Promoted Mass Growth of Multiple, Distant Giant Planets through Pebble Accretion and Planet-Planet Collision

Abstract

We propose a pebble-driven planet formation scenario to form giant planets with high multiplicity and large orbital distances in the early gas disk phase. We perform N-body simulations to investigate the growth and migration of low-mass protoplanets in the disk with inner viscously heated and outer stellar irradiated regions. The key feature of this model is that the giant planet cores grow rapidly by a combination of pebble accretion and planet-planet collisions. This consequently speeds up their gas accretion. Because of efficient growth, the planet transitions from rapid type I migration to slow type II migration early, reducing the inward migration substantially. Multiple giant planets can sequentially form in this way with increasing semimajor axes. Both mass growth and orbital retention are more pronounced when a large number of protoplanets are taken into account compared to the case of single planet growth. Eventually, a few numbers of giant planets form with orbital distances of a few to a few tens of AUs within $1.5-3$ Myr after the birth of the protoplanets. The resulting simulated planet populations could be linked to the substructures exhibited in disk observations as well as large orbital distance exoplanets observed in radial velocity and microlensing surveys.

arXiv commentMNRAS accepted, 12 pages, 5 figures

References in corpus (73)

• Disk Frequencies and Lifetimes in Young Clusters
• Streaming Instabilities in Protoplanetary Disks
• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• Towards a Deterministic Model of Planetary Formation I: a Desert in the Mass and Semi Major Axis Distributions of Extra Solar Planets
• The Keck Planet Search: Detectability and the Minimum Mass and Orbital Period Distribution of Extrasolar Planets
• Using FU Orionis Outbursts to Constrain Self-Regulated Protostellar Disk Models
• Rapid growth of gas-giant cores by pebble accretion
• Architecture and Dynamics of Kepler's Candidate Multiple Transiting Planet Systems
• Planet-disk interaction and orbital evolution
• The effect of gas drag on the growth of protoplanets -- Analytical expressions for the accretion of small bodies in laminar disks
• Rosseland and Planck Mean Opacities for Protoplanetary Discs
• Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
• A torque formula for non-isothermal Type I planetary migration - II. Effects of diffusion
• Wind-driven Accretion in Protoplanetary Disks. I: Suppression of the Magnetorotational Instability and Launching of the Magnetocentrifugal Wind
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): II. Characteristics of Annular Substructures
• Forming the cores of giant planets from the radial pebble flux in protoplanetary discs
• Separating gas-giant and ice-giant planets by halting pebble accretion
• Ring shaped dust accumulation in transition disks
• Breaking the Chains: Hot Super-Earth systems from migration and disruption of compact resonant chains
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• Ten New and Updated Multi-planet Systems, and a Survey of Exoplanetary Systems
• Frequency of Solar-Like Systems and of Ice and Gas Giants Beyond the Snow Line from High-Magnification Microlensing Events in 2005-2008
• Planet Formation by Coagulation: A Focus on Uranus and Neptune
• Pebble isolation mass --- scaling law and implications for the formation of super-Earths and gas giants
• Local Magnetohydrodynamical Models of Layered Accretion Disks
• Observational Signatures of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks I: Gaps Opened by Single and Multiple Young Planets in Disks
• Global simulations of protoplanetary disks with ohmic resistivity and ambipolar diffusion
• Weak Turbulence in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk Revealed by ALMA CO Observations
• The structure of protoplanetary discs around evolving young stars
• The Exoplanet Mass-Ratio Function from the MOA-II Survey: Discovery of a Break and Likely Peak at a Neptune Mass
• On planet formation in HL Tau
• Hints for a Turnover at the Snow Line in the Giant Planet Occurrence Rate
• The great dichotomy of the Solar System: small terrestrial embryos and massive giant planet cores
• Global simulations of protoplanetary disks with net magnetic flux: I. Non-ideal MHD case
• Growing the gas-giant planets by the gradual accumulation of pebbles
• Three-dimensional simulations of multiple protoplanets embedded in a protostellar disc
• Radial migration of gap-opening planets in protoplanetary disks. I. The case of a single planet
• Mass Estimates of a Giant Planet in a Protoplanetary Disk from the Gap Structures
• Initial mass function of planetesimals formed by the streaming instability
• On the formation of planetary systems via oligarchic growth in thermally evolving viscous discs
• The Coupled Physical Structure of Gas and Dust in the IM Lup Protoplanetary Disk
• Formation of planetary systems by pebble accretion and migration: Growth of gas giants
• Orbital migration of low-mass planets in evolutionary radiative models: Avoiding catastrophic infall
• Stellar irradiated discs and implications on migration of embedded planets I: equilibrium discs
• Orbital evolution of eccentric planets in radiative discs
• The newborn planet population emerging from ring-like structures in discs
• Hot super-Earths and giant planet cores from different migration histories
• Cool Jupiters greatly outnumber their toasty siblings: Occurrence rates from the Anglo-Australian Planet Search
• Dynamical corotation torques on low-mass planets
• Super-Earth masses sculpted by pebble isolation around stars of different masses
• How much does turbulence change the pebble isolation mass for planet formation?
• How planetary growth outperforms migration
• Three-dimensional Disk-Planet Torques in a Locally Isothermal Disk
• A reassessment of the in situ formation of close-in super-Earths
• Accretion of Terrestrial Planets from Oligarchs in a Turbulent Disk
• Catching drifting pebbles I. Enhanced pebble accretion efficiencies for eccentric planets
• Microlensing Results Challenge the Core Accretion Runaway Growth Scenario for Gas Giants
• Protoplanetary migration in turbulent isothermal disks
• Formation of close-in super-Earths in evolving protoplanetary disks due to disk winds
• Temperature Structure in the Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks: Inefficient Accretion Heating Controlled by Nonideal Magnetohydrodynamics
• The Importance of Disk Structure in Stalling Type I Migration
• Jupiter Analogues Orbit Stars with an Average Metallicity Close to that of the Sun
• Global models of planetary system formation in radiatively-inefficient protoplanetary discs
• Diverse protoplanetary disk morphology produced by a Jupiter-mass planet
• Time evolution of snow regions and planet traps in an evolving protoplanetary disk
• N-body simulations of planet formation via pebble accretion I: First Results
• Runaway gas accretion and gap opening versus type~I migration
• Are the observed gaps in protoplanetary discs caused by growing planets?
• Catching drifting pebbles II. A stochastic equation of motions for pebbles
• ALMA observations require slower Core Accretion runaway growth
• Making giant planet cores: convergent migration and growth of planetary embryos in non-isothermal discs
• Migration and Growth of Protoplanetary Embryos II: Emergence of Proto-Gas-Giants Cores versus Super Earths' Progenitor

Cited by in corpus (9)

• How dust fragmentation may be beneficial to planetary growth by pebble accretion
• A Tale of Planet Formation: From Dust to Planets
• Formation of planetary systems by pebble accretion and migration: Hot super-Earth systems from breaking compact resonant chains
• N-body simulations of planet formation via pebble accretion II. How various giant planets form
• Unified simulations of planetary formation and atmospheric evolution II: Rapid disk clearing by photoevaporation yields low-mass super-Earth atmospheres
• Formation of giant planets with large metal masses and metal fractions via giant impacts in a rapidly dissipating disk
• Rapid formation of binary asteroid systems post rotational failure: a recipe for making atypically shaped satellites
• Turbulent Disk Viscosity and the Bifurcation of Planet Formation Histories
• Accretion of aerodynamically large pebbles