Observations of Solids in Protoplanetary Disks

Abstract

This review addresses the state of research that employs astronomical (remote sensing) observations of solids ("dust") in young circumstellar disks to learn about planet formation. The intention is for it to serve as an accessible, introductory, pedagogical resource for junior scientists interested in the subject. After some historical background and a basic observational primer, the focus is shifted to the three fundamental topics that broadly define the field: (1) demographics -- the relationships between disk properties and the characteristics of their environments and hosts; (2) structure -- the spatial distribution of disk material and its associated physical conditions and composition; and (3) evolution -- the signposts of key changes in disk properties, including the growth and migration of solids and the impact of dynamical interactions with young planetary systems. Based on the state of the art results in these areas, suggestions are made for potentially fruitful lines of work in the near future.

invited pedagogical review for PASP (appearing in October issue); 29 pages, 20 figures

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• The Complete Census of 70-um-Bright Debris Disks within the FEPS (Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems) Spitzer Legacy Survey of Sun-like Stars
• Demographics of Transition Objects
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• Why Do T Tauri Disks Accrete?
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• Crystalline silicates and dust processing in the protoplanetary disks of the Taurus young cluster
• Survival of the mm-cm size grain population observed in protoplanetary disks
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• Magnetic Flux Concentration and Zonal Flows in Magnetorotational Instability Turbulence
• ALMA Observations of the Orion Proplyds
• Dust Trapping by Vortices in Transitional Disks: Evidence for Non-ideal MHD Effects in Protoplanetary Disks
• ALMA hints at the presence of two companions in the disk around HD 100546
• An Enigmatic Pointlike Feature within the HD 169142 Transitional Disk
• Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of Disks around Classical T Tauri Stars
• The frequency of planets in multiple systems
• Misaligned Protoplanetary Disks in a Young Binary System
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• Young Stellar Object Variability (YSOVAR): Long Timescale Variations in the Mid-Infrared
• Investigating grain growth in disks around southern T Tauri stars at millimetre wavelengths
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• Variability of Disk Emission in Pre-Main Sequence and Related Stars. I. HD 31648 and HD 163296 - Isolated Herbig Ae Stars Driving Herbig-Haro Flows
• Silica in Protoplanetary Disks
• Imaging the Inner and Outer Gaps of the Pre-Transitional Disk of HD 169142 at 7 mm
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• The HD 163296 Circumstellar Disk in Scattered Light: Evidence of Time-Variable Self-Shadowing
• Dust Processing in Disks around T Tauri Stars
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• An ALMA Continuum Survey of Circumstellar Disks in the Upper Scorpius OB Association
• The Masses of Transition Circumstellar Disks: Observational Support for Photoevaporation Models
• Large grains in disks around young stars: ATCA observations of WW Cha, RU Lup, and CS Cha
• Discovery of an Optically Thick, Edge-on Disk around the Herbig Ae star PDS 144N
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• How to Detect the Signatures of Self-Gravitating Circumstellar Discs with the Atacama Large Millimetre/sub-millimetre Array
• On the Morphology and Chemical Composition of the HR 4796A Debris Disk
• Protoplanetary Disk Masses in the Young NGC 2024 Cluster
• The Circumstellar Disk Mass Distribution in the Orion Trapezium Cluster
• ALMA observations of a misaligned binary protoplanetary disk system in Orion
• Detections of trans-Neptunian ice in protoplanetary disks
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• Fast Modes and Dusty Horseshoes in Transitional Disks
• Formation of giant planets around stars with various masses
• The evolution of accretion in young stellar objects: Strong accretors at 3 - 10 Myr
• Multiwavelength studies of the gas and dust disc of IRAS 04158+2805
• Scattered Light from Dust in the Cavity of the V4046 Sgr Transition Disk
• Surface Geometry of Protoplanetary Disks Inferred From Near-Infrared Imaging Polarimetry
• Coagulation of small grains in disks: the influence of residual infall and initial small-grain content
• Gas inside the 97 au cavity around the transition disk Sz\,91
• Resolved Multifrequency Radio Observations of GG Tau
• The circumbinary disk of HD 98800 B: Evidence for disk warping
• High resolution observations of the outer disk around T Cha: the view from ALMA
• The vertical structure of T Tauri accretion disks II. Physical conditions in the disk
• Resolving and probing the circumstellar disk of the Herbig Ae star MWC 480 at 1.4 mm: Evolved dust?
• Probing Dust Settling in Proto-planetary Disks with ALMA

Cited by in corpus (68)

• Origins of Hot Jupiters
• Ringed Substructure and a Gap at 1 AU in the Nearest Protoplanetary Disk
• Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
• Imaging Extrasolar Giant Planets
• On the diversity and statistical properties of protostellar discs
• Dust Evolution and the Formation of Planetesimals
• Lupus disks with faint CO isotopologues: low gas/dust or large carbon depletion?
• Hydrocarbon emission rings in protoplanetary disks induced by dust evolution
• Different dust and gas radial extents in protoplanetary disks: consistent models of grain growth and CO emission
• Physical properties of dusty protoplanetary disks in Lupus: evidence for viscous evolution?
• The FRIED grid of mass loss rates for externally irradiated protoplanetary discs
• Measurement of Circumstellar Disk Sizes in the Upper Scorpius OB Association with ALMA
• On the Commonality of 10-30AU Sized Axisymmetric Dust Structures in Protoplanetary Disks
• Bright C2H emission in protoplanetary disks in Lupus: high volatile C/O>1 ratios
• A gap in the planetesimal disc around HD 107146 and asymmetric warm dust emission revealed by ALMA
• The protoplanetary disk population in the rho-Ophiuchi region L1688 and the time evolution of Class II YSOs
• CN rings in full protoplanetary disks around young stars as probes of disk structure
• Measuring the ratio of the gas and dust emission radii of protoplanetary disks in the Lupus star-forming region
• CO emission tracing a warp or radial flow within $\lesssim$ 100 au in the HD 100546 protoplanetary disk
• The first multi-dimensional view of mass loss from externally FUV irradiated protoplanetary discs
• The determination of protoplanetary disk masses
• Radiative transfer modelling of W33A MM1: 3-D structure and dynamics of a complex massive star forming region
• Cascade Model for Planetesimal Formation by Turbulent Clustering
• Demographics of disks around young very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in Lupus
• ALMA Detection of Extended Millimeter Halos in the HD 32297 and HD 61005 Debris Disks
• Protoplanetary Disks in the Orion Nebula Cluster: Gas Disk Morphologies and Kinematics as seen with ALMA
• Detectability of embedded protoplanets from hydrodynamical simulations
• Turbulent-diffusion Mediated CO Depletion in Weakly Turbulent Protoplanetary disks
• Investigating the early evolution of planetary systems with ALMA and the Next Generation Very Large Array
• Influence of grain growth on the thermal structure of protoplanetary discs
• From Pebbles and Planetesimals to Planets and Dust: the Protoplanetary Disk--Debris Disk Connection
• The Millimeter Continuum Size-Frequency Relationship in the UZ Tau E Disk
• An ALMA survey of $\lambda$ Orionis disks: from supernovae to planet formation
• Making Planet Nine: Pebble Accretion at 250--750 AU in a Gravitationally Unstable Ring
• Making Planet Nine: A Scattered Giant in the Outer Solar System
• Rocky Planet Formation: Quick and Neat
• Radial Gradients in Dust-to-Gas Ratio Lead to Preferred Region for Giant Planet Formation
• The aeolian-erosion barrier for the growth of metre-size objects in protoplanetary-discs
• Dust dynamics in 2D gravito-turbulent disks
• Using Multiwavelength Variability to Explore the Connection between X-ray Emission, the Far-Ultraviolet H2 Bump, and Accretion in T Tauri Stars
• On the maximum grain size entrained by photoevaporative winds
• Effects of Ringed Structures and Dust Size Growth on Millimeter Observations of Protoplanetary Disks
• ALMA Super-resolution Imaging of T Tau: r = 12 au Gap in the Compact Dust Disk around T Tau N
• A Dwarf Protoplanetary Disk around XZ Tau B
• Revealing dust segregation in protoplanetary discs with the help of multi-frequency spectral index maps
• Optical dimming of RW Aur associated with an iron rich corona and exceptionally high absorbing column density
• Intermittent planet migration and the formation of multiple dust rings and gaps in protoplanetary disks
• Probing the protoplanetary disk gas surface density distribution with ${}^{13}$CO emission
• Dust Accumulation near the Magnetospheric Truncation of Protoplanetary Discs around T Tauri Stars
• Restrictions on the Growth of Gas Giant Cores via Pebble Accretion
• Gas-Assisted Growth of Protoplanets in a Turbulent Medium
• Demographics of Protoplanetary Disks: A Simulated Population of Edge-on Systems
• VLA observations of the disk around the young brown dwarf 2MASS J044427+2512
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): HD 34700 A unveils an inner ring
• A model grid for the reflected light from transition disks
• How Flow Isolation May Set the Mass Scale for Super-Earth Planets
• A smoothed particle hydrodynamics algorithm for multigrain dust with separate sets of particles
• Building Earth with pebbles made of chondritic components
• An Incipient Debris Disk in the Chamaeleon I Cloud
• Continuing to Hide Signatures of Gravitational Instability in Protoplanetary Discs with Planets
• An upper limit for the growth of inner planets?
• Zero Age Planetary Orbit of Gas Giant Planets Revisited: Reinforcement of the Link with Stellar Metallicity
• The Multiple Young Stellar Objects of HBC 515: An X-ray and Millimeter-wave Imaging Study in (Pre-main Sequence) Diversity
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): V721 CrA and BN CrA have wide and structured disks in polarised IR
• Spiral-Arm Sub-Structures in the Asymmetrical Dust Rings of the Circumstellar Disk MWC 758
• A Pathway for Collisional Planetesimal Growth in the Ice-Dominant Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Planet formation in intermediate-separation binary systems
• Protoplanetary Disk Chemistry