Planet-disk interaction and orbital evolution

Abstract

As planets form and grow within gaseous protoplanetary disks, the mutual gravitational interaction between the disk and planet leads to the exchange of angular momentum, and migration of the planet. We review current understanding of disk-planet interactions, focussing in particular on physical processes that determine the speed and direction of migration. We describe the evolution of low mass planets embedded in protoplanetary disks, and examine the influence of Lindblad and corotation torques as a function of the disk properties. The role of the disk in causing the evolution of eccentricities and inclinations is also discussed. We describe the rapid migration of intermediate mass planets that may occur as a runaway process, and examine the transition to gap formation and slower migration driven by the viscous evolution of the disk for massive planets. The roles and influence of disk self-gravity and magnetohydrodynamic turbulence are discussed in detail, as a function of the planet mass, as is the evolution of multiple planet systems. Finally, we address the question of how well global models of planetary formation that include migration are able to match observations of extrasolar planets.

43 pages, 20 figures, To be published in Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics (2012)

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• Origin and dynamical evolution of the asteroid belt
• Building massive compact planetesimal disks from the accretion of pebbles
• TOI-1670 b and c: An Inner Sub-Neptune with an Outer Warm Jupiter Unlikely to have Originated from High-Eccentricity Migration
• Establishing Dust Rings and Forming Planets Within Them
• Orbital Migration of Protoplanets in a Marginally Gravitationally Unstable Disk
• Precise radial velocities of giant stars. XI. Two brown dwarfs in 6:1 mean motion resonance around the K giant star $\nu$ Ophiuchi
• Multi-wavelength observations of protoplanetary discs as a proxy for the gas disc mass
• Close-in Super-Earths: The first and the last stages of planet formation in an MRI-accreting disc
• Millimeter Gap Contrast as a Probe for Turbulence Level in Protoplanetary Disks
• Migration and Growth of Protoplanetary Embryos III: Mass and Metallicity Dependence for FGKM main-sequence stars
• External Photoevaporation of the Solar Nebula II: Effects on Disk Structure and Evolution with Non-Uniform Turbulent Viscosity due to the Magnetorotational Instability
• Repeating Nuclear Transients as Candidate Electromagnetic Counterparts of LISA Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals
• Trapping of Low-Mass Planets Outside the Truncated Inner Edges of Protoplanetary Discs
• Vortex instabilities triggered by low-mass planets in pebble-rich, inviscid protoplanetary discs
• Exciting the TTV Phases of Resonant Sub-Neptunes
• A deeper view of the CoRoT-9 planetary system. A small non-zero eccentricity for CoRoT-9b likely generated by planet-planet scattering
• Long-lived protoplanetary disks in multiple systems: the VLA view of HD 98800
• Planet-vortex interaction:How a vortex can shepherd a planetary embryo
• A Secular Resonant Origin for the Loneliness of Hot Jupiters
• The possible formation of Jupiter from supersolar gas
• A critical analysis of shock models for chondrule formation
• The role of gap edge instabilities in setting the depth of planet gaps in protoplanetary discs
• The Epoch of Giant Planet Migration Planet Search Program. I. Near-Infrared Radial Velocity Jitter of Young Sun-like Stars
• Planetary Migration in Protoplanetary Disks
• Dust Accumulation near the Magnetospheric Truncation of Protoplanetary Discs around T Tauri Stars
• A race against the clock: Constraining the timing of cometary bombardment relative to Earth's growth
• Pebble-driven migration of low-mass planets in the 2D regime of pebble accretion
• A Mini-Neptune Orbiting the Metal-poor K Dwarf BD+29 2654
• Formation of pebbles in (gravito-)viscous protoplanetary disks with various turbulent strengths
• Accretion-modified stellar-mass black hole distribution and milli-Hz gravitational wave backgrounds from galaxy centre
• The Kepler-223 resonance holds information on turbulence during the gas disk phase
• HD207897 b: A dense sub-Neptune transiting a nearby and bright K-type star
• Promoted Mass Growth of Multiple, Distant Giant Planets through Pebble Accretion and Planet-Planet Collision
• The origin of tail-like structures around protoplanetary disks
• Planet-disc interaction in laminar and turbulent discs
• A Tight Relation between Spiral Arm Pitch Angle and Protoplanetary Disk Mass
• Capture and migration of Jupiter and Saturn in mean motion resonance in a gaseous protoplanetary disc
• Gap opening by planets in discs with magnetised winds
• A HARPS radial velocity search for planets in the Scorpius-Centaurus association. And its combination with the HARPS and SOPHIE young nearby stars (YNS) surveys
• Influence of grain sizes and composition on the contraction rates of planetary envelopes and on planetary migration
• Dynamical Evolution of Closely Packed Multiple Planetary Systems Subject to Atmospheric Mass-Loss
• Has the dust clump in the debris disk of Beta Pictoris moved?
• Primordial Dusty Rings and Episodic Outbursts in Protoplanetary Discs
• Breaking mean-motion resonances during Type I planet migration
• Envelopes of embedded super-Earths I. Two-dimensional simulations
• Modeling Radial Velocity Data of Resonant Planets to Infer Migration Histories
• Ejection of close-in super-Earths around low-mass stars in the giant impact stage
• A 2:1 Mean-Motion Resonance Super-Jovian pair revealed by TESS, FEROS, and HARPS
• Type II migration strikes back -- An old paradigm for planet migration in discs
• Efficient radiative transfer techniques in hydrodynamic simulations
• Changes in orientation and shape of protoplanetary discs moving through an ambient medium
• Effects of Planetesimal Scattering: Explaining the Observed Offsets from Period Ratios 3:2 and 2:1
• The role of disc torques in forming resonant planetary systems
• Exoplanetary Geophysics -- An Emerging Discipline
• SOPHIE velocimetry of Kepler transit candidates: X KOI-142c: first radial velocity confirmation of a non-transiting exoplanet discovered by transit timing
• Can Large-Scale Migration Explain the Giant Planet Occurrence Rate?
• Presolar grain dynamics: creating nucleosynthetic variations through a combination of drag and viscous evolution
• Constraining the period of the ringed secondary companion to the young star J1407 with photographic plates
• Sculpting the circumbinary planet size distribution through resonant interactions with companion planets
• Thermal and orbital evolution of low-mass exoplanets
• Formation of a planetary Laplace resonance through migration in an eccentric disk - The case of GJ876
• Survival Function Analysis of Planet Size Distribution with GAIA Data Release 2 Updates
• Forming the Trappist-1 system in two steps during the recession of the disc inner edge
• Super-Earths as Failed Cores in Orbital Migration Traps
• Inward and outward migration of massive planets: moving towards a stalling radius
• Transiting Exoplanet Monitoring Project (TEMP). III. On the Relocation of the Kepler-9~b Transit
• Modeling the Protoplanetary Disks of Two Brown Dwarfs in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• Joint Modeling of Radial Velocities and Photometry with a Gaussian Process Framework
• In Situ and Ex Situ Formation Models of Kepler 11 Planets
• On the Detection of Non-Transiting Hot Jupiters in Multiple-Planet Systems
• Growth after the streaming instability: The radial distance dependence of the planetary growth
• Orbital migration of giant planets induced by gravitationally unstable gaps: the effect of planet mass
• Departure from the Exact Location of Mean Motion Resonances Induced by the Gas Disk in the Systems Observed by Kepler
• S-Type and P-Type Habitability in Stellar Binary Systems: A Comprehensive Approach III. Results for Mars, Earth, and super-Earth Planets
• Three-temperature radiation hydrodynamics with PLUTO: Thermal and kinematic signatures of accreting protoplanets
• An Analytic Model for Buoyancy Resonances in Protoplanetary Disks
• Effects of Radiative Diffusion on the Dynamical Corotation Torque in Three-Dimensional Protoplanetary Disks
• Filling in the Gaps: Can Gravitationally Unstable Discs Form the Seeds of Gas Giant Planets?
• Type I Planet Migration in a Magnetized Disk. I. Effect of Large-Scale Vertical and Azimuthal Field Components
• Combined Effects of Disk Winds and Turbulence-Driven Accretion on Planet Populations
• Connecting Planetary Composition with Formation
• The PDS 110 observing campaign - photometric and spectroscopic observations reveal eclipses are aperiodic
• Termination of an inward migration of a gap-opening planet triggered by dust feedback
• Imaging the disc rim and a moving close-in companion candidate in the pre-transitional disc of V1247 Orionis
• Orbital Migration of Protoplanets in a Marginally Gravitationally Unstable Disk. II. Migration, Merging, and Ejection
• Dynamical rearrangement of super-Earths during disk dispersal II. Assessment of the magnetospheric rebound model for planet formation scenarios
• The Terrestrial Planet Formation around M Dwarfs: In-situ, Inward Migration or Reversed Migration
• Turbulent Disk Viscosity and the Bifurcation of Planet Formation Histories
• Probing the Temperature Structure of the Inner Region of a Protoplanetary Disk
• Transit Duration Variations in Multi-Planet Systems
• Migration traps as the root cause of the Kepler dichotomy
• Giant planet migration during the disc dispersal phase
• The distribution of mutual inclinations arising from the stellar quadrupole moment
• TOI-4504: Exceptionally large Transit Timing Variations induced by two resonant warm gas giants in a three planet system
• Photoevaporation of the Jovian circumplanetary disk I. Explaining the orbit of Callisto and the lack of outer regular satellites
• The influence of general-relativity effects, dynamical tides and collisions on planet-planet scattering close to the star
• Mid-infrared evidence for iron-rich dust in the multi-ringed inner disk of HD 144432
• Gap formation by inclined massive planets in locally isothermal three-dimensional discs
• On the Origin of Banded Structure in Dusty Protoplanetary Discs: HL Tau and TW Hya
• Hydrodynamic turbulence in disks with embedded planets
• Resonance Capture and Stability Analysis for Planet Pairs under Type I Disk Migration
• The Heavy-element Content Trend of Planets: A Tracer of their Formation Sites
• Self-gravitating planetary envelopes and the core-nucleated instability
• Dust mass in protoplanetary disks with porous dust opacities
• Eccentricity Growth of Massive Planets inside Cavities of Protoplanetary Discs
• Rapid-then-slow migration reproduces mass distribution of TRAPPIST-1 system
• Characterizing K2 Candidate Planetary Systems Orbiting Low-Mass Stars III: A High Mass & Low Envelope Fraction for the Warm Neptune K2-55b
• A Search for Exoplanets in Open Clusters and Young Associations based on TESS Objects of Interest
• SOPHIE velocimetry of Kepler transit candidates. XIX. The transiting temperate giant planet KOI-3680b
• Close-in giant-planet formation via in-situ gas accretion and their natal disk properties
• Formation of multiple-planet systems in resonant chains around M dwarfs
• A highly mutually-inclined, compact warm-Jupiter system KOI-984 ?
• Photoevaporation Does Not Create a Pileup of Giant Planets at 1 AU
• Observing Circumplanetary Disks with METIS
• Gap Opening in Protoplanetary Disks: Gas Dynamics from Global Non-ideal MHD Simulations with Consistent Thermochemistry
• An early giant planet instability recorded in asteroidal meteorites
• Migration of Accreting Planets and Black Holes in Disks
• Imaging the Dusty Substructures due to Terrestrial Planets in Planet-forming Disks with ALMA and the Next Generation Very Large Array
• Meridional Circulation driven by Planetary Spiral Wakes in Radiative and Magnetized Protoplanetary Discs
• Terrestrial Planets Formation around Circumbinary Habitable Zone: Inward Migration in the Planetesimal Swarm
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk). XI. A high-resolution view toward the BHR 71 Class 0 protostellar wide binary
• A Swift view of X-ray and UV radiation in the planet-forming T-Tauri system PDS 70
• Super-Earth formation in systems with cold giants
• Calibrated Gas Accretion and Orbital Migration of Protoplanets in 1D Disc Models
• High-Contrast Imaging of Intermediate-Mass Giants with Long-Term Radial Velocity Trends
• Retrieving planet formation parameters of WASP-77Ab using SimAb
• On the importance of wave planet interactions for the migration of two super-Earths embedded in a protoplanetary disk
• The origin of the occurrence rate profile of gas giants inside 100 days
• An Asymmetric Eclipse Seen Towards the Pre-Main Sequence Binary System V928 Tau
• Circumbinary planets: migration, trapping in mean-motion resonances, and ejection
• Setting the Stage for Habitable Planets
• An alternative model for the origin of gaps in circumstellar disks
• Search for Stellar Flybys in the Sco-Cen OB Association with the Gaia DR2
• ALMA Observations of the Inner Cavity in the Protoplanetary Disk around Sz 84
• Investigating the Future Potential of an Upgraded ALMA to Image Planet Forming Disks at Sub-au Scales
• Modeling the arc and ring structures in the HD 143006 disk
• Mathematical encoding within multi-resonant planetary systems as SETI beacons
• Diversity of disc viscosities can explain the period ratios of resonant and non-resonant systems of hot super-Earths and mini-Neptunes
• Pebble accretion in self-gravitating protostellar discs
• Catastrophic events in protoplanetary disks and their observational manifestations
• The interplay between forming planets and photoevaporating discs II: Wind-driven gas redistribution
• ALMA and NACO observations towards the young exoring transit system J1407 (V1400 Cen)
• MOA-2019-BLG-008Lb: a new microlensing detection of an object at the planet/brown dwarf boundary
• Dynamical Instability of Multi-planet Systems and Free-floating Planets
• An upper limit for the growth of inner planets?
• The late formation of chondrites as a consequence of Jupiter-induced gaps and rings
• On wave interference in planet migration: dead zone torques modified by active zone forcing
• The Properties of Planetesimal Collisions under Jupiter's Perturbation and the Application to Chondrule Formation via Impact Jetting
• Planetesimals drifting through dusty and gaseous white dwarf debris discs: Types I, II and III-like migration
• Forming Gliese 876 Through Smooth Disk Migration
• True spin-orbit obliquities distribution: data-driven confirmation of no clustering of misaligned planets
• Simulation of the Free Fall of a Gas Stream on a Protoplanetary Disk
• Continuing to Hide Signatures of Gravitational Instability in Protoplanetary Discs with Planets
• TOI-2458 b: A mini-Neptune consistent with in situ hot Jupiter formation
• The Influence of Magnetic Field Geometry on the Formation of Close-in Exoplanets
• Planetary Edge Trends (PET). I. The Inner Edge-Stellar Mass Correlation
• Captured are circularized: A relativistic treatment of extreme mass ratio inspirals crossing accretion disks
• Transit Timing Variations in HIP 41378: CHEOPS and TESS confirm a non-transiting sixth planet in the system
• Dust distribution around low-mass planets on converging orbits
• Adapting a gas accretion scenario for migrating planets in FARGO3D
• K2 Discovery of a Circumsecondary Disk Transiting EPIC 220208795
• Effects of Thermodynamics on the Concurrent Accretion and Migration of Gas Giants in Protoplanetary Disks
• Planetary population synthesis
• Higher-Order Mean-Motion Resonances Can Form in Type-I Disk Migration
• Eccentricity as a signature of hierarchical subsolar-mass mergers in collapsar disks
• Callisto's Nonresonant Orbit as an Outcome of Circum-Jovian Disk Substructure
• How stellar mass and disc size shape the formation and migration of super-Earths
• Halting Migration in Magnetospherically Sculpted Protoplanetary Disks
• Predicting the Dominant Formation Mechanism of Multi-Planetary Systems
• Planet Hunters NGTS: New Planet Candidates from a Citizen Science Search of the Next Generation Transit Survey Public Data
• Type I Planet Migration in a Magnetized Disk. II. Effect of Vertical Angular Momentum Transport
• The architecture of multi-planet systems as a tracer of their formation mechanisms
• Monte-Carlo radiative transfer simulation of the circumstellar disk of the Herbig Ae star HD 144432
• Searching for planet-driven dust spirals in ALMA visibilities
• Adapting a solid accretion scenario for migrating planets in FARGO3D
• Dynamical traction and black hole orbital migration
• The role of migration traps in the formation of binary black holes in AGN disks
• Disentangling Planets from Photoelectric Instability in Gas-Rich Optically Thin Dusty Disks
• Experimental Confirmation of the Standard Magnetorotational Instability Mechanism with a Spring-Mass Analogue
• On the Ordering of Exoplanet Systems
• Planet formation in evolving protoplanetary discs
• Rapid Formation of Super-Earths Around Low-Mass Stars
• A VLA View of the Flared, Asymmetric Disk Around the Class 0 Protostar L1527 IRS
• Inside-Out Planet Formation: VI. Oligarchic Coagulation of Planetesimals from a Pebble Ring?
• Disk Inhomogeneities and the Origins of Planetary System Architectures and Observational Properties
• The California Legacy Survey III. On The Shoulders of (Some) Giants: The Relationship between Inner Small Planets and Outer Massive Planets
• Evidence for the Late Arrival of Hot Jupiters in Systems with High Host-star Obliquities
• A Warm Massive Pair of Planets around TOI-1232 Revealed with Transit-timing Variations and Doppler Spectroscopy
• The MATISSE view of the inner region of the RY Tau protoplanetary disk
• The Effects of Disk Induced Apsidal Precession on Planets Captured into Mean Motion Resonance
• A transiting hot Jupiter with two outer siblings orbiting an intermediate-mass post main-sequence star