Core-powered mass loss and the radius distribution of small exoplanets

Abstract

Recent observations identify a valley in the radius distribution of small exoplanets, with planets in the range $1.5-2.0{\mathrm{R}}_{\oplus }$ significantly less common than somewhat smaller or larger planets. This valley may suggest a bimodal population of rocky planets that are either engulfed by massive gas envelopes that significantly enlarge their radius, or do not have detectable atmospheres at all. One explanation of such a bimodal distribution is atmospheric erosion by high-energy stellar photons. We investigate an alternative mechanism: the luminosity of the cooling rocky core, which can completely erode light envelopes while preserving heavy ones, produces a deficit of intermediate sized planets. We evolve planetary populations that are derived from observations using a simple analytical prescription, accounting self-consistently for envelope accretion, cooling and mass loss, and demonstrate that core-powered mass loss naturally reproduces the observed radius distribution, regardless of the high-energy incident flux. Observations of planets around different stellar types may distinguish between photoevaporation, which is powered by the high-energy tail of the stellar radiation, and core-powered mass loss, which depends on the bolometric flux through the planet's equilibrium temperature that sets both its cooling and mass-loss rates.

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• Chemical diversity of the atmospheres and interiors of sub-Neptunes: a case study of GJ 436 b
• A sub-Saturn Mass-Radius Desert for Planets with Equilibrium Temperature Less than 600 K
• Revising core powered mass loss: A critical assessment of the "energy limited" argument
• Sibling Sub-Neptunes Around Sibling M Dwarfs: TOI-521 and TOI-912
• Atmosphere Loss by Aerial Bursts
• Grain Growth in Escaping Atmospheres: Implications for the Radius Inflation of Super-Puffs
• Split Peas in a Pod: Intra-System Uniformity of Super-Earths and Sub-Neptunes
• Sub-Neptunes Show a Stronger Correlation with Cold Jupiters than Super-Earths Especially in Metal-rich Systems
• A Search for helium in the atmospheres of three sub-Neptunes and a super-Earth around M-dwarfs
• Thermoelastic Contraction as a Suppressor of Atmospheric Escape in Close-in Exoplanets
• JWST unveils a high mean molecular weight atmosphere for mini-Neptune TOI-1130b: Evidence for formation beyond the water ice line
• Probing habitable regions with SRG/eROSITA
• Rapid Formation of Super-Earths Around Low-Mass Stars
• TFAW survey II: 6 Newly Validated Planets and 13 Planet Candidates from K2
• Discovery of a multi-planetary system orbiting the aged Sun-like star HD 224018