Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus

Abstract

We present a high angular resolution (0.3" = 40 AU) SMA survey of the 870 micron thermal continuum emission from 9 of the brightest, and therefore most massive, circumstellar disks in the ~1 Myr-old Ophiuchus star-forming region. Using 2-D radiative transfer calculations, we simultaneously fit the observed continuum visibilities and broadband spectral energy distribution for each disk with a parametric structure model. Compared to previous millimeter studies, this survey includes significant upgrades in modeling, data quality, and angular resolution that provide improved constraints on key structure parameters, particularly those that characterize the spatial distribution of mass in the disks. In the context of a surface density profile motivated by similarity solutions for viscous accretion disks, the best-fit models for the sample disks have characteristic radii R_c = 20-200 AU, high disk masses M_d = 0.005-0.14 M_sun, and a narrow range of radial surface density gradients around a median $\gamma$ = 0.9. These density structures are used in conjunction with accretion rate estimates from the literature to help characterize the viscous evolution of the disk material. Using the standard prescription for disk viscosities, those combined constraints indicate that $\alpha$ = 0.0005-0.08. Three of the sample disks show large (R = 20-40 AU) central cavities in their continuum emission morphologies, marking extensive zones where dust has been physically removed and/or has significantly diminished opacities. Based on the current requirements of planet formation models, these emission cavities and the structure constraints for the sample as a whole suggest that these young disks may eventually produce planetary systems, and have perhaps already started. (abridged)

ApJ in press: 51 pages, 13 figures

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• Resolved Millimeter-Wavelength Observations of Debris Disks around Solar-Type Stars
• Massive discs around low-mass stars
• Formation of Super-Earth Mass Planets at 125-250 AU from a Solar-type Star
• Determining the mid-plane conditions of circumstellar discs using gas and dust modelling: a study of HD 163296
• Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of protoplanetary disks: Stellar mass dependence of the disk photoevaporation rate
• The properties of the inner disk around HL Tau: Multi-wavelength modeling of the dust emission
• Dust Settling and Clumping in MRI Turbulent Outer Protoplanetary Disks
• X-ray radiative transfer in protoplanetary disks - The role of dust and X-ray background fields
• Influence of grain growth on the thermal structure of protoplanetary discs
• Stellar orbit evolution in close circumstellar disc encounters
• Millimeter Dust Emission in the GQ Lup System
• Transition disk chemistry and future prospects with ALMA
• A Thermal Infrared Imaging Study of Very Low-Mass, Wide Separation Brown Dwarf Companions to Upper Scorpius Stars: Constraining Circumstellar Environments
• Rotation curves in protoplanetary disks with thermal stratification
• Massive compact disks around FU Orionis-type young eruptive stars revealed by ALMA
• Observations and modelling of CO and [CI] in disks. First detections of [CI] and constraints on the carbon abundance
• Structure and Composition of Two Transitional Circumstellar Disks in Corona Australis
• exoALMA XII: Weighing and sizing exoALMA disks with rotation curve modelling
• Multiple paths of deuterium fractionation in protoplanetary disks
• Herschel evidence for disk flattening or gas depletion in transitional disks
• Terrestrial planet formation: Dynamical shake-up and the low mass of Mars
• Constraining Protoplanetary Disk Accretion and Young Planets Using ALMA Kinematic Observations
• Probing the magnetospheric accretion region of the young pre-transitional disk system DoAr 44 using VLTI/GRAVITY
• Surface Geometry of Protoplanetary Disks Inferred From Near-Infrared Imaging Polarimetry
• Scattered Light from Dust in the Cavity of the V4046 Sgr Transition Disk
• A high resolution mid-infrared survey of water emission from protoplanetary disks
• The temporal requirements of directly observing self-gravitating spiral waves in protoplanetary discs with ALMA
• Hints for Small Disks around Very Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs
• Using Kuiper Belt Binaries to Constrain Neptune's Migration History
• Interferometric Upper Limits on Millimeter Polarization of the Disks around DG Tau, GM Aur, and MWC 480
• Resolved Gas Interior to the Dust Rings of the HD 141569 Disk
• Making Planet Nine: A Scattered Giant in the Outer Solar System
• Mean motion resonance capture in the context of type-I migration
• Submillimeter Array Observations of the RX J1633.9-2442 Transition Disk: Evidence for Multiple Planets in the Making
• Inferring (Sub)millimeter Dust Opacities and Temperature Structure in Edge-on Protostellar Disks From Resolved Multi-Wavelength Continuum Observations: The Case of the HH 212 Disk
• Disc-binary interactions in depleted post-AGB binaries
• Alignment of Protostars and Circumstellar Disks During the Embedded Phase
• Diversity in the outcome of dust radial drift in protoplanetary discs
• Missing water in Class I protostellar disks
• The Spitzer Survey of Interstellar Clouds in the Gould Belt. V. Ophiuchus North Observed with IRAC and MIPS
• Resolved ALMA continuum image of the circumbinary ring and circumstellar disks in the L1551 IRS 5 system
• Evolutionary constraints on the planetary hypothesis for transition discs
• The long-term evolution of photoevaporating transition discs with giant planets
• Circumstellar disks and planets. Science cases for next-generation optical/infrared long-baseline interferometers
• The role of the initial surface density profiles of the disc on giant planet formation: comparing with observations
• Vortex stretching in self-gravitating protoplanetary discs
• Herschel survey of brown dwarf disks in Rho Ophiuchi
• GW Ori: circumtriple rings and planets
• Investigating the magnetospheric accretion process in the young pre-transitional disk system DoAr 44 (V2062~Oph). A multiwavelength interferometric, spectropolarimetric, and photometric observing campaign
• Long-term Evolution of Photoevaporating Protoplanetary Disks
• Aperture Synthesis Imaging of V892 Tau and PV Cep: Disk Evolution
• YSOVAR: mid-infrared variability of young stellar objects and their disks in the cluster IRAS 20050+2720
• The Anatomy of an Unusual Edge-on Protoplanetary Disk I. Dust Settling in a Cold Disk
• No significant correlation between radial velocity planet presence and debris disc properties
• Towards a population synthesis of discs and planets. II. Confronting disc models and observations at the population level
• The aeolian-erosion barrier for the growth of metre-size objects in protoplanetary-discs
• An Observational Study for Grain Dynamics in the AS 209 Disk with Submillimeter Polarization
• Detection of water vapor in the terrestrial planet forming region of a transition disk
• Empty gaps? Depleting annular regions in debris discs by secular resonance with a two-planet system
• Interferometry of $\epsilon$ Aurigae: Characterization of the asymmetric eclipsing disk
• Impact of Local Pressure Enhancements on Dust Concentration inTurbulent Protoplanetary Discs
• Pairwise Tidal Equilibrium States and the Architecture of Extrasolar Planetary Systems
• Kinematic Analysis of a Protostellar Multiple System: Measuring the Protostar Masses and Assessing Gravitational Instability in the Disks of L1448 IRS3B and L1448 IRS3A
• New constraints on the dust and gas distribution in the LkCa 15 disk from ALMA
• The consequences of a nearby supernova on the early Solar System
• Vortices in stratified protoplanetary disks : From baroclinic instability to vortex layers
• Infrared study of transitional disks in Ophiuchus with Herschel
• The observable effects of tidally induced warps in protostellar discs
• The Herschel/PACS view of disks around low-mass stars in Chamaleon-I
• The Circumstellar Disk and Asymmetric outflow of the EX Lup Outburst System
• Planet-disc interaction on a freely moving mesh
• Unveiling a cluster of protostellar disks around the massive protostar GGD27 MM1
• A Method to Constrain the Size of the Protosolar Nebula
• The distribution of accretion rates as a diagnostic of protoplanetary disc evolution
• The SPHERE view of three interacting twin disc systems in polarised light
• Linking planetesimal and dust content in protoplanetary disks via a local toy model
• The Effects of Self-Shadowing by a Puffed up Inner Rim in Scattered Light Images of Protoplanetary Disks
• Resolving The Moth at Millimeter Wavelengths
• Stochasticity & Predictability in Terrestrial Planet Formation
• The Formation of Uranus and Neptune: Fine Tuning in Core Accretion
• The effect of external environment on the evolution of protostellar disks
• Origin and dynamical evolution of the asteroid belt
• A companion on the planet/brown dwarf mass boundary on a wide orbit discovered by gravitational microlensing
• Dust traps as planetary birthsites: basics and vortex formation
• Evidence for Pebbles in Comets
• CEMP stars: possible hosts to carbon planets in the early universe
• New binaries from the SHINE survey
• Diversity of planetary systems in low-mass disks: Terrestrial-type planet formation and water delivery
• Time evolution of a viscous protoplanetary disk with a free geometry: toward a more self-consistent picture
• Synthetic Light Curves of Accretion Variability in T Tauri Stars
• Thermal evolution of protoplanetary disks: from $\beta$-cooling to decoupled gas and dust temperatures
• A Dwarf Protoplanetary Disk around XZ Tau B
• Spectrally Resolved Mid-Infrared Molecular Emission from Protoplanetary Disks and the Chemical Fingerprint of Planetesimal Formation
• Unbiased Monte Carlo continuum radiative transfer in optically thick regions
• The diverse lives of massive protoplanets in self-gravitating discs
• Probing Dust Settling in Proto-planetary Disks with ALMA
• A Rotating Disk in the HH 111 Protostellar System
• Detection of N${}_2$D${}^{+}$ in a protoplanetary disk
• Searching for spectroscopic binaries within transition disk objects
• External Photoevaporation of the Solar Nebula II: Effects on Disk Structure and Evolution with Non-Uniform Turbulent Viscosity due to the Magnetorotational Instability
• Properties of Density and Velocity Gaps Induced by a Planet in a Protoplanetary Disk
• Interpreting Brightness Asymmetries in Transition Disks: Vortex at Dead Zone or Planet Carved Gap Edges?
• A Theoretical Framework for the Mass Distribution of Gas Giant Planets forming through the Core Accretion Paradigm
• Matryoshka Holes: Nested Emission Rings in the Transitional Disk Oph IRS 48
• Multiwavelength interferometric observations and modeling of circumstellar disks
• Vertically extended and asymmetric CN emission in the Elias 2-27 protoplanetary disk
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). Complex Kinematics in the AS 209 Disk Induced by a Forming Planet and Disk Winds
• Fragmentation of protoplanetary disks around M-dwarfs
• Planet-disc interaction in laminar and turbulent discs
• Chemical composition of the circumstellar disk around AB Aurigae
• Identification of transitional disks in Chamaeleon with Herschel
• Rapid radiative clearing of protoplanetary discs
• A Tight Relation between Spiral Arm Pitch Angle and Protoplanetary Disk Mass
• Instabilities in dusty non-isothermal proto-planetary discs
• The Transitional Disk around IRAS 04125+2902
• Absence of Significant Cool Disks in Young Stellar Objects Exhibiting Repetitive Optical Outbursts
• Primordial Dusty Rings and Episodic Outbursts in Protoplanetary Discs
• Radio & Optical Interferometry: Basic Observing Techniques and Data Analysis
• Herschel PACS observations of 4-10 Myr old Classical T Tauri stars in Orion OB1
• Creating retrogradely orbiting planets by prograde stellar fly-bys
• Characterisation of global flow and local fluctuations in 3D SPH simulations of protoplanetary discs
• Magnetohydrodynamics of protoplanetary discs
• Restrictions on the Growth of Gas Giant Cores via Pebble Accretion
• High Resolution H alpha Images of the Binary Low-mass Proplyd LV 1 with the Magellan AO System
• High-resolution ALMA observations of V4046Sgr: a circumbinary disc with a thin ring
• Millimeter Observations of the disk around GW Ori
• Stellar Flybys Interrupting Planet-Planet Scattering Generates Oort Planets
• Gas-Assisted Growth of Protoplanets in a Turbulent Medium
• Structures in circumbinary disks: Prospects for observability
• Chemical network reduction in protoplanetary disks
• Constraining the properties of transitional disks in Chamaeleon I with Herschel
• Dust-Gas Coupling in Turbulence- and MHD Wind-Driven Protoplanetary Disks: Implications for Rocky Planet Formation
• Feasibility of detecting and characterizing embedded low-mass giant planets in gaps in the VIS/NIR wavelength range
• Rotational Instability in the Outer Region of Protoplanetary Disks
• Time Dependent Models of Magnetospheric Accretion onto Young Stars
• A brief overview of planet formation
• A millimeter-multiwavelength continuum study of VLA 1623 West
• Vertical Structure of Magnetized Accretion Disks around Young Stars
• Extreme Pebble Accretion in Ringed Protoplanetary Discs
• Filling in the Gaps: Can Gravitationally Unstable Discs Form the Seeds of Gas Giant Planets?
• Black hole mass measurement using molecular gas kinematics: what ALMA can do
• Magnetic disk winds in protoplanetary disks: Description of the model and impact on global disk evolution
• Simplified models of circumstellar morphologies for interpreting high-resolution data. Analytical approach to the equatorial density enhancement
• Massive Prestellar Cores in Radiation-magneto-turbulent Simulations of Molecular Clouds
• Dynamical rearrangement of super-Earths during disk dispersal II. Assessment of the magnetospheric rebound model for planet formation scenarios
• Magnetorotationally driven wind cycles in local disc models
• Herschel/PACS view of disks around low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in the TW Hya association
• On the vortex evolution in non-isothermal protoplanetary discs
• Transition disks: 4 candidates for ongoing giant planet formation in Ophiuchus (Research Note)
• Effect of Different Angular Momentum Transport mechanisms on the Distribution of Water in Protoplanetary Disks
• Weighing protoplanetary discs with kinematics: physical model, method and benchmark
• Refractory carbon depletion by photolysis through dust collisions and vertical mixing
• ALMA and VLA Observations of EX Lupi in its Quiescent State
• PRODIGE -- Planet-forming disks in Taurus with NOEMA. I. Overview and first results for 12CO, 13CO, and C18O
• HCO+ Detection of Dust-Depleted Gas in the Inner Hole of the LkCa 15 Pre-Transitional Disk
• Tidal and general relativistic effects in rocky planet formation at the substellar mass limit using N-body simulations
• Self-similar Evolution of Self-Gravitating Viscous Accretion Discs
• Dust entrainment in photoevaporative winds: Synthetic observations of transition disks
• Global Spiral Density Wave Modes in Protoplanetary Disks: Morphology of Spiral Arms
• Locating Hidden Exoplanets in ALMA Data Using Machine Learning
• Evidence of a substellar companion around a very young T Tauri star
• Dynamics of magnetic flux tubes and IR-variability of Young Stellar Objects
• Direct Measurement of Extinction in a Planet-Hosting Gap
• Formation of free-floating planetary mass objects via circumstellar disk encounters
• Nonlinear Outcome of Coagulation Instability in Protoplanetary Disks II: Dust Ring Formation Mediated by Backreaction and Fragmentation
• The Synthetic ALMA Multiband Analysis of the Dust Properties of the TW Hya Protoplanetary Disk
• Evidence for a Sharp CO Snowline Transition in a Protoplanetary Disk and Implications for Millimeter-wave Observations of CO Isotopologues
• Untangling Magnetic Complexity in Protoplanetary Disks with the Zeeman Effect
• How Flow Isolation May Set the Mass Scale for Super-Earth Planets
• Super-Earth formation in systems with cold giants
• Very Large Telescope observations of Gomez's Hamburger: Insights into a young protoplanet candidate
• The structure of young embedded protostellar discs
• Tracing the large-scale magnetic field morphology in protoplanetary disks using molecular line polarization
• Detection of Substructures in Young Transition Disk WL 17
• The Role of Angular Momentum Transport in Establishing the Accretion Rate--Protostellar Mass Correlation
• Dust evolution by chemisputtering during protostellar formation
• Constraints on the gas-phase C/O ratio of DR Tau's outer disk from CS, SO, and C${}_2$H observations
• ALMA Observations of Asymmetric Molecular Gas Emission from a Protoplanetary Disk in the Orion Nebula
• Development of a Method for the Observation of Lightning in Protoplanetary Disks Using Ion Lines
• A Comparison of Approaches in Fitting Continuum SEDs
• On the evolution of vortex in locally isothermal self-gravitating discs: a parameter study
• Planet formation: key mechanisms and global models
• Angular momentum transport via gravitational instability in the Elias 2-27 disc
• Kozai-Lidov oscillations triggered by a tilt instability of detached circumplanetary discs
• Occurrence of the 2:1 commensurability in a gas giant-Super-Earth system
• Fundamental stellar parameters for selected T-Tauri stars in the Chamaeleon and Rho Ophiuchus star-forming regions
• Peering through the veil: Investigating protoplanetary disk outer edges using backside visibility
• Observable scattered light features from inclined and non-inclined planets embedded in protoplanetary discs
• The Radial Profile of Dust Grain Size in the Protoplanetary Disk of DS Tau
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) III: Characteristics of Radial Chemical Substructures
• Planetary nurseries: vortices formed at smooth viscosity transition
• Protostellar disc structure and dynamics during star formation from cloud-scale initial conditions
• First Detection of Equatorial Dark Dust Lane in a Protostellar Disk at Submillimeter Wavelength
• Wavelength-dependent far-infrared polarization of HL Tau observed with SOFIA/HAWC+
• Using simultaneous mass accretion and external photoevaporation rates for d203-504 to constrain disc evolution processes
• Formation of ring-like structures in flared α-discs with X-ray/FUV photoevaporation
• A multiwavelength analysis of the spiral arms in the protoplanetary disk around WaOph 6
• High CO/H2 ratios supports an exocometary origin for a CO-rich debris disk
• Wind-MRI interactions in local models of protoplanetary discs: I. Ohmic resistivity
• Constraining protoplanetary disc mass using the GI wiggle
• The SPHERE view of multiple star formation
• The formation of planets by disc fragmentation
• Semi-analytic calculations for extended mid-Infrared emission associated with FU Ori-type objects
• Surveys of clumps, cores, and condensations in Cygnus-X: Searching for Keplerian disks on the scale of 500 au
• On the dynamics of pebbles in protoplanetary disks with magnetically-driven winds
• Planet formation in evolving protoplanetary discs
• Simulation of a protoplanetary disk accretion activity due to a collision with a gas stream
• On the Habitability of Our Universe
• MINDS survey of silicates in T Tauri disks: Correlation between dust and gas
• Planetesimal formation at the gas pressure bump following a migrating planet II. Effects of dust growth
• Generating Stellar Obliquity in Systems with Broken Protoplanetary Disks
• Gravitational instability in planet-forming discs
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary disks by Far-UV photons arising from neighbouring massive stars: observation of proplyds and modelling
• Co-orbital resonance with a migrating proto-giant planet
• The formation of brown dwarfs in discs: Physics, numerics, and observations
• Multi-scale radiative-transfer model of the protoplanetary disc DoAr 44