Absence of extended atmospheres in low-mass star radius-gap planets GJ 9827 b, GJ 9827 d and TOI-1235 b

Abstract

\textit{Kepler} showed a paucity of planets with radii of 1.5 - 2 ${\mathrm{R}}_{\oplus }$ around solar mass stars but this radius-gap has not been well studied for low-mass star planets. Energy-driven escape models like photoevaporation and core-powered mass-loss predict opposing transition regimes between rocky and non-rocky planets when compared to models depicting planets forming in gas-poor environments. Here we present transit observations of three super-Earth sized planets in the radius-gap around low-mass stars using high-dispersion InfraRed Doppler (IRD) spectrograph on the Subaru 8.2m telescope. The planets GJ 9827 b and d orbit around a K6V star and TOI-1235 b orbits a M0.5 star. We limit any planet-related absorption in the 1083.3 nm lines of triplet He I by placing an upper-limit on the equivalent width of 14.71 mÅ, 18.39 mÅ, and 1.44 mÅ, for GJ 9827 b (99% confidence), GJ 9827 d (99% confidence) and TOI-1235 b (95% confidence) respectively. Using a Parker wind model, we cap the mass-loss at $>$0.25 ${\mathrm{M}}_{\oplus }$ Gyr${}^{-1}$ and $>$0.2 ${\mathrm{M}}_{\oplus }$ Gyr${}^{-1}$ for GJ 9827 b and d, respectively (99% confidence), and $>$0.05 ${\mathrm{M}}_{\oplus }$ Gyr${}^{-1}$ for TOI-1235 b (95\% confidence) for a representative wind temperature of 5000 K. Our observed results for the three planets are more consistent with the predictions from photoevaporation and/or core-powered mass-loss models than the gas-poor formation models. However, more planets in the radius-gap regime around the low-mass stars are needed to robustly predict the atmospheric evolution in planets around low-mass stars.

arXiv commentPublished for MNRAS. 12 pages, 15 figures

References in corpus (76)

• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• The Galaxy Evolution Explorer: A Space Ultraviolet Survey Mission
• The California-Kepler Survey. III. A Gap in the Radius Distribution of Small Planets
• Planet Occurrence within 0.25 AU of Solar-type Stars from Kepler
• Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler, III: Analysis of the First 16 Months of Data
• Kepler planets: a tale of evaporation
• Theoretical Transmission Spectra During Extrasolar Giant Planet Transits
• The evaporation valley in the Kepler planets
• Understanding the Mass-Radius Relation for Sub-Neptunes: Radius as a Proxy for Composition
• Defining and cataloging exoplanets: The exoplanet.eu database
• Growth Model Interpretation of Planet Size Distribution
• Correcting systematic effects in a large set of photometric lightcurves
• Core-powered mass loss and the radius distribution of small exoplanets
• Masses, Radii, and Orbits of Small Kepler Planets: The Transition from Gaseous to Rocky Planets
• Roche lobe effects on the atmospheric loss of "Hot Jupiters"
• Sodium Absorption From the Exoplanetary Atmosphere of HD189733b Detected in the Optical Transmission Spectrum
• Revised Catalog of GALEX Ultraviolet Sources. I. The All-sky Survey: GUVcat_AIS
• Sculpting the Valley in the Radius Distribution of Small Exoplanets as a by-product of Planet Formation: The Core-Powered Mass-Loss Mechanism
• The MUSCLES Treasury Survey I: Motivation and Overview
• Detection of water absorption in the day side atmosphere of HD 189733 b using ground-based high-resolution spectroscopy at 3.2 microns
• Helium in the eroding atmosphere of an exoplanet
• Planetary population synthesis coupled with atmospheric escape: a statistical view of evaporation
• Pulkovo Compilation of Radial Velocities for 35495 Hipparcos Stars in a Common System
• Spectrally resolved detection of sodium in the atmosphere of HD189733b with the HARPS spectrograph
• An atmospheric radiation model for Cerro Paranal. I. The optical spectral range
• A Revised Exoplanet Yield from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)
• Super-Earth Atmospheres: Self-Consistent Gas Accretion and Retention
• Trumpeting M Dwarfs with CONCH-SHELL: a Catalog of Nearby Cool Host-Stars for Habitable ExopLanets and Life
• Breeding Super-Earths and Birthing Super-Puffs in Transitional Disks
• Compositional imprints in density-distance-time: a rocky composition for close-in low-mass exoplanets from the location of the valley of evaporation
• Ground-based detection of an extended helium atmosphere in the Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-69b
• Make Super-Earths, Not Jupiters: Accreting Nebular Gas onto Solid Cores at 0.1 AU and Beyond
• A Spectroscopic Catalog of the Brightest (J<9) M Dwarfs in the Northern Sky
• The MUSCLES Treasury Survey II: Intrinsic Lyman Alpha and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectra of K and M Dwarfs with Exoplanets
• Densities and Eccentricities of 139 Kepler Planets from Transit Time Variations
• A New Window into Escaping Exoplanet Atmospheres: 10830 Å Line of Helium
• The MUSCLES Treasury Survey III: X-ray to Infrared Spectra of 11 M and K Stars Hosting Planets
• Density and Eccentricity of Kepler Planets
• Evolutionary Analysis of Gaseous Sub-Neptune-Mass Planets with MESA
• Kepler Planet Masses and Eccentricities from TTV Analysis
• Detection of Fe I in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b, and a new likelihood-based approach for Doppler-resolved spectroscopy
• Signatures of the Core-Powered Mass-Loss Mechanism in the Exoplanet Population: Dependence on Stellar Properties and Observational Predictions
• An advanced scattered moonlight model for Cerro Paranal
• The Gaia-Kepler Stellar Properties Catalog. II. Planet Radius Demographics as a Function of Stellar Mass and Age
• Evolution of the radius valley around low mass stars from $Kepler$ and $K2$
• How formation time-scales affect the period dependence of the transition between rocky super-Earths and gaseous sub-Neptunes and implications for ${\eta }_{\oplus }$
• High-resolution confirmation of an extended helium atmosphere around WASP-107b
• Overcoming the limitations of the energy-limited approximation for planet atmospheric escape
• Heating efficiency in hydrogen-dominated upper atmospheres
• Mass and Mass Scalings of Super-Earths
• Compositions of Hot Super-Earth Atmospheres: exploring Kepler Candidates
• Exoplanets around Low-mass Stars Unveiled by K2
• Non-detection of TiO and VO in the atmosphere of WASP-121b using high-resolution spectroscopy
• Evidence for He I 10830 Å~ absorption during the transit of a warm Neptune around the M-dwarf GJ 3470 with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder
• Paschen beta emission as a tracer of outflow activity from T-Tauri stars, as compared to Optical Forbidden emission
• First Detection of Hydroxyl Radical Emission from an Exoplanet Atmosphere: High-dispersion Characterization of WASP-33b using Subaru/IRD
• Predicted Number, Multiplicity, and Orbital Dynamics of TESS M Dwarf Exoplanets
• Subaru HDS Transmission Spectroscopy of the Transiting Extrasolar Planet HD 209458b
• Detection of Ongoing Mass Loss from HD 63433c, a Young Mini Neptune
• Non-detection of Helium in the Upper Atmospheres of Three Sub-Neptune Exoplanets
• Precision radial velocity measurements by the forward-modeling technique in the near-infrared
• A Search for H-alpha Absorption in the Exosphere of the Transiting Extrasolar Planet HD 209458b
• Three Small Super-Earths Transiting the nearby star GJ 9827
• No escaping helium from 55 Cnc e
• Masses and radii for the three super-Earths orbiting GJ 9827, and implications for the composition of small exoplanets
• Precise mass and radius of a transiting super-Earth planet orbiting the M dwarf TOI-1235: a planet in the radius gap?
• Metastable Helium Reveals an Extended Atmosphere for the Gas Giant HAT-P-18b
• TOI-1235 b: a keystone super-Earth for testing radius valley emergence models around early M dwarfs
• A System of Three Super Earths Transiting the Late K-Dwarf GJ 9827 at Thirty Parsecs
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time. XI. The Orbit and Radiation Environment of the Young M Dwarf-Hosted Planet K2-25b
• A multi-wavelength look at the GJ 9827 system -- No evidence of extended atmospheres in GJ 9827 b and d from HST and CARMENES data
• Mass determination of the 1:3:5 near-resonant planets transiting GJ 9827 (K2-135)
• Assessing telluric correction methods for Na detections with high-resolution exoplanet transmission spectroscopy
• Physical Parameters of the Multi-Planet Systems HD 106315 and GJ 9827
• Lowest Earth's atmosphere layers probed during a lunar eclipse
• A search for He I airglow emission from the hot Jupiter tau Boo b

Cited by in corpus (9)

• JWST/NIRISS reveals the water-rich "steam world" atmosphere of GJ 9827 d
• The MOPYS project: A survey of 70 planets in search of extended He I and H atmospheres. No evidence of enhanced evaporation in young planets
• Water absorption in the transmission spectrum of the water-world candidate GJ9827d
• DREAM: III.A helium survey in exoplanets on the edge of the hot Neptune desert with GIANO-B@TNG
• The open-source sunbather code: modeling escaping planetary atmospheres and their transit spectra
• Helium in Exoplanet Exospheres: Orbital and Stellar Influences
• The GAPS programme at TNG -- LXIII. Photo-evaporating puzzle: Exploring the enigmatic nature of TOI-5398 b atmospheric signal
• Analytical modeling of helium absorption signals of isothermal atmospheric escape
• A Search for helium in the atmospheres of three sub-Neptunes and a super-Earth around M-dwarfs