Temperature Structure in the Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks: Inefficient Accretion Heating Controlled by Nonideal Magnetohydrodynamics

Abstract

The gas temperature in protoplanetary disks (PPDs) is determined by a combination of irradiation heating and accretion heating, with the latter conventionally attributed to turbulent dissipation. However, recent studies have suggested that the inner disk (a few AU) is largely laminar, with accretion primarily driven by magnetized disk winds, as a result of nonideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects from weakly ionized gas, suggesting an alternative heating mechanism by Joule dissipation. We perform local stratified MHD simulations including all three nonideal MHD effects (ohmic, Hall, and ambipolar diffusion) and investigate the role of Joule heating and the resulting disk vertical temperature profiles. We find that in the inner disk, as ohmic and ambipolar diffusion strongly suppress electrical current around the midplane, Joule heating primarily occurs at several scale heights above the midplane, making the midplane temperature much lower than that with the conventional viscous heating model. Including the Hall effect, Joule heating is enhanced/reduced when the magnetic fields threading the disks are aligned/anti-aligned with the disk rotation, but it is overall ineffective. Our results further suggest that the midplane temperature in the inner PPDs is almost entirely determined by irradiation heating, unless viscous heating can trigger thermal ionization in the disk innermost region to self-sustain magnetorotational instability turbulence.

arXiv comment23 pages, 11 figures; matches the published version

References in corpus (57)

• Spectral Energy Distributions of T Tauri Stars With Passive Circumstellar Disks
• Athena: A New Code for Astrophysical MHD
• FARGO: a fast eulerian transport algorithm for differentially rotating disks
• On the radiative equilibrium of irradiated planetary atmospheres
• Wind-driven Accretion in Protoplanetary Disks. I: Suppression of the Magnetorotational Instability and Launching of the Magnetocentrifugal Wind
• Rapid Coagulation of Porous Dust Aggregates Outside the Snow Line: A Pathway to Successful Icy Planetesimal Formation
• Magnetorotational Instability in Protoplanetary Disks. II. Ionization State and Unstable Regions
• Linear Analysis of the Hall Effect in Protostellar Disks
• The nature of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets
• Local Magnetohydrodynamical Models of Layered Accretion Disks
• Global simulations of protoplanetary disks with ohmic resistivity and ambipolar diffusion
• The structure of protoplanetary discs around evolving young stars
• Thanatology in Protoplanetary Discs: the combined influence of Ohmic, Hall, and ambipolar diffusion on dead zones
• The Balbus-Hawley instability in weakly ionised discs
• Fluffy dust forms icy planetesimals by static compression
• Dust size distributions in coagulation/fragmentation equilibrium: Numerical solutions and analytical fits
• Magnetic fields in protoplanetary disks
• Inside-Out Planet Formation
• Imaging the water-snow line during a protostellar outburst
• Electric charging of dust aggregates and its effect on dust coagulation in protoplanetary disks
• Fossilized condensation lines in the Solar System protoplanetary disk
• Vertical Structure of Gas Pressure-Dominated Accretion Disks with Local Dissipation of Turbulence and Radiative Transport
• Effect of Ambipolar Diffusion on the Non-linear Evolution of Magnetorotational Instability in Weakly Ionized Disks
• Hall-effect Controlled Gas Dynamics in Protoplanetary Disks: II. Full 3D Simulations toward the Outer Disk
• Heat and Dust in Active Layers of Protostellar Disks
• Magneto-thermal Disk Wind from Protoplanetary Disks
• Magnetorotational Instability Driven Accretion in Protoplanetary Disks
• The Effect of the Hall Term on the Nonlinear Evolution of the Magnetorotational Instability: II. Saturation Level and Critical Magnetic Reynolds Number
• On the water delivery to terrestrial embryos by ice pebble accretion
• The Effect of the Hall Term on the Nonlinear Evolution of the Magnetorotational Instability: I. Local Axisymmetric Simulations
• Global Simulations of the Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks with Comprehensive Disk Microphysics
• Evolution of Snow Line in Optically Thick Protoplanetary Disks: Effects of Water Ice Opacity and Dust Grain Size
• Magnetically driven accretion in protoplanetary discs
• Hall-effect Controlled Gas Dynamics in Protoplanetary Disks: I. Wind Solutions at the Inner Disk
• Implementation of the Shearing Box Approximation in Athena
• Surface Layer Accretion in Conventional and Transitional Disks Driven by Far-Ultraviolet Ionization
• Wind-driven Accretion in Protoplanetary Disks --- II: Radial Dependence and Global Picture
• Bimodality of circumstellar disk evolution induced by Hall current
• High-Temperature Ionization in Protoplanetary Disks
• Magnetized Accretion and Dead Zones in Protostellar Disks
• On the Linear Stability of Weakly-Ionized, Magnetized Planar Shear Flows
• Ambipolar Diffusion in the Magnetorotational Instability
• 3D Radiation Non-ideal Magnetohydrodynamical Simulations Of The Inner Rim In Protoplanetary Disks
• Hall-effect Mediated Magnetic Flux Transport in Protoplanetary Disks
• Self-Sustained Ionization and Vanishing Dead Zones in Protoplanetary Disks
• Heating and Cooling Protostellar Disks
• The fate of planetesimals in turbulent disks with dead zones. II. Limits on the viability of runaway accretion
• Vertical Structure and Turbulent Saturation Level in Fully Radiative Protoplanetary Disc Models
• Vortex cycles at the inner edges of dead zones in protoplanetary disks
• On the Grain-Modified Magnetic Diffusivities in Protoplanetary Disks
• A Hot Gap Around Jupiter's Orbit in the Solar Nebula
• Thermodynamics of the dead-zone inner edge in protoplanetary disks
• The Nonlinear Ohm's Law: Plasma Heating by Strong Electric Fields and its Effects on the Ionization Balance in Protoplanetary Disks
• Electron Heating in the Magnetorotational Instability: Implications for Turbulence Strength in Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Effects of global gas flows on type I migration
• Electron Heating and Saturation of Self-regulating Magnetorotational Instability in Protoplanetary Disks
• Direct Simulations of Particle Acceleration in Fluctuating Electromagnetic Field across a Shock

Cited by in corpus (53)

• Planet formation and migration near the silicate sublimation front in protoplanetary disks
• How dust fragmentation may be beneficial to planetary growth by pebble accretion
• Dispersal of protoplanetary disks by the combination of magnetically driven and photoevaporative winds
• Water delivery by pebble accretion to rocky planets in habitable zones in evolving disks
• Steady-state accretion in magnetized protoplanetary disks
• Formation of moon systems around giant planets: Capture and ablation of planetesimals as foundation for a pebble accretion scenario
• The Galilean Satellites Formed Slowly from Pebbles
• Exploring the conditions for forming cold gas giants through planetesimal accretion
• First Detection of Interaction between a Magnetic Disk Wind and an Episodic Jet in a Protostellar System
• Evolution of the Water Snow Line in Magnetically Accreting Protoplanetary Disks
• Influence of grain growth on the thermal structure of protoplanetary discs
• Jupiter's "Cold" Formation in the Protosolar Disk Shadow: An Explanation for the Planet's Uniformly Enriched Atmosphere
• Support for fragile porous dust in a gravitationally self-regulated disk around IM Lup
• Dust clearing by radial drift in evolving protoplanetary discs
• Rocky Planetesimal Formation Aided by Organics
• Inner rocky super-Earth formation: distinguishing the formation pathways in viscously heated and passive discs
• Burned to ashes: How the thermal decomposition of refractory organics in the inner protoplanetary disc impacts the gas-phase C/O ratio
• A global two-layer radiative transfer model for axisymmetric, shadowed protoplanetary disks
• Electric heating and angular momentum transport in laminar models of protoplanetary disks
• Vertical shear instability in two-moment radiation-hydrodynamical simulations of irradiated protoplanetary disks I. Angular momentum transport and turbulent heating
• Dynamics Near the Inner Dead-Zone Edges in a Proprotoplanetary Disk
• Extreme evaporation of planets in hot thermally unstable protoplanetary discs: the case of FU Ori
• Axisymmetric simulations of the convective overstability in protoplanetary discs
• Promoted Mass Growth of Multiple, Distant Giant Planets through Pebble Accretion and Planet-Planet Collision
• Thermal processing of primordial pebbles in evolving protoplanetary disks
• The Roles of Dust Growth in the Temperature Evolution and Snow Line Migration in Magnetically Accreting Protoplanetary Disks
• Gap opening by planets in discs with magnetised winds
• Growing the seeds of pebble accretion through planetesimal accretion
• Solving for the 2D Water Snowline with Hydrodynamic Simulations. Emergence of gas outflow, water cycle and temperature plateau
• Cosmic-ray ionization rate in protoplanetary disks with sheared magnetic fields
• Choked accretion: from radial infall to bipolar outflows by breaking spherical symmetry
• Combined Effects of Disk Winds and Turbulence-Driven Accretion on Planet Populations
• Probing the Temperature Structure of the Inner Region of a Protoplanetary Disk
• Magnetohydrodynamics in a Cylindrical Shearing Box
• A "no-drift" runaway pile-up of pebbles in protoplanetary disks in which midplane turbulence increases with radius
• Delivery of gas onto the circumplanetary disk of giant planets: Planetary-mass dependence of the source region of accreting gas and mass accretion rate
• Effective dust growth in laminar circumplanetary discs with magnetic wind-driven accretion
• Radiative Nonideal MHD Simulations of Inner Protoplanetary Disks: Temperature Structures, Asymmetric Winds, and Episodic Surface Accretion
• The Generalized Nonlinear Ohm's Law: How a Strong Electric Field Influences Non-ideal MHD Effects in Dusty Protoplanetary Disks
• Super-Earth formation in systems with cold giants
• Photophoresis in the circumjovian disk and its impact on the orbital configuration of the Galilean satellites
• Planet formation: key mechanisms and global models
• Physicochemical Controls on the Compositions of the Earth and Planets
• The evolution of the flux-size relationship in protoplanetary discs by viscous evolution and radial pebble drift
• A "no-drift" runaway pile-up of pebbles in protoplanetary disks II. Characteristics of the resulting planetesimal belt
• Exploring the conditions for forming planetesimals by the streaming instability and planetary systems by pebble accretion
• Long-term evolution of the temperature structure in magnetized protoplanetary disks and its implication for the dichotomy of planetary composition
• A pebble accretion model for the formation of the terrestrial planets in the Solar System
• Resistive Hot Accretion Flows with Anisotropic Pressure
• How stellar mass and disc size shape the formation and migration of super-Earths
• Thermally driven spontaneous dust accumulation in the inner regions of protoplanetary disks
• How leaky? A large parameter study of leaky dust traps to quantify the transport of pebbles and ice in protoplanetary discs
• Early Initiation of Inner Solar System Formation at Dead-Zone Inner Edge