The false positive rate of Kepler and the occurrence of planets

Abstract

The Kepler Mission is uniquely suited to study the frequencies of extrasolar planets. This goal requires knowledge of the incidence of false positives such as eclipsing binaries in the background of the targets, or physically bound to them, which can mimic the photometric signal of a transiting planet. We perform numerical simulations to predict the occurrence of astrophysical false positives detectable by the Mission, and quantify the fraction of them that would pass the Kepler candidate vetting procedure. By comparing their distribution with that of the Kepler Objects of Interest detected during the first six quarters of operation of the spacecraft, we infer the false positive rate of Kepler and study its dependence on spectral type, candidate planet size, and orbital period. We find that the global false positive rate of Kepler is 9.4 %, peaking for giant planets (6-22 Earth radii) at 17.7 %, reaching a low of 6.7 % for small Neptunes (2-4 Earth radii), and increasing again for Earth-size planets (0.8-1.25 Earth radii) to 12.3 %. Most importantly, we also quantify and characterize the distribution and rate of occurrence of planets down to Earth size with no prior assumptions on their frequency, by subtracting from the population of actual Kepler candidates our simulated population of astrophysical false positives. We find that 16.5 +/- 3.6 % of main-sequence FGK stars have at least one planet between 0.8 and 1.25 Earth radii with orbital periods up to 85 days. There is no significant dependence of the rates of planet occurrence between 0.8 and 4 Earth radii with spectral type. In the process, we derive also a prescription for the signal recovery rate of Kepler that enables a good match to both the KOI size and orbital period distribution, as well as their signal-to-noise distribution.

Accepted on Dec 15, 2012 for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

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• The HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N@TNG II. Data treatment and simulations
• Dynamically hot Super-Earths from outer giant planet scattering
• TOI-1452 b: SPIRou and TESS reveal a super-Earth in a temperate orbit transiting an M4 dwarf
• On the Temperature Profiles and Emission Spectra of Mini-Neptune Atmospheres
• An Analytic Criterion for Turbulent Disruption of Planetary Resonances
• HATS-8b: A Low-Density Transiting Super-Neptune
• Is the ring inside or outside the planet?: The effect of planet migration on dust rings
• Is there an exoplanet in the Solar System?
• Doppler Monitoring of five K2 Transiting Planetary Systems
• A Compact Multi-Planet System With A Significantly Misaligned Ultra Short Period Planet
• Detailed Abundances of Stars with Small Planets Discovered by Kepler I: The First Sample
• Prospects for Characterizing the Haziest Sub-Neptune Exoplanets with High Resolution Spectroscopy
• Adaptive Optics Images III: 87 Kepler Objects of Interest
• HATS-5b: A Transiting hot-Saturn from the HATSouth Survey
• The Albedos of Kepler's Close-in super-Earths
• A 3D Search for Companions to 12 Nearby M-Dwarfs
• Observational biases for transiting planets
• Ultra Short Period Planets in K2: SuPerPiG Results for Campaigns 0-5
• Atmospheres as windows into sub-Neptune interiors: coupled chemistry and structure of hydrogen-silane-water envelopes
• The Dawes Review 3: The Atmospheres of Extrasolar Planets and Brown Dwarfs
• Mapping the exo-Neptunian landscape. A ridge between the desert and savanna
• WFIRST-AFTA Coronagraph Science Yield Modeling with EXOSIMS
• Chemical variation with altitude and longitude on exo-Neptunes: Predictions for Ariel phase-curve observations
• To cool is to keep: Residual H/He atmospheres of super-Earths and sub-Neptunes
• The TESS-Keck Survey II: An Ultra-Short Period Rocky Planet and its Siblings Transiting the Galactic Thick-Disk Star TOI-561
• Microlensing Searches for Exoplanets
• Robustness Measures for Molecular Detections using High-Resolution Transmission Spectroscopy of Exoplanets
• Efficient Geometric Probabilities of Multi-Transiting Exoplanetary Systems from CORBITS
• Characterizing the purple Earth: Modelling the globally-integrated spectral variability of the Archean Earth
• An Estimate of the Yield of Single-Transit Planetary Events from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• KOI-200b and KOI-889b: two transiting exoplanets detected and characterized with Kepler, SOPHIE and HARPS-N
• The Astrobiological Copernican Weak and Strong Limits for Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life
• Exploring Kepler Giant Planets in the Habitable Zone
• A detailed analysis of the Gl 486 planetary system
• In situ accretion of gaseous envelopes on to planetary cores embedded in evolving protoplanetary discs
• The importance of silicate vapor in determining the structure, radii, and envelope mass fractions of sub-Neptunes
• Molecular Detectability in Exoplanetary Emission Spectra
• Constraining the entropy of formation from young transiting planets
• Predicting the Exoplanet Yield of the TESS Prime and Extended Missions Through Years 1-7
• Dependence of Small Planet Frequency on Stellar Metallicity Hidden by Their Prevalence
• N-body simulations of planet formation via pebble accretion I: First Results
• Robo-AO Kepler Survey IV: the effect of nearby stars on 3857 planetary candidate systems
• Save the Planet, Feed the Star: How Super-Earths Survive Migration and Drive Disk Accretion
• The Kepler Follow-Up Observation Program. II. Stellar Parameters from Medium- and High-Resolution Spectroscopy
• Two Small Transiting Planets and a Possible Third Body Orbiting HD 106315
• Revision of Earth-sized Kepler Planet Candidate Properties with High Resolution Imaging by Hubble Space Telescope
• The Eccentricity Distribution of Short-Period Planet Candidates Detected by Kepler in Occultation
• A Closer Look at Exoplanet Occurrence Rates: Considering the Multiplicity of Stars Without Detected Planets
• TOI-431/HIP 26013: a super-Earth and a sub-Neptune transiting a bright, early K dwarf, with a third RV planet
• Planets, candidates, and binaries from the CoRoT/Exoplanet programme: the CoRoT transit catalogue
• Arid or Cloudy: Characterizing the Atmosphere of the super-Earth 55 Cancri e using High-Resolution Spectroscopy
• K2-66b and K2-106b: Two extremely hot sub-Neptune-size planets with high densities
• The Influence of H2O Pressure Broadening in High Metallicity Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Two Transiting Low Density Sub-Saturns from K2
• Obliquity and Eccentricity Constraints For Terrestrial Exoplanets
• The GTC exoplanet transit spectroscopy survey. VI. A spectrally-resolved Rayleigh scattering slope in GJ 3470b
• The multiplicity distribution of Kepler's exoplanets
• An Understanding of the Shoulder of Giants: Jovian Planets around Late K Dwarf Stars and the Trend with Stellar Mass
• Mass and Eccentricity Constraints in the WASP-47 Planetary System from a Simultaneous Analysis of Radial Velocities & Transit Timing Variations
• HATS-18 b: An Extreme Short--Period Massive Transiting Planet Spinning Up Its Star
• The onset of instability in resonant chains
• The Imprint of the Protoplanetary Disk in the Accretion of Super-Earth Envelopes
• Two New Long-Period Giant Planets from the McDonald Observatory Planet Search and Two Stars with Long-Period Radial Velocity Signals Related to Stellar Activity Cycles
• The Kepler-454 System: A Small, Not-rocky Inner Planet, a Jovian World, and a Distant Companion
• Atmospheric chemistry on Uranus and Neptune
• Photometry's bright future: Detecting Solar System analogues with future space telescopes
• Near-resonance in a system of sub-Neptunes from TESS
• The Magellan-TESS Survey I: Survey Description and Mid-Survey Results
• The fundamentals of Lyman-alpha exoplanet transits
• The hot Jupiter period-mass distribution as a signature of in situ formation
• Revisiting the Long-Period Transiting Planets from Kepler
• Simulating the Exoplanet Yield of a Space-based MIR Interferometer Based on Kepler Statistics
• A Pan-STARRS1 study of the relationship between wide binarity and planet occurrence in the Kepler field
• On the patterns observed in Kepler multi-planet systems
• Survival of habitable planets in unstable planetary systems
• Using the Inclinations of Kepler Systems to Prioritize New Titius-Bode-Based Exoplanet Predictions
• A Possible Alignment Between the Orbits of Planetary Systems and their Visual Binary Companions
• Caught in the Act: Core-powered Mass-loss Predictions for Observing Atmospheric Escape
• TOI-530b: A giant planet transiting an M dwarf detected by TESS
• Orbital misalignment of the super-Earth $\pi$ Men c with the spin of its star
• Earth-like Habitats in Planetary Systems
• Direct imaging of sub-Jupiter mass exoplanets with James Webb Space Telescope coronagraphy
• Giants are bullies: how their growth influences systems of inner sub-Neptunes and super-Earths
• New Paradigms For Asteroid Formation
• Robo-AO Kepler Survey V: The effect of physically associated stellar companions on planetary systems
• Detecting Exomoons Via Doppler Monitoring of Directly Imaged Exoplanets
• Stellar parameters and accretion rate of the transition disk star HD 142527 from X-Shooter
• Scaling K2. VI. Reduced Small Planet Occurrence in High Galactic Amplitude Stars
• The warm Neptunes around HD 106315 have low stellar obliquities
• Simultaneous follow-up of planetary transits: revised physical properties for the planetary systems HAT-P-16 and WASP-21
• Extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs around AF-type stars. X.The SOPHIE northern sample. Combining the SOPHIE and HARPS surveys to compute the close giant planet mass-period distribution around AF-type stars
• Transmission spectroscopy for the warm sub-Neptune HD3167c: evidence for molecular absorption and a possible high metallicity atmosphere
• Atmospheric Erosion by Giant Impacts onto Terrestrial Planets
• The TESS-Keck Survey: Science Goals and Target Selection
• Truly eccentric. I. Revisiting eight single-eccentric planetary systems
• ARES IV: Probing the atmospheres of the two warm small planets HD 106315 c and HD 3167 c with the HST/WFC3 camera
• The TESS Grand Unified Hot Jupiter Survey. II. Twenty New Giant Planets
• Is the Pale Blue Dot unique? Optimized photometric bands for identifying Earth-like exoplanets
• Sub-Neptune Formation: The View from Resonant Planets
• Architectures of Exoplanetary Systems. II: An Increase in Inner Planetary System Occurrence Toward Later Spectral Types for Kepler's FGK Dwarfs
• Migration and Growth of Protoplanetary Embryos I: Convergence of Embryos in Protoplanetary Disks
• Forming Diverse Super-Earth Systems in Situ
• Simulating the M-R Relation from APF follow up of TESS targets: Survey design and strategies for overcoming mass biases
• Discovery of a Transiting Planet Near the Snow-Line
• Capture into first-order resonances and long-term stability of pairs of equal-mass planets
• Identifying Young $Kepler$ Planet Host Stars from Keck-HIRES Spectra of Lithium
• The impact of stripped cores on the frequency of Earth-size planets in the habitable zone
• Evaporation of Low-Mass Planet Atmospheres: Multidimensional Hydrodynamics with Consistent Thermochemistry
• Centroid vetting of transiting planet candidates from the Next Generation Transit Survey
• The Direct Detectability of Giant Exoplanets in the Optical
• MRI-active inner regions of protoplanetary discs. I. A detailed model of disc structure
• The contribution of the ARIEL space mission to the study of planetary formation
• Gas flow around a planet embedded in a protoplanetary disc: the dependence on the planetary mass
• Formation of compact systems of super-Earths via dynamical instabilities and giant impacts
• The TROY project: Searching for co-orbital bodies to known planets. I. Project goals and first results from archival radial velocity
• The masses of retired A stars with asteroseismology: Kepler and K2 observations of exoplanet hosts
• Exoplanet Characterization by Proxy: a Transiting 2.15 R_Earth Planet Near the Habitable Zone of the Late K dwarf Kepler-61
• Long lived dust rings around HD169142
• Inner Super-Earths, Outer Gas Giants: How Pebble Isolation and Migration Feedback Keep Jupiters Cold
• A PSF-based Approach to TESS High quality data Of Stellar clusters (PATHOS) -- III. Exploring the properties of young associations through their variables, dippers, and candidate exoplanets
• Herschel evidence for disk flattening or gas depletion in transitional disks
• TESS Reveals a Short-period Sub-Neptune Sibling (HD 86226c) to a Known Long-period Giant Planet
• The Preservation of Super Earths and the Emergence of Gas Giants after Their Progenitor Cores have Entered the Pebble Isolation Phase
• The Occurrence of Additional Giant Planets Inside the Water-Ice Line in Systems with Hot Jupiters: Evidence Against High-Eccentricity Migration
• Precise masses for the transiting planetary system HD 106315 with HARPS
• Precision angular diameters for 16 southern stars with VLTI/PIONIER
• At least one in a dozen stars exhibits evidence of planetary ingestion
• Fundamental effective temperature measurements for eclipsing binary stars I. Development of the method and application to AI Phoenicis
• Quantifying the Observational Effort Required for the Radial Velocity Characterization of TESS Planets
• The EChO science case
• Metallization of Shock-Compressed Liquid Ammonia
• Automatic vetting of planet candidates from ground based surveys: Machine learning with NGTS
• A giant planet transiting a 3-Myr protostar with a misaligned disk
• Vetting Kepler Planet Candidates in the Sub-Jovian Desert with Multi-Band Photometry
• Optically Thin Core Accretion: How Planets Get Their Gas in Nearly Gas-Free Disks
• 3D Simulations of Planet Trapping at Disc-Cavity Boundaries
• A super-Earth and a mini-Neptune near the 2:1 MMR straddling the radius valley around the nearby mid-M dwarf TOI-2096
• Giant planet engulfment by evolved giant stars: light curves, asteroseismology, and survivability
• Cleaning our Hazy Lens: Exploring Trends in Transmission Spectra of Warm Exoplanets
• Predicting the Yield of Potential Venus Analogs from TESS and their Potential for Atmospheric Characterization
• Climate Modeling of a Potential ExoVenus
• A Discrete Set of Possible Transit Ephemerides for Two Long Period Gas Giants Orbiting HIP 41378
• Chemical fingerprints of hot Jupiter planet formation
• The initial physical conditions of Kepler-36 b & c
• The Transit Transmission Spectrum of a Cold Gas Giant Planet
• Stars Get Dizzy After Lunch
• The Pan-Pacific Planet Search. VIII. Complete results and the occurrence rate of planets around low-luminosity giants
• The MUSCLES Extension for Atmospheric and Transmission Spectroscopy: UV and X-ray Host-star Observations for JWST ERS & GTO Targets
• Hot Rocks Survey I : A possible shallow eclipse for LHS 1478 b
• Single site observations of \textit{TESS} single transit detections
• ALMA observations of the multiplanet system 61 Vir: What lies outside super-Earth systems?
• A transit survey to search for planets around hot subdwarfs: I. methods and performance tests on light curves from Kepler, K2, TESS, and CHEOPS
• Three Short Period Jupiters from TESS
• Three Temperate Neptunes Orbiting Nearby Stars
• Mass Constraints of the WASP-47 Planetary System from Radial Velocities
• Three statistically validated K2 transiting warm Jupiter exoplanets confirmed as low-mass stars
• Searching for reflected light from $\tau$ Bootis b with high-resolution ground-based spectroscopy: Approaching the $10^{-5}$ contrast barrier
• Dynamical instabilities in systems of multiple short-period planets are likely driven by secular chaos: a case study of Kepler-102
• K2-231 b: A sub-Neptune exoplanet transiting a solar twin in Ruprecht 147
• The Maximum Mass Solar Nebula and the early formation of planets
• Frequency of Close Companions among Kepler Planets - a TTV study
• Mean motion resonance capture in the context of type-I migration
• Validation of small Kepler transiting planet candidates in or near the habitable zone
• Rocky Planet Formation: Quick and Neat
• Effects of Magnetic Fields on the Location of the Evaporation Valley for Low-Mass Exoplanets
• Simultaneous Optical Transmission Spectroscopy of a Terrestrial, Habitable-Zone Exoplanet with Two Ground-Based Multi-Object Spectrographs
• Efficient scheduling of astronomical observations. Application to the CARMENES radial-velocity survey
• Biases in Planet Occurrence Caused by Unresolved Binaries in Transit Surveys
• A PSF-based Approach to TESS High quality data Of Stellar clusters (PATHOS) -- IV. Candidate exoplanets around stars in open clusters: frequency and age-planetary radius distribution
• Ondr}ejov echelle spectrograph, ground based support facility for exoplanet missions
• Securing the legacy of TESS through the care and maintenance of TESS planet ephemerides
• No difference in orbital parameters of RV-detected giant planets between 0.1 and 5 au in single vs multi-stellar systems
• Scaling K2. IV. A Uniform Planet Sample for Campaigns 1-8 and 10-18
• The first super-Earth Detection from the High Cadence and High Radial Velocity Precision Dharma Planet Survey
• The K2-OjOS Project: New and revisited planets and candidates in K2 campaigns 5, 16, & 18
• Probing the impact of varied migration and gas accretion rates for the formation of giant planets in the pebble accretion scenario
• Inside-Out Planet Formation. V. Structure of the Inner Disk as Implied by the MRI
• Radial Gradients in Dust-to-Gas Ratio Lead to Preferred Region for Giant Planet Formation
• The Effects of Stellar Companions on Exoplanet Radius Distributions
• Transit and Radial Velocity Survey Efficiency Comparison for a Habitable Zone Earth
• Atmospheric Recyling of Volatiles by Pebble-Accreting Planets
• TOI-519 b: a short-period substellar object around an M dwarf validated using multicolour photometry and phase curve analysis
• MAGRATHEA: an open-source spherical symmetric planet interior structure code
• HD 191939: Three Sub-Neptunes Transiting a Sun-like Star Only 54 pc Away
• NGTS-2b: An inflated hot-Jupiter transiting a bright F-dwarf
• Statistical Eclipses of Close-in Kepler Sub-Saturns
• Variability due to climate and chemistry in observations of oxygenated Earth-analogue exoplanets
• Detecting Unresolved Binaries in TESS Data with Speckle Imaging
• Kepler-167e as a Probe of the Formation Histories of Cold Giants with Inner Super-Earths
• Ground-based Optical Transmission Spectroscopy of the Nearby Terrestrial Exoplanet LTT 1445Ab
• Possibilities for an Aerial Biosphere in Temperate Sub Neptune-Sized Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Sculpting the sub-Saturn Occurrence Rate via Atmospheric Mass Loss
• Structure and Dynamics of Cold Water Super-Earths: The Case of Occluded CH4 and its Outgassing
• Unified simulations of planetary formation and atmospheric evolution: Effects of pebble accretion, giant impacts, and stellar irradiations on super-Earth formation
• Photo-evaporation of close-in gas giants orbiting around G and M stars
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets: VI. Three new hot Jupiters in multi-planet extrasolar systems
• Another Shipment of Six Short-Period Giant Planets from TESS
• Radial Velocity Discovery of an Eccentric Jovian World Orbiting at 18 au
• K2-110 b - a massive mini-Neptune exoplanet
• Intra-system uniformity: a natural outcome of dynamical sculpting
• The PTI Carbon Star Angular Size Survey: Effective Temperatures and Non-Sphericity
• Parent Stars of Extrasolar Planets. XV. Host Star Rotation Revisited with {\it Kepler} Data
• The "Breaking The Chains" migration model for super-Earths formation: the effect of collisional fragmentation
• The Effect of Protoplanetary Disk Cooling Times on the Formation of Gas Giant Planets by Gravitational Instability
• In situ formation of hot Jupiters with companion super-Earths
• Multi-season optical modulation phased with the orbit of the super-Earth 55 Cnc e
• Hidden Worlds: Dynamical Architecture Predictions of Undetected Planets in Multi-planet Systems and Applications to TESS Systems
• On the probability of habitable planets
• Migration and Growth of Protoplanetary Embryos II: Emergence of Proto-Gas-Giants Cores versus Super Earths' Progenitor
• Transit least-squares survey IV. Earth-like transiting planets expected from the PLATO mission
• In-flight photometry extraction of PLATO targets: Optimal apertures for detecting extrasolar planets
• The Solar Neighborhood. XLVI. Revealing New M Dwarf Binaries and their Orbital Architectures
• Searching For Transiting Planets Around Halo Stars. II. Constraining the Occurrence Rate of Hot Jupiters
• Role of magma oceans in controlling carbon and oxygen of sub-Neptune atmospheres
• Two Hot Jupiters from K2 Campaign 4
• Characterization of the four new transiting planets KOI-188b, KOI-195b, KOI-192b, and KOI-830b
• Formation of Terrestrial Planets
• Hubble Space Telescope astrometry of the closest brown dwarf binary system -- I. Overview and improved orbit
• Prospects for TTV Detection and Dynamical Constraints with TESS
• Very wide companion fraction from Gaia DR2: a weak or no enhancement for hot jupiter hosts, and a strong enhancement for contact binaries
• HD 28109 hosts a trio of transiting Neptunian planets including a near-resonant pair, confirmed by ASTEP from Antarctica
• Effect of surface-mantle water exchange parameterizations on exoplanet ocean depths
• Exterior Companions to Hot Jupiters Orbiting Cool Stars are Coplanar
• CKS IX: Revisiting the Minimum-Mass Extrasolar Nebula with Precise Stellar Parameters
• The Mt John University Observatory Search For Earth-mass Planets In The Habitable Zone Of Alpha Centauri
• Influences of three-dimensional gas flow induced by protoplanets on pebble accretion --$\mathrm{I}$. shear regime
• Resonant sub-Neptunes are puffier
• The ARIEL Mission Reference Sample
• Average Albedos of Close-in Super-Earths and Neptunes from Statistical Analysis of Long Cadence Kepler Secondary Eclipse Data
• Quantitative estimates of the surface habitability of Kepler-452b
• Exoplanet Populations and their Dependence on Host Star Properties
• TESS discovery of a sub-Neptune orbiting a mid-M dwarf TOI-2136
• Dispersed Matter Planet Project Discoveries of Ablating Planets Orbiting Nearby Bright Stars
• Losing Oceans: The Effects of Composition on the Thermal Component of Impact-driven Atmospheric Loss
• Ice Giant System Exploration in the 2020s: An Introduction
• Formation of short-period planets by disk migration
• Measuring the Number of M-Dwarfs per M-Dwarf Using Kepler Eclipsing Binaries
• TOI-2046b, TOI-1181b and TOI-1516b, three new hot Jupiters from \textit{TESS}: planets orbiting a young star, a subgiant and a normal star
• Close-in Super-Earths: The first and the last stages of planet formation in an MRI-accreting disc
• A New Yield Simulator for Transiting Planets and False Positives: Application to the Next Generation Transit Survey
• Migration and Growth of Protoplanetary Embryos III: Mass and Metallicity Dependence for FGKM main-sequence stars
• Transit Probabilities in Secularly Evolving Planetary Systems
• Unified simulations of planetary formation and atmospheric evolution II: Rapid disk clearing by photoevaporation yields low-mass super-Earth atmospheres
• On the role of resonances in polluting white dwarfs by asteroids
• Exciting the TTV Phases of Resonant Sub-Neptunes
• A SCUBA-2 850 micron Survey of Protoplanetary Discs in the IC 348 Cluster
• The SNR of a Transit
• The Influence of 10 Unique Chemical Elements in Shaping the Distribution of Kepler Planets
• TESS discovery of a super-Earth and three sub-Neptunes hosted by the bright, Sun-like star HD 108236
• Planet occurrence rate density models including stellar effective temperature
• Detecting Biosignatures in the Atmospheres of Gas Dwarf Planets with the James Webb Space Telescope
• Super-Earth ingestion can explain the anomalously high metal abundances of M67 Y2235
• HATS-13b and HATS-14b: two transiting hot Jupiters from the HATSouth survey
• It takes two planets in resonance to tango around K2-146
• Precise mass determination for the keystone sub-Neptune planet transiting the mid-type M dwarf G 9-40
• The occurrence rate of exoplanets orbiting ultracool dwarfs as probed by K2
• TOI 564 b and TOI 905 b: Grazing and Fully Transiting Hot Jupiters Discovered by TESS
• Dust Accumulation near the Magnetospheric Truncation of Protoplanetary Discs around T Tauri Stars
• CoRoT-22 b: a validated 4.9 RE exoplanet in 10-day orbit
• The influence of planetary engulfment on stellar rotation in metal-poor main-sequence stars
• Optimal Measures for Characterizing Water-rich Super-Earths
• A Mini-Neptune Orbiting the Metal-poor K Dwarf BD+29 2654
• The Exosphere as a Boundary: Origin and Evolution of Airless Bodies in the Inner Solar System and Beyond Including Planets with Silicate Atmospheres
• Scaling K2. III. Comparable Planet Occurrence in the FGK Samples of Campaign 5 and Kepler
• A recipe for orbital eccentricity damping in the type-I regime for low viscosity 2D-discs
• The GAPS Programme at TNG XL: A puffy and warm Neptune-sized planet and an outer Neptune-mass candidate orbiting the solar-type star TOI-1422
• Atmospheric circulation, chemistry, and infrared spectra of Titan-like exoplanets around different stellar types
• Three super-Earths and a possible water world from TESS and ESPRESSO
• How Complete Are Surveys for Nearby Transiting Hot Jupiters?
• Peering above the clouds of the warm Neptune GJ 436b with CRIRES+
• Dynamical Evolution of Closely Packed Multiple Planetary Systems Subject to Atmospheric Mass-Loss
• Envelopes of embedded super-Earths I. Two-dimensional simulations
• Examining Tatooine: Atmospheric Models of Neptune-Like Circumbinary Planets
• The instability mechanism of compact multiplanet systems
• Stellar abundance of binary stars: their role in determining the formation location of super-Earths and ice giants
• A massive hot Jupiter orbiting a metal-rich early-M star discovered in the TESS full frame images
• Terrestrial Planets Formation under Migration: the Systems near 4:2:1 Mean Motion Resonance
• Interesting Features in the Combined GALEX and Sloan Color Diagrams of Solar-like Galactic Populations
• An examination of the effect of the TESS extended mission on southern hemisphere monotransits
• Global Analysis of KOI-977: Spectroscopy, Asteroseismology, and Phase-curve Analysis
• High-energy spectra of LTT 1445A and GJ 486 reveal flares and activity
• Kepler Transit Depths Contaminated by a Phantom Star
• Signatures of impact-driven atmospheric loss in large ensembles of exoplanets
• A simple, quantitative method to infer the minimum atmospheric height of small exoplanets
• Super-Earths as Failed Cores in Orbital Migration Traps
• Exoplanets Across Galactic Stellar Populations with PLATO: Estimating Exoplanet Yields Around FGK Stars for the Thin Disk, Thick Disk and Stellar Halo
• Survival Function Analysis of Planet Size Distribution with GAIA Data Release 2 Updates
• The Next Generation Transit Survey - Prototyping Phase
• Eclipsing binaries and fast rotators in the Kepler sample. Characterization via radial velocity analysis from Calar Alto
• Exoplanet atmosphere evolution: emulation with neural networks
• Constraining the masses of planets in protoplanetary discs from the presence or absence of vortices -- Comparison with ALMA observations
• Techniques for Finding Close-in, Low-mass Planets around Subgiants
• The growth of super-Earths: the importance of a self-consistent treatment of disc structures and pebble accretion
• The RoPES project with HARPS and HARPS-N. I. A system of super-Earths orbiting the moderately active K-dwarf HD 176986
• Another super-dense sub-Neptune in K2-182 b and refined mass measurements for K2-199 b and c
• On the Formation of Super-Earths with Implications for the Solar System
• HATS-50b through HATS-53b: four transiting hot Jupiters orbiting G-type stars discovered by the HATSouth survey
• TESS discovery of a super-Earth orbiting the M dwarf star TOI-1680
• Trawling for transits in a sea of noise: A Search for Exoplanets by Analysis of WASP Optical Lightcurves and Follow-up (SEAWOLF)
• Coagulation Calculations of Icy Planet Formation Around 0.1--0.5~\msun\ Stars: Super-Earths From Large Planetestimals
• ExELS: an exoplanet legacy science proposal for the ESA Euclid mission. II. Hot exoplanets and sub-stellar systems
• Planet population synthesis: The role of stellar encounters
• Influences of protoplanet-induced three-dimensional gas flow on pebble accretion $\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}$. Headwind regime
• TESS and CHEOPS Discover Two Warm Sub-Neptunes Transiting the Bright K-dwarf HD 15906
• Rocky histories: The effect of high excitations on the formation of rocky planets
• Predicting biosignatures for nutrient limited biospheres
• KELT-23Ab: A Hot Jupiter Transiting a Near-Solar Twin Close to the TESS and JWST Continuous Viewing Zones
• Transits Probabilities Around Hypervelocity and Runaway Stars
• First assessment of the binary lens OGLE-2015_BLG-0232
• The Terrestrial Planet Formation around M Dwarfs: In-situ, Inward Migration or Reversed Migration
• MRI-active inner regions of protoplanetary discs. II. Dependence on dust, disc and stellar parameters
• Atmospheric Characterization via Broadband Color Filters on the PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars (PLATO) Mission
• Dynamical rearrangement of super-Earths during disk dispersal II. Assessment of the magnetospheric rebound model for planet formation scenarios
• High-contrast imaging constraints on gas giant planet formation - The Herbig Ae/Be star opportunity
• The Dynamic Proto-atmospheres around Low-Mass Planets with Eccentric Orbits
• Migration of gap-opening planets in 3D stellar-irradiated accretion disks
• Probing the Survival of Planetary Systems in Globular Clusters with Tidal Disruption Events
• VIBES: VIsual Binary Exoplanet survey with SPHERE Upper limits on wide S-planet and S-BD frequencies, triple system discovery, and astrometric confirmation of 20 stellar binaries and three triple systems
• Probability of Physical Association of 104 Blended Companions to \textit{Kepler} Objects of Interest Using Visible and Near-Infrared Adaptive Optics Photometry
• NGTS 15b, 16b, 17b and 18b: four hot Jupiters from the Next Generation Transit Survey
• TOI-1442 b and TOI-2445 b: two potentially rocky ultra-short period planets around M dwarfs
• Below One Earth Mass: The Detection, Formation, and Properties of Subterrestrial Worlds
• Occurrence rate of hot Jupiters orbiting red giant stars
• A Gap in the Mass Distribution for Warm Neptune and Terrestrial Planets
• TESS Giants Transiting Giants V -- Two hot Jupiters orbiting red-giant hosts
• Understanding Physical Properties of Young M-dwarfs: NIR spectroscopic studies
• Multiverse Predictions for Habitability: Number of Potentially Habitable Planets
• Direct imaging of exoplanets in the habitable zone with adaptive optics
• A near-infrared SETI experiment: instrument overview
• A limit on gas accretion onto close-in super-Earth cores from disk accretion
• Validation of HD 183579b using archival radial velocities: a warm-neptune orbiting a bright solar analog
• On the origin of the eccentricity dichotomy displayed by compact super-Earths: dynamical heating by cold giants
• What's Behind the Elephant's Trunk? Identifying Young Stellar Objects on the Outskirts of IC1396
• K2-HERMES II. Planet-candidate properties from K2 Campaigns 1-13
• Three small transiting planets around the M dwarf host star LP 358-499
• Revealing Short-period Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs in the Galactic Bulge using the Microlensing Xallarap Effect with the \textit{Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope}
• Data calibration for the MASCARA and bRing instruments
• Refraction in exoplanet atmospheres: Photometric signatures, implications for transmission spectroscopy, and search in Kepler data
• Assessing the processes behind planet engulfment and its imprints
• Characterizing K2 Candidate Planetary Systems Orbiting Low-Mass Stars III: A High Mass & Low Envelope Fraction for the Warm Neptune K2-55b
• Unveiling the Planet Population at Birth
• Three Warm Jupiters orbiting TOI-6628, TOI-3837, TOI-5027 and one sub-Saturn orbiting TOI-2328
• Redefining interiors and envelopes: hydrogen-silicate miscibility and its consequences for the structure and evolution of sub-Neptunes
• ATREIDES I. Embarking on a trek across the exo-Neptunian landscape with the TOI-421 system
• Hot Jupiter engulfment by a red giant in 3D hydrodynamics
• Investigating the possibility of reversing giant planet migration via gap edge illumination
• Scheduling strategies for the ESPRESSO follow-up of TESS targets
• The highly inflated giant planet WASP-174b
• CHEOPS observations of TESS primary mission monotransits
• Searching for Biosignatures in Exoplanetary Impact Ejecta
• Deciphering Sub-Neptune Atmospheres: New Insights from Geochemical Models of TOI-270 d
• $\pi$ Earth: a 3.14-day Earth-sized Planet from $\text{K2}$'s Kitchen Served Warm by the SPECULOOS Team
• The Impact of Tidal Migration of Hot Jupiters on the Rotation of Sun-like Main-sequence Stars
• TOI-1696 and TOI-2136: Constraining the Masses of Two Mini-Neptunes with HPF
• Applied Machine-Learning Models to Identify Spectral Sub-Types of M Dwarfs from Photometric Surveys
• Dust ring and gap formation by gas flow induced by low-mass planets embedded in protoplanetary disks $\mathrm{I}$. Steady-state model
• Relative Occurrence Rate Between Hot and Cold Jupiters as an Indicator to Probe Planet Migration
• Gap Formation in Planetesimal Disks Via Divergently Migrating Planets
• How Flow Isolation May Set the Mass Scale for Super-Earth Planets
• HATS-15 b and HATS-16 b: Two massive planets transiting old G dwarf stars
• Robustness of Gaian Feedbacks to Climate Perturbations
• A Simple Depth of Search Metric for Exoplanet Imaging Surveys
• A 2 Earth Radius Planet Orbiting the Bright Nearby K-Dwarf Wolf 503
• Populations of Extrasolar Giant Planets from Transit and Radial Velocity Surveys
• K2-79b and K2-222b: Mass measurements of two small exoplanets with periods beyond 10 days that overlap with periodic magnetic activity signals
• A Spitzer Search for Transits of Radial Velocity Detected Super-Earths
• Formation of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes from rings of planetesimals
• Spectroscopic Transit Search: a self-calibrating method for detecting planets around bright stars
• Microlensed Radio Emission from Exoplanets
• Fiber scrambling for high-resolution spectrographs. II. A double fiber scrambler for Keck Observatory
• Blowin' in the non-isothermal wind: core-powered mass loss with hydrodynamic radiative transfer
• Assessing the spin-orbit obliquity of low-mass planets in the breaking the chain formation model: A story of misalignment
• Mid-infrared time-domain study of recent dust production events in the extreme debris disc of TYC 4209-1322-1
• Radial velocity constraints on the long-period transiting planet Kepler-1625 b with CARMENES
• Can Rocky Exoplanets with Rings Pose as Sub-Neptunes?
• Detecting and Monitoring Tidal Dissipation of Hot Jupiters in the Era of SiTian
• Unraveling the non-equilibrium chemistry of the temperate sub-Neptune K2-18 b
• Exoplanetary searches with gravitational microlensing: polarization issues
• Planet Occurrence: Doppler and Transit Surveys
• Setting the Stage for Habitable Planets
• Small and Close-In Planets are Uncommon Around A-type Stars
• Dust ring and gap formation by gas flow induced by low-mass planets embedded in protoplanetary disks $\mathrm{II}$. Time-dependent model
• Coupled Thermal-Chemical Evolution Models of Sub-Neptunes Reveal Atmospheric Signatures of Their Formation Location
• Relative occurrence rates of terrestrial planets orbiting FGK stars
• Obliquities of Exoplanet Host Stars from Precise Distances and Stellar Angular Diameters
• Very-wide-orbit planets from dynamical instabilities during the stellar birth cluster phase
• Diversity of disc viscosities can explain the period ratios of resonant and non-resonant systems of hot super-Earths and mini-Neptunes
• On the influence of equilibrium tides on transit-timing variations of close-in super-Earths. I. Application to single-planet systems and the case of K2-265 b
• Following the TraCS of exoplanets with Pan-Planets: Wendelstein-1b and Wendelstein-2b
• A Search for Transiting Planets in the Globular Cluster M4 with K2: Candidates and Occurrence Limits
• Characterization of Low Mass K2 Planet Hosts Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
• Formation of Super-Earths
• Using Kepler Candidates to Examine the Properties of Habitable Zone Exoplanets
• Predictions of the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Galactic Exoplanet Survey. III. Detectability of Giant Exomoons of Wide Separation Giant Planets
• A Wide-Field Survey for Transiting Hot Jupiters and Eclipsing Pre-Main-Sequence Binaries in Young Stellar Associations
• A systematic study of \ce{CO2} planetary atmospheres and their link to the stellar environment
• TESS discovery of a super-Earth and two sub-Neptunes orbiting the bright, nearby, Sun-like star HD 22946
• Kepler's Last Planet Discoveries: Two New Planets and One Single-Transit Candidate from K2 Campaign 19
• The late formation of chondrites as a consequence of Jupiter-induced gaps and rings
• How does the chemical composition of solids influence the formation of planetesimals?
• Galactic planetary science
• Empirical Predictions for the Period Distribution of Planets to be Discovered by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• Exploring the Diversity of Jupiter-Class Planets (Discussion Meeting Contribution)
• Close-in compact super-Earth systems emerging from resonant chains: slow destabilization by unseen remnants of formation
• K2, Spitzer, and TESS Transits of Four Sub-Neptune Exoplanets
• Elemental Abundances of Kepler Objects of Interest in APOGEE DR17
• The Detectability of Earth's Biosignatures Across Time
• Formation of organic hazes in CO${}_2$-rich sub-Neptune atmospheres within the graphite-stability regime
• Temperate super-Earths/mini-Neptunes around M/K dwarfs Consist of 2 Populations Distinguished by Their Atmospheres
• Production of hot Jupiter candidates from high-eccentricity mechanisms for different initial planetary mass configurations
• SIOUX project: a simultaneous multiband camera for exoplanet atmospheres studies
• Constraining Planetary Formation Models Using Conditional Occurrences of Various Planet Types
• A joint effort to discover and characterize two resonant mini Neptunes around TOI-1803 with TESS, HARPS-N and CHEOPS
• A simple model to describe intrinsic stellar noise for exoplanet detection around red giants
• Stellar statistics along the ecliptic and the impact on the K2 mission concept
• Radial velocity analysis of stars with debris discs
• Quantifying the Effect of Short-timescale Stellar Activity Upon Transit Detection in M Dwarfs
• PLATOSpec: a precise spectrograph in support of space missions
• The Effect of Accretion Rate and Composition on the Structure of Ice-rich Super-Earths
• OGLE-2014-BLG-0319: A Sub-Jupiter-Mass Planetary Event Encountered Degeneracy with Different Mass Ratios and Lens-Source Relative Proper Motions
• Stacked Periodograms as a Probe of Exoplanetary Populations
• Diversity of Exoplanets
• Generation of an optimal target list for the Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory (EChO)
• Binary-lens Microlensing Degeneracy: Impact on Planetary Sensitivity and Mass-ratio Function
• Background exoplanet candidates in the original Kepler field
• Rotation of planet-harbouring stars
• CoRoT: The First Space-Based Transit Survey to Explore the Close-in Planet Population
• NGTS-EB-8: A double-lined eclipsing M+M binary discovered by citizen scientists
• On the Ordering of Exoplanet Systems
• Simulations Predicting the Ability of Multi-Color Simultaneous Photometry to Distinguish TESS Candidate Exoplanets from False Positives
• KRONOS I: The $1-2.8\mu$m JWST Transmission Spectrum of the 23 Myr V1298 Tau c
• No further evidence for a transiting inner companion to the hot Jupiter HATS-50b
• SPORES-HWO. II. Companion Mass Limits and Updated Planet Properties for 120 Future Exoplanet Imaging Targets from 35 yr of Precise Doppler Monitoring
• Effects of Self-gravity on Mass-loss of the Post-impact Super-Earths
• Gas-depleted planet formation occurred in the four-planet system around the red dwarf LHS 1903
• The Occurrence-weighted Median Planets Discovered by Transit Surveys Orbiting Solar-type Stars and Their Implications for Planet Formation and Evolution
• The Mass Budgets and Spatial Scales of Exoplanet Systems and Protoplanetary Disks
• TOI-1518b: A Misaligned Ultra-hot Jupiter with Iron in its Atmosphere
• A transiting hot Jupiter with two outer siblings orbiting an intermediate-mass post main-sequence star
• An internal heating mechanism operating in ultra-short-period planets orbiting magnetically active stars
• Grain Growth in Escaping Atmospheres: Implications for the Radius Inflation of Super-Puffs
• Chemical diversity of the atmospheres and interiors of sub-Neptunes: a case study of GJ 436 b
• Isotope velocimetry: Experimental and theoretical demonstration of the potential importance of gas flow for isotope fractionation during evaporation of protoplanetary material
• The SATCHEL pipeline: A general tool for data classified through citizen science
• The Multiband Imaging Survey for High-Alpha PlanetS (MISHAPS) I: Preliminary Constraints on the Occurrence Rate of Hot Jupiters in 47 Tucanae
• Impact of Clouds on the Atmosphere-Mantle Interface of Sub-Neptunes
• TOI-333b: A Neptune Desert planet around a F7V star