Kepler Planet Masses and Eccentricities from TTV Analysis

Abstract

We conduct a uniform analysis of the transit timing variations (TTVs) of 145 planets from 55 Kepler multiplanet systems to infer planet masses and eccentricities. Eighty of these planets do not have previously reported mass and eccentricity measurements. We employ two complementary methods to fit TTVs: Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations based on N-body integration and an analytic fitting approach. Mass measurements of 49 planets, including 12 without previously reported masses, meet our criterion for classification as robust. Using mass and radius measurements, we infer the masses of planets' gaseous envelopes for both our TTV sample as well as transiting planets with radial velocity observations. Insight from analytic TTV formulae allows us to partially circumvent degeneracies inherent to inferring eccentricities from TTV observations. We find that planet eccentricities are generally small, typically a few percent, but in many instances are non-zero.

62 pages, 64 figures, submitted to AAS Journals

References in corpus (29)

• DHP Framework: Digital Health Passports Using Blockchain -- Use case on international tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic
• Most 1.6 Earth-Radius Planets are not Rocky
• The Mass of KOI-94d and a Relation for Planet Radius, Mass, and Incident Flux
• Exoplanet Orbital Eccentricities Derived From LAMOST-Kepler Analysis
• The Mass of Kepler-93b and The Composition of Terrestrial Planets
• A resonant chain of four transiting, sub-Neptune planets
• Alignment of the stellar spin with the orbits of a three-planet system
• An ancient extrasolar system with five sub-Earth-size planets
• Inferring the eccentricity distribution
• Transit Timing Observations from Kepler. IX. Catalog of the Full Long-Cadence Data Set
• Changing Phases of Alien Worlds: Probing Atmospheres of Kepler Planets with High-Precision Photometry
• Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler V: Planet Sample from Q1-Q12 (36 Months)
• On the Eccentricity Distribution of Exoplanets from Radial Velocity Surveys
• The Kepler-10 planetary system revisited by HARPS-N: A hot rocky world and a solid Neptune-mass planet
• The Photoeccentric Effect and Proto-Hot Jupiters I. Measuring photometric eccentricities of individual transiting planets
• A Dynamical Analysis of the Kepler-80 System of Five Transiting Planets
• The mass of the Mars-sized exoplanet Kepler-138 b from transit timing
• Measurement of planet masses with transit timing variations due to synodic "chopping" effects
• Characterizing K2 Planet Discoveries: A super-Earth transiting the bright K-dwarf HIP 116454
• Planet Hunters VII. Discovery of a New Low-Mass, Low-Density Planet (PH3 c) Orbiting Kepler-289 with Mass Measurements of Two Additional Planets (PH3 b and d)
• The Transiting System GJ1214: High-Precision Defocused Transit Observations and a Search for Evidence of Transit Timing Variation
• Accretion and Evolution of ~2.5 Earth-mass Planets with Voluminous H/He Envelopes
• Revisiting the transits of CoRoT-7b at a lower activity level
• TRADES: A new software to derive orbital parameters from observed transit times and radial velocities. Revisiting Kepler-11 and Kepler-9
• The Effect of Conjunctions on the Transit Timing Variations of Exoplanets
• Dynamics and Transit Variations of Resonant Exoplanets
• Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission: XXVI. CoRoT-24: A transiting multi-planet system
• The origin and 9:7 MMR dynamics of the Kepler-29 system
• CoRoT-22 b: a validated 4.9 RE exoplanet in 10-day orbit

Cited by in corpus (149)

• The California-Kepler Survey. III. A Gap in the Radius Distribution of Small Planets
• The evaporation valley in the Kepler planets
• Core-powered mass loss and the radius distribution of small exoplanets
• The California-Kepler Survey. IV. Metal-rich Stars Host a Greater Diversity of Planets
• Formation of planetary systems by pebble accretion and migration: How the radial pebble flux determines a terrestrial-planet or super-Earth growth mode
• About 30% of Sun-like Stars Have Kepler-like Planetary Systems: A Study of their Intrinsic Architecture
• Revisited Mass-Radius relations for exoplanets below 120 Earth masses
• Exoplanet Statistics and Theoretical Implications
• TESS Discovery of a Transiting Super-Earth in the $\pi$ Mensae System
• Signatures of the Core-Powered Mass-Loss Mechanism in the Exoplanet Population: Dependence on Stellar Properties and Observational Predictions
• The Super Earth-Cold Jupiter Relations
• Kepler Multi-Planet Systems Exhibit Unexpected Intra-system Uniformity in Mass and Radius
• Four newborn planets transiting the young solar analog V1298 Tau
• Reduced gas accretion on super-Earths and ice giants
• The Featureless Transmission Spectra of Two Super-Puff Planets
• Predicting the long-term stability of compact multiplanet systems
• Obliquity-Driven Sculpting of Exoplanetary Systems
• Chemical Fingerprints of Formation in Rocky Super-Earths' Data
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) VI: a three-planet system in the Hyades cluster including an Earth-sized planet
• Discovery of a Third Transiting Planet in the Kepler-47 Circumbinary System
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) VIII: A Two Planet System in Praesepe from K2 Campaign 16
• A Criterion for the Onset of Chaos in Systems of Two Eccentric Planets
• Tidally-Induced Radius Inflation of Sub-Neptunes
• Testing exoplanet evaporation with multi-transiting systems
• DREAM I. Orbital architecture orrery
• TOI-1136 is a Young, Coplanar, Aligned Planetary System in a Pristine Resonant Chain
• Diffuser-Assisted Infrared Transit Photometry for Four Dynamically Interacting \textit{Kepler} Systems
• Formation of Ultra-Short-Period Planets by Obliquity-Driven Tidal Runaway
• The Compositional Diversity of Low-Mass Exoplanets
• Kepler-411: a four-planet system with an active host star
• Detection of Ongoing Mass Loss from HD 63433c, a Young Mini Neptune
• From super-Earths to sub-Neptunes: Observational constraints and connections to theoretical models
• A resonant sextuplet of sub-Neptunes transiting the bright star HD 110067
• Eccentricities and Inclinations of Multi-Planet Systems with External Perturbers
• Predicting Exoplanets Mass and Radius: A Nonparametric Approach
• Architectures of Compact Super-Earth Systems Shaped by Instabilities
• Mass-Radius relationship for M dwarf exoplanets: Comparing nonparametric and parametric methods
• Tidal Inflation Reconciles Low-Density Sub-Saturns with Core Accretion
• The Kepler Giant Planet Search. I: A Decade of Kepler Planet-host Radial Velocities from W. M. Keck Observatory
• Exploring Whether Super-Puffs Can Be Explained as Ringed Exoplanets
• Is the ring inside or outside the planet?: The effect of planet migration on dust rings
• A Compact Multi-Planet System With A Significantly Misaligned Ultra Short Period Planet
• A planetary system with two transiting mini-Neptunes near the radius valley transition around the bright M dwarf TOI-776
• Long-Period Giant Companions to Three Compact, Multiplanet Systems
• Uncovering the true periods of the young sub-Neptunes orbiting TOI-2076
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). VI. Introducing KOBE: Kepler Observes Bern Exoplanets. Theoretical perspectives on the architecture of planetary systems: Peas in a pod
• Close-in sub-Neptunes reveal the past rotation history of their host stars: atmospheric evolution of planets in the HD3167 and K2-32 planetary systems
• A framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems. I. Four classes of planetary system architecture
• On the patterns observed in Kepler multi-planet systems
• Caught in the Act: Core-powered Mass-loss Predictions for Observing Atmospheric Escape
• Eccentric Companions to Kepler-448b and Kepler-693b: Clues to the Formation of Warm Jupiters
• Sub-Neptune Formation: The View from Resonant Planets
• Dynamical instability and its implications for planetary system architecture
• TOI-216b and TOI-216c: Two warm, large exoplanets in or slightly wide of the 2:1 orbital resonance
• Shallower radius valley around low-mass hosts: Evidence for icy planets, collisions or high-energy radiation scatter
• Absolute densities in exoplanetary systems: photodynamical modelling of Kepler-138
• A System of Three Super Earths Transiting the Late K-Dwarf GJ 9827 at Thirty Parsecs
• A Featureless Infrared Transmission Spectrum for the Super-Puff Planet Kepler-79d
• Unbiasing the density of TTV-characterised sub-Neptunes: Update of the mass-radius relationship of 34 Kepler planets
• HD 191939 revisited: New and refined planet mass determinations, and a new planet in the habitable zone
• The role of dissipative evolution for three-planet, near-resonant extrasolar systems
• Kepler Object of Interest Network II. Photodynamical modelling of Kepler-9 over 8 years of transit observations
• Scaling K2. IV. A Uniform Planet Sample for Campaigns 1-8 and 10-18
• Transiting Planets near the Snow Line from Kepler. I. Catalog
• Fundamental limits from chaos on instability time predictions in compact planetary systems
• Forming Iron-rich Planets with Giant Impacts
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) IX: a flat transmission spectrum and a highly eccentric orbit for the young Neptune K2-25b as revealed by Spitzer
• The Exomoon Corridor: Half of all exomoons exhibit TTV frequencies within a narrow window due to aliasing
• Sculpting the sub-Saturn Occurrence Rate via Atmospheric Mass Loss
• On the Spin States of Habitable Zone Exoplanets Around M Dwarfs: The Effect of a Near-Resonant Companion
• The "Breaking The Chains" migration model for super-Earths formation: the effect of collisional fragmentation
• Intra-system uniformity: a natural outcome of dynamical sculpting
• Mass determination of the 1:3:5 near-resonant planets transiting GJ 9827 (K2-135)
• Transiting Exoplanet Monitoring Project (TEMP). II. Refined System Parameters and Transit Timing Analysis of HAT-P-33b
• Pairwise Tidal Equilibrium States and the Architecture of Extrasolar Planetary Systems
• Prospects for TTV Detection and Dynamical Constraints with TESS
• CKS IX: Revisiting the Minimum-Mass Extrasolar Nebula with Precise Stellar Parameters
• How Close are Compact Multi-Planet Systems to the Stability Limit?
• Dynamics and Origins of the Near-Resonant Kepler Planets
• Resonant sub-Neptunes are puffier
• Following up the Kepler field: Masses of Targets for transit timing and atmospheric characterization
• Kepler Object of Interest Network I. First results combining ground and space-based observations of Kepler systems with transit timing variations
• The six-planet resonant chain of HD 110067
• Orbital Stability and Precession Effects in the Kepler-89 System
• A Five-Planet Resonant Chain: Reevaluation of the Kepler-80 System
• Revisiting the Kepler field with TESS: Improved ephemerides using TESS 2min data
• Kepler-90: Giant transit-timing variations reveal a super-puff
• Visual Analysis and Demographics of Kepler Transit Timing Variations
• TRAPPIST-1: Dynamical analysis of the transit-timing variations and origin of the resonant chain
• Exciting the TTV Phases of Resonant Sub-Neptunes
• A Simplified Photodynamical Model for Planetary Mass Determination in Low-Eccentricity Multi-Transiting Systems
• TESS Observations of Kepler systems with Transit Timing Variations
• Modal Decomposition of TTV - Inferring Planet Masses and Eccentricities
• Stability Constrained Characterization of Multiplanet Systems
• A differentiable N-body code for transit timing and dynamical modeling. I. Algorithm and derivatives
• Dynamical Evolution of Closely Packed Multiple Planetary Systems Subject to Atmospheric Mass-Loss
• TTV-determined Masses for Warm Jupiters and their Close Planetary Companions
• The instability mechanism of compact multiplanet systems
• Using HARPS-N to characterise the long-period planets in the PH-2 and Kepler-103 systems
• Transiting Exoplanet Monitoring Project (TEMP). III. On the Relocation of the Kepler-9~b Transit
• Constraining the Densities of the Three Kepler-289 Planets with Transit Timing Variations
• Terminus: A Versatile Simulator for Space-based Telescopes
• Absence of extended atmospheres in low-mass star radius-gap planets GJ 9827 b, GJ 9827 d and TOI-1235 b
• Transit-Timing Variation Signature of Planet Migration: The Case of K2-24
• The architecture and formation of the Kepler-30 planetary system
• A collage of small planets from the Lick Carnegie Exoplanet Survey : Exploring the super-Earth and sub-Neptune mass regime
• Observations of the Kepler Field with TESS: Predictions for Planet Yield and Observable Features
• Another super-dense sub-Neptune in K2-182 b and refined mass measurements for K2-199 b and c
• The Exomoon Corridor for Multiple Moon Systems
• A young progenitor for the most common planetary systems in the Galaxy
• Rocky histories: The effect of high excitations on the formation of rocky planets
• Physical Properties and Impact Parameter Variations of Kepler Planets from Analytic Light Curve Modeling
• Refining the properties of the TOI-178 system with CHEOPS and TESS
• RV-exoplanet eccentricities: Good, Beta, and Best
• Enhanced Size Uniformity for Near-resonant Planets
• On the Degree of Dynamical Packing in the Kepler Multi-planet Systems
• Photo-dynamical characterisation of the TOI-178 resonant chain
• A close outer companion to the ultra-hot Jupiter TOI-2109 b?
• An Accurate 3D Analytic Model for Exoplanetary Photometry, Radial Velocity, and Astrometry
• Periodic orbits in the 1:2:3 resonant chain and their impact on the orbital dynamics of the Kepler-51 planetary system
• Prospects for Refining Kepler TTV Masses using TESS Observations
• exoMMR: a New Python Package to Confirm and Characterize Mean Motion Resonances
• Period Ratio Sculpting Near Second-Order Mean-Motion Resonances
• Implications of an improved water equation of state for water-rich planets
• Exploiting periodic orbits as dynamical clues for Kepler and K2 systems
• Transit Depth Variations Reveal TOI-216 b to be a Super-Puff
• Can metal-rich worlds form by giant impacts?
• Can Rocky Exoplanets with Rings Pose as Sub-Neptunes?
• Orbital Migration through Atmospheric Mass Loss
• A super-Earth and a mini-Neptune around Kepler-59
• Plausibility of Capture into High-Obliquity States for Exoplanets in the M Dwarf Habitable Zone
• Revisiting Kepler-444 Part I. Seismic modelling and inversions of stellar structure
• A homogeneous TTV investigation of all TESS systems with a confirmed single transiting planet
• Diversities and similarities exhibited by multi-planetary systems and their architectures: I. Orbital spacings
• Constraining Planetary Formation Models Using Conditional Occurrences of Various Planet Types
• Nauyaca: a new tool to determine planetary masses and orbital elements through transit timing analysis
• Mass Upper Bounds for Over 50 Kepler Planets Using Low-S/N Transit Timing Variations
• Higher-Order Mean-Motion Resonances Can Form in Type-I Disk Migration
• The Occurrence-weighted Median Planets Discovered by Transit Surveys Orbiting Solar-type Stars and Their Implications for Planet Formation and Evolution
• Uncovering the Rapidly Evolving Orbits of the Dynamic TOI-201 System
• The multi-planet system TOI-5624: Four transiting sub-Neptunes with an outer companion revealed by transit-timing variations
• A Criterion for the Onset of Chaos in Compact, Eccentric Multiplanet Systems
• An Adolescent and Near-Resonant Planetary System Near the End of Photoevaporation
• On the Ordering of Exoplanet Systems
• Modeling the Solar System I: Characterization Limits from Analytic Timing Variations
• Constraining stellar rotation and planetary atmospheric evolution of a dozen systems hosting sub-Neptunes and super-Earths
• The TESS-Keck Survey. XI. Mass Measurements for Four Transiting sub-Neptunes orbiting K dwarf TOI-1246
• Exploring Long-period Architectures: Four New Planet Candidates from Kepler with Periods >342 days
• Grain Growth in Escaping Atmospheres: Implications for the Radius Inflation of Super-Puffs