Herschel evidence for disk flattening or gas depletion in transitional disks

Abstract

Transitional disks are protoplanetary disks characterized by reduced near- and mid-infrared emission with respect to full disks. This characteristic spectral energy distribution indicates the presence of an optically thin inner cavity within the dust disk believed to mark the disappearance of the primordial massive disk. We present new Herschel Space Observatory PACS spectra of [OI] 63 micron for 21 transitional disks. Our survey complements the larger Herschel GASPS program "Gas in Protoplanetary Systems" (Dent et al. 2013) by quadrupling the number of transitional disks observed with PACS at this wavelength. [OI] 63 micron traces material in the outer regions of the disk, beyond the inner cavity of most transitional disks. We find that transitional disks have [OI] 63 micron line luminosities two times fainter than their full disk counterparts. We self consistently determine various stellar properties (e.g. bolometric luminosity, FUV excess, etc.) and disk properties (e.g. disk dust mass, etc.) that could influence the [OI] 63 micron line luminosity and we find no correlations that can explain the lower [OI] 63 micron line luminosities in transitional disks. Using a grid of thermo-chemical protoplanetary disk models, we conclude that either transitional disks are less flared than full disks or they possess lower gas-to-dust ratios due to a depletion of gas mass. This result suggests that transitional disks are more evolved than their full disk counterparts, possibly even at large radii.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in ApJ; 52 pages, 16 figures, 8 tables

References in corpus (88)

• The Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on the Herschel Space Observatory
• The USNO-B Catalog
• Spectral Energy Distributions of T Tauri Stars With Passive Circumstellar Disks
• Some Aspects of Measurement Error in Linear Regression of Astronomical Data
• Protoplanetary Disks and Their Evolution
• The false positive rate of Kepler and the occurrence of planets
• Circumstellar Dust Disks in Taurus-Auriga: The Submillimeter Perspective
• Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus
• Dust coagulation in protoplanetary disks: a rapid depletion of small grains
• Resolved Images of Large Cavities in Protoplanetary Transition Disks
• Very Low Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in Taurus-Auriga
• Evidence for a developing gap in a 10 Myr old protoplanetary disk
• Observational Constraints on the Formation and Evolution of Binary Stars
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs II: evolutionary models and observable properties
• Disk Accretion Onto High-Mass Planets
• Effects of Dust Growth and Settling in T Tauri Disks
• Dust Filtration by Planet-Induced Gap Edges: Implications for Transitional Disks
• UV excess measures of accretion onto young very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• Radiation thermo-chemical models of protoplanetary disks I. Hydrostatic disk structure and inner rim
• Photoevaporation of Circumstellar Disks by FUV, EUV and X-ray Radiation from the Central Star
• An Old Disk That Can Still Form a Planetary System
• The XMM-Newton Extended Survey of the Taurus Molecular Cloud (XEST)
• Young Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in IC 348
• A dual-frequency sub-arcsecond study of proto-planetary disks at mm wavelengths: First evidence for radial variations of the dust properties
• The Stellar Population of the Chamaeleon I Star-Forming Region
• The Taurus Spitzer Survey: New Candidate Taurus Members Selected Using Sensitive Mid-Infrared Photometry
• On the Diversity of the Taurus Transitional Disks: UX Tau A & Lk Ca 15
• The Role of Multiplicity in Disk Evolution and Planet Formation
• Star and protoplanetary disk properties in Orion's suburbs
• Unveiling the Structure of Pre-Transitional Disks
• Gas Flow Across Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks
• Survival of molecular gas in cavities of transition disks (I. CO)
• A Census of the Chamaeleon I Star-Forming Region
• Demographics of Transition Objects
• The Disk Around CoKu Tau/4: Circumbinary, not Transitional
• LkH$\alpha$ 330: Evidence for dust clearing through resolved submillimeter imaging
• Evidence for dust clearing through resolved submillimeter imaging
• The Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign: The Frequency of Planets around Young Moving Group Stars
• The Initial Mass Function of Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in Taurus
• A Spitzer IRS Study of Infrared Variability in Transitional and Pre-Transitional Disks around T Tauri Stars
• X-shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects: I - Mass accretion rates of low-mass T Tauri stars in σOrionis
• The Coevality of Young Binary Systems
• Cold Disks: Spitzer Spectroscopy of Disks around Young Stars with Large Gaps
• A Spitzer Census of Transitional Protoplanetary Disks with AU-Scale Inner Holes
• Optical Spectroscopy of the Surface Population of the rho Ophiuchi Molecular Cloud: The First Wave of Star Formation
• Astrophysics of Young Star Binaries
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Large, Nearby, Interstellar Clouds. XI. Lupus Observed With IRAC and MIPS
• Disk Evolution in the three Nearby Star-Forming Regions of Taurus, Chamaeleon, and Ophiuchus
• The Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign: The Frequency of Giant Planets around Young B and A Stars
• Empirical Constraints on Turbulence in Protoplanetary Accretion Disks
• Evidence for Disk Photoevaporation Driven by the Central Star
• A Spitzer c2d Legacy Survey to Identify and Characterize Disks with Inner Dust Holes
• Radiation thermo-chemical models of protoplanetary disks II. Line diagnostics
• Protoplanetary Disk Masses from Stars to Brown Dwarfs
• Planetesimal formation via fragmentation in self-gravitating protoplanetary discs
• GASPS - a Herschel survey of gas and dust in Protoplanetary Disks: Summary and Initial Statistics
• On the Transitional Disk Class: Linking Observations of T Tauri Stars & Physical Disk Models
• Physical and Chemical Structure of Protoplanetary Disks with Grain Growth
• Emission Lines from the Gas Disk around TW Hydra and the Origin of the Inner Hole
• A Far-ultraviolet Atlas of Low-resolution Hubble Space Telescope Spectra of T Tauri Stars
• Pre-main sequence spectroscopic binaries suitable for VLTI observations
• Optical Spectroscopy of Embedded Young Stars in the Taurus-Auriga Molecular Cloud
• The Structure of the Evolved Circumbinary Disk around V4046 Sgr
• X-ray impact on the protoplanetary disks around T Tauri stars
• GASPS observations of Herbig Ae/Be stars with PACS/Herschel. The atomic and molecular content of their protoplanetary discs
• Medium-separation binaries do not affect the first steps of planet formation
• Herschel-PACS observation of the 10 Myr old T Tauri disk TW Hya: Constraining the disk gas mass
• Herschel/PACS Survey of protoplanetary disks in Taurus/Auriga -- Observations of [OI] and [CII], and far infrared continuum
• High resolution spectroscopy of Ne II emission from young stellar objects
• Detection of warm water vapour in Taurus protoplanetary discs by Herschel
• High-resolution Spectroscopy of [Ne II] Emission from TW Hya
• A Minimum-Mass Extrasolar Nebula
• Transitional disks and their origins: an infrared spectroscopic survey of Orion A
• Variability of the transitional T Tauri star T Chamaeleontis
• Herschel/PACS observations of young sources in Taurus: the far-infrared counterpart of optical jets
• POISSON project - I - Emission lines as accretion tracers in young stellar objects: results from observations of Chamaeleon I and II sources
• The Chamaeleon II low-mass star-forming region: radial velocities, elemental abundances, and accretion properties
• Protoplanetary disk evolution and stellar parameters of T Tauri binaries in Chamaeleon I
• FUV and X-ray irradiated protoplanetary disks: a grid of models I. The disk structure
• X-shooter observations of the accreting brown dwarf J053825.4-024241
• Quiescent H2 Emission From Pre-Main Sequence Stars in Chamaeleon I
• High Resolution Spectroscopy of [NeII] Emission from AA Tau and GM Aur
• FUV and X-ray irradiated protoplanetary disks: a grid of models II - Gas diagnostic line emission
• X-ray Spectroscopy of the Nearby, Classical T Tauri Star TW Hya
• Spitzer Observations of two TW Hydrae Association Brown Dwarfs
• The Herschel view of Gas in Protoplanetary Systems (GASPS). First comparisons with a large grid of models
• Continuum and line modeling of disks around young stars II. Line diagnostics for GASPS from the DENT grid
• A WFI survey in the Chamaeleon II dark cloud

Cited by in corpus (23)

• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) I: Program Overview and Highlights
• X-Shooter study of accretion in Chamaeleon I: II. A steeper increase of accretion with stellar mass for very low mass stars?
• Tracing Slow Winds from T Tauri Stars via Low Velocity Forbidden Line Emission
• Fingerprints of giant planets in the photospheres of Herbig stars
• Five steps in the evolution from protoplanetary to debris disk
• CSI 2264: Characterizing Young Stars in NGC 2264 with Short-Duration, Periodic Flux Dips in their Light Curves
• Probing stellar accretion with mid-infrared hydrogen lines
• Volatile depletion in the TW Hydrae disk atmosphere
• XMM-Newton Survey of Local O VII Absorption Lines in the Spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Measurements of water surface snow lines in classical protoplanetary disks
• Large gaps and high accretion rates in photoevaporative transition disks with a dead zone
• Hints for Small Disks around Very Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs
• Making Planet Nine: A Scattered Giant in the Outer Solar System
• Herschel-PACS observations of far-IR lines in YSOs I: [OI] and H2O at 63 microns
• A "Rosetta Stone" for protoplanetary disks: The synergy of multi-wavelength observations
• Brown dwarf disks with Herschel: Linking far-infrared and (sub)-mm fluxes
• The inner disk of RY Tau: evidence of stellar occultation by the disk atmosphere at the sublimation rim from K-band continuum interferometry
• A Combined Spitzer and Herschel Infrared Study of Gas and Dust in the Circumbinary Disk Orbiting V4046 Sgr
• Constraining the properties of transitional disks in Chamaeleon I with Herschel
• Near-IR Polarized Scattered Light Imagery of the DoAr 28 Transitional Disk
• Herschel GASPS spectral observations of T Tauri stars in Taurus: unraveling far-infrared line emission from jets and discs
• An Incipient Debris Disk in the Chamaeleon I Cloud
• The Dispersal of Planet-forming discs: Theory confronts Observations