiation hydrodynamical simulations of gas accretion by protoplanets
• Highly structured disk around the planet host PDS 70 revealed by high-angular resolution observations with ALMA
• Stellar irradiated discs and implications on migration of embedded planets I: equilibrium discs
• Nine localised deviations from Keplerian rotation in the DSHARP circumstellar disks: Kinematic evidence for protoplanets carving the gaps
• Type I planetary migration in a self-gravitating disk
• Constraints on a planetary origin for the gap in GM Aurigae's protoplanetary disc
• The newborn planet population emerging from ring-like structures in discs
• Reduced gas accretion on super-Earths and ice giants
• Massive planets in FU Orionis discs: implications for thermal instability models
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). II. Planetary population of solar-like stars and overview of statistical results
• A highly settled disk around Oph 163131
• Towards a Population Synthesis Model of Objects formed by Self-Gravitating Disc Fragmentation and Tidal Downsizing
• Planet formation signposts: observability of circumplanetary disks via gas kinematics
• Asymptotically stable numerical method for multispecies momentum transfer: gas and multifluid-dust test suite and implementation in FARGO3D
• Thermo-Hydrodynamics of Circumstellar Disks with High-mass Planets
• Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth: II. Spacings, Depths, and Number of Gaps, with Application to Real Systems
• High resolution millimetre imaging of the CI Tau protoplanetary disc - a massive ensemble of protoplanets from 0.1 - 100 au
• Microlensing Results Challenge the Core Accretion Runaway Growth Scenario for Gas Giants
• Protoplanetary disc `isochrones' and the evolution of discs in the $\dot{M}-M_{\mathrm{d}}$ plane
• The efficiency of dust trapping in ringed proto-planetary discs
• An opening criterion for dust gaps in protoplanetary discs
• Fu Ori outbursts and the planet-disc mass exchange
• Protoplanetary Disk Rings as Sites for Planetesimal Formation
• Planetesimal Population Synthesis: Pebble Flux Regulated Planetesimal Formation
• Planet-Disc Interactions and Early Evolution of Planetary Systems
• Protoplanetary Disks as (Possibly) Viscous Disks
• Hydrodynamics of Embedded Planets' First Atmospheres. I. A Centrifugal Growth Barrier for 2D Flows
• A systematic description of wind-driven protoplanetary discs
• Kinematic detections of protoplanets: a Doppler-flip in the disk of HD100546
• Estimate on dust scale height from ALMA dust continuum image of the HD 163296 protoplanetary disk
• Temperature Structure in the Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks: Inefficient Accretion Heating Controlled by Nonideal Magnetohydrodynamics
• Observability of planet-disc interactions in CO kinematics
• New constraints on turbulence and embedded planet mass in the HD 163296 disk from planet-disk hydrodynamic simulations
• Quasi-static contraction during runaway gas accretion onto giant planets
• Diverse protoplanetary disk morphology produced by a Jupiter-mass planet
• Dispersal of protoplanetary disks by the combination of magnetically driven and photoevaporative winds
• Two timescale dispersal of magnetized protoplanetary disks
• Effect of wind-driven accretion on planetary migration
• Radial variations in grain sizes and dust scale heights in the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296 revealed by ALMA polarization observation
• Magnetically Induced Disk Winds and Transport in the HL Tau Disk
• Investigating the early evolution of planetary systems with ALMA and the Next Generation Very Large Array
• Pebble drift and planetesimal formation in protoplanetary discs with embedded planets
• Low-mass planet migration in three dimensional wind-driven inviscid discs: a negative corotation torque
• The origin of the negative torque density in disk-satellite interaction
• ALMA observations require slower Core Accretion runaway growth
• No Sub-Saturn Mass Planet Desert in the CORALIE/HARPS Radial Velocity Sample
• Constraining the initial planetary population in the gravitational instability model
• Planet gap opening across stellar masses
• Observing protoplanetary discs with the Square Kilometre Array -- I. Characterising pebble substructure caused by forming planets
• ALMA constraints on assembly of Core Accretion planets
• On the Origin of Banded Structure in Dusty Protoplanetary Discs: HL Tau and TW Hya
• Imaging the Dusty Substructures due to Terrestrial Planets in Planet-forming Disks with ALMA and the Next Generation Very Large Array
• Investigating the Future Potential of an Upgraded ALMA to Image Planet Forming Disks at Sub-au Scales
• The paradox of youth for ALMA planet candidates

Cited by in corpus (7)

• Three-dimensional Global Simulations of Type-II Planet-disk Interaction with a Magnetized Disk Wind: I. Magnetic Flux Concentration and Gap Properties
• Episodic accretion and mergers during growth of massive protostars
• Distinguishing Magnetized Disc Winds from Turbulent Viscosity through Substructure Morphology in Planet-forming Discs
• Magnetic disk winds in protoplanetary disks: Description of the model and impact on global disk evolution
• Using planet migration and dust drift to weigh protoplanetary discs
• The interplay between forming planets and photoevaporating discs II: Wind-driven gas redistribution
• exoALMA XXIII. Estimating Disk and Planet Properties from Dust Morphologies with DBNets2.0