Atmospheric Escape from Hot Jupiters

Abstract

Photoionization heating from UV radiation incident on the atmospheres of hot Jupiters may drive planetary mass loss. We construct a model of escape that includes realistic heating and cooling, ionization balance, tidal gravity, and pressure confinement by the host star wind. We show that mass loss takes the form of a hydrodynamic ("Parker") wind, emitted from the planet's dayside during lulls in the stellar wind. When dayside winds are suppressed by the confining action of the stellar wind, nightside winds might pick up if there is sufficient horizontal transport of heat. A hot Jupiter loses mass at maximum rates of ~2 x 10^12 g/s during its host star's pre-main-sequence phase and ~2 x10^10 g/s during the star's main sequence lifetime, for total maximum losses of ~0.06% and ~0.6% of the planet's mass, respectively. For UV fluxes F_UV < 10^4 erg/cm^2/s, the mass loss rate is approximately energy-limited and is proportional to F_UV^0.9. For larger UV fluxes, such as those typical of T Tauri stars, radiative losses and plasma recombination force the mass loss rate to increase more slowly as F_UV^0.6. Dayside winds are quenched during the T Tauri phase because of confinement by overwhelming stellar wind pressure. We conclude that while UV radiation can indeed drive winds from hot Jupiters, such winds cannot significantly alter planetary masses during any evolutionary stage. They can, however, produce observable signatures. Candidates for explaining why the Lyman-alpha photons of HD 209458 are absorbed at Doppler-shifted velocities of +/- 100 km/s include charge-exchange in the shock between the planetary and stellar winds.

Accepted for publication in ApJ, 22 pages, 24 figures. Added additional references--in particular, we now discuss charge-exchange as a potential source of high-velocity neutrals

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• Semi-Empirical Modeling of the Atmospheres of the M Dwarf Exoplanet Hosts GJ 832 and GJ 581
• Hot Jupiter accretion: 3D MHD simulations of star-planet wind interaction
• Lambda Boo Abundance Patterns: Accretion from Orbiting Sources
• Supermassive Hot Jupiters Provide More Favourable Conditions for the Generation of Radio Emission via the Cyclotron Maser Instability - A Case Study Based on Tau Bootis b
• The open-source sunbather code: modeling escaping planetary atmospheres and their transit spectra
• Transmission spectroscopy of the ultra-hot Jupiter MASCARA-4 b: Disentangling the hydrostatic and exospheric regimes of ultra-hot Jupiters
• Orbital migration induced by anisotropic evaporation. Can hot Jupiters form hot Neptunes ?
• Tidal and Magnetic Interactions between a Hot Jupiter and its Host Star in the Magnetospheric Cavity of a Protoplanetary Disk
• Influence of the Sun-like magnetic cycle on exoplanetary atmospheric escape
• Potential long-term habitable conditions on planets with primordial H-He atmospheres
• Space Weather-driven Variations in Ly$\alpha$ Absorption Signatures of Exoplanet Atmospheric Escape: MHD Simulations and the Case of AU Mic b
• A Lyman-alpha transit left undetected: the environment and atmospheric behavior of K2-25b
• The influence of host star activity evolution on the population of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes
• Modelling atmospheric escape and MgII near-ultraviolet absorption of the highly irradiated hot Jupiter WASP-12b
• Atmospheric electrification in dusty, reactive gases in the solar system and beyond
• X-ray emission from the super-Earth host GJ 1214
• A bimodal correlation between host star chromospheric emission and the surface gravity of hot Jupiters
• On the Launching and Structure of Radiatively Driven Winds in Wolf-Rayet Stars
• Photoevaporative Flows From Exoplanet Atmospheres: A 3-D Radiative Hydrodynamic Parameter Study
• Stellar activity and rotation of the planet host Kepler-17 from long-term space-borne photometry
• The three regimes of atmospheric evaporation for super-Earths and sub-Neptunes
• The young mini-Neptune HD 207496b that is either a naked core or on the verge of becoming one
• Planetary parameters, XUV environments and mass-loss rates for nearby gaseous planets with X-ray detected host-stars
• Planetary evolution with atmospheric photoevaporation II: Fitting the slope of the radius valley by combining boil-off and XUV-driven escape
• The Variable Detection of Atmospheric Escape around the young, Hot Neptune AU Mic b
• Expanding the inventory of spectral lines used to trace atmospheric escape in exoplanets
• Inhibition of the electron cyclotron maser instability in the dense magnetosphere of a hot Jupiter
• KELT-9 as an eclipsing double-lined spectroscopic binary: a unique and self-consistent solution to the system
• The XUV irradiation and likely atmospheric escape of the super-Earth $\pi$ Men c
• The shared evaporation history of three sub-Neptunes spanning the radius-period valley of a Hyades star
• Hydrodynamic Simulations of Disrupted Planetary Accretion Discs Inside the Core of an AGB Star
• Hot-Jupiter Core Mass from Roche-lobe Overflow
• Dynamical Evolution of Closely Packed Multiple Planetary Systems Subject to Atmospheric Mass-Loss
• The Maximum Mass-Loss Efficiency for a Photoionization-Driven Isothermal Parker Wind
• Roche-lobe overflow in eccentric planet-star systems
• Magnetohydrodynamic modelling of star-planet interaction and associated auroral radio emission
• Comparative analysis of the influence of Sgr A* and nearby active galactic nuclei on the mass loss of known exoplanets
• Effects of XUV radiation on circumbinary planets
• Modification of the radioactive heat budget of Earth-like exoplanets by the loss of primordial atmospheres
• Two Massive Jupiters in Eccentric Orbits from the TESS Full Frame Images
• The Cosmic Shoreline Revisited: A Metric for Atmospheric Retention Informed by Hydrodynamic Escape
• Non-detection of Helium in the Hot Jupiter WASP-48b
• Helium in Exoplanet Exospheres: Orbital and Stellar Influences
• H-alpha Variability in PTFO8-8695 and the Possible Direct Detection of Emission from a 2 Million Year Old Evaporating Hot Jupiter
• In Situ and Ex Situ Formation Models of Kepler 11 Planets
• Planet formation in the PDS 70 system: Constraining the atmospheric chemistry of PDS 70b and c
• Size evolution of close-in super-Earths through giant impacts and photoevaporation
• Observing atmospheric escape in sub-Jovian worlds with JWST
• Atmosphere escape inferred from modelling the H$\alpha$ transmission spectrum of WASP-121b
• Unraveling the evolution of hot Jupiter systems under the effect of tidal and magnetic interactions and mass loss
• Exoplanet Modulation of Stellar Coronal Radio Emission
• Combined Effects of Disk Winds and Turbulence-Driven Accretion on Planet Populations
• Pointing Chandra Toward the Extreme Ultraviolet Fluxes of Very Low-Mass Stars
• Formation of Super-Earths by Tidally-Forced Turbulence
• Temperature-chemistry coupling in the evolution of gas giant atmospheres driven by stellar flares
• Using Lyman-$\alpha$ transits to constrain models of atmospheric escape
• Evolution of helium triplet transits of close-in gas giants orbiting K-dwarfs
• Multi-epoch detections of the extended atmosphere and transmission spectra of KELT-9b with a 1.5 m telescope
• Methane Planets and their Mass-Radius Relation
• Atmospheric escape in hot Jupiters under sub-Alfvénic interactions
• The evolutionary track of H/He envelope in the observed population of sub-Neptunes and Super-Earths planets
• Star-Planet Interactions: A Computational View
• Stellar activity and planetary atmosphere evolution in tight binary star systems
• Formation of Planetary Populations III: Core Composition & Atmospheric Evaporation
• Stellar Wind Effect on the Atmospheric Escape of Hot Jupiters and their Ly-$\alpha$ and H$\alpha$ transits
• Chaotic winds from a dying world: a one-dimensional map for evolving atmospheres
• The on-orbit performance of the Colorado Ultraviolet Transit Experiment (CUTE) Mission
• Using the helium triplet as a tracer of the physics of giant planet outflows
• Unveiling the Planet Population at Birth
• The high energy spectrum of Proxima Centauri simultaneously observed at X-ray and FUV wavelengths
• Effects of Planetesimal Accretion on the Thermal and Structural Evolution of Sub-Neptunes
• Stellar X-ray activity and habitability revealed by ROSAT sky survey
• The multi-planet system TOI-421 -- A warm Neptune and a super puffy mini-Neptune transiting a G9 V star in a visual binary
• Stellar magnetic activity and Star-Planet Interactions (invited review)
• Blowin' in the non-isothermal wind: core-powered mass loss with hydrodynamic radiative transfer
• Water-Cooled (sub)-Neptunes Get Better Gas Mileage
• Orbital Evolution of Close-in Super-Earths Driven by Atmospheric Escape
• The Hubble PanCET program: The near-ultraviolet transmission spectrum of WASP-79b
• Orbital Migration through Atmospheric Mass Loss
• Computation of the transmitted and polarized scattered fluxes by the exoplanet HD 189733b in X-rays
• The escape of hydrogen-rich atmosphere of exoplanet: Mass loss rates and the absorptions of stellar Lyman $\alpha$
• The high-energy environment of the heavy sub-Earth GJ 367 b indicates likely complete evaporation of its atmosphere
• Novel Physics of Escaping Secondary Atmospheres May Shape the Cosmic Shoreline
• Hot Jupiter Breezes: Time-dependent Outflows from Extrasolar Planets
• The young planetary system K2-25: constraints on companions and starspots
• Helium escape signatures are generally strongest during younger ages but this age dependence is lost in the diversity of observed exoplanets
• Small and Close-In Planets are Uncommon Around A-type Stars
• Born Dry or Born Wet? A Palette of Water Growth Histories in TRAPPIST-1 Analogs and Compact Planetary Systems
• Atmospheric Escape by Magnetically Driven Wind from Gaseous Planets II --Effects of Magnetic Diffusion--
• Identifying interesting planetary systems for future X-ray observations
• Estimating photoevaporative mass loss of exoplanets with PLATYPOS
• Helium escaping from the atmosphere of a nearby rocky exoplanet orbiting in a habitable zone
• How stars and planets interact: a look through the high-energy window
• Detectability of Emission from Exoplanet Outflows Calculated by pyTPCI, a New 1D Radiation-Hydrodynamic Code
• Estimating the Mass Escaping Rates of Radius-valley-spanning Planets in the TOI-431 System via X-Ray and Ultraviolet Evaporation
• Simulating the Escaping Atmosphere of GJ 436 b with Two-fluid Magnetohydrodynamic Models
• Far-ultraviolet flares and variability of the young M dwarf AU Mic: a non-detection of planet c in transit at Lyman-alpha
• Photoevaporation from Inner Protoplanetary Disks Confronted with Observations
• PEPSI's non-detection of escaping hydrogen and metal lines adds to the enigma of WASP-12 b
• Mass loss by atmospheric escape from extremely close-in planets
• Diversity of Exoplanets
• Exploring the habitability and interior composition of exoplanets lying within the extended habitable zone
• Molecular formation along the atmospheric mass loss of HD 209458 b and similar Hot Jupiters
• Hot Jupiters accreting onto their parent stars: effects on the stellar activity
• KRONOS I: The $1-2.8\mu$m JWST Transmission Spectrum of the 23 Myr V1298 Tau c
• Radius and mass distribution of ultra-short period planets
• The Occurrence-weighted Median Planets Discovered by Transit Surveys Orbiting Solar-type Stars and Their Implications for Planet Formation and Evolution
• Why M-dwarf flares have limited impact on the atmospheric evaporation of sub-Neptunes and Earth-sized planets
• A Search for Planetary Metastable Helium Absorption in the V1298 Tau System
• A theory of transmission spectroscopy of hydrodynamic outflows from planetary atmospheres: Spectral-line saturation and limits on mass-loss constraints
• How black hole activity may influence exoplanetary evolution in our Galaxy
• Oxygen left behind: Atmospheric Enrichment due to Fractionation in Sub-Neptunes using BOREAS
• Global Transonic Solutions of Planetary Atmospheres in Hydrodynamic Region $\mbox{--}$ Hydrodynamic Escape Problem due to Gravity and Heat
• An Adolescent and Near-Resonant Planetary System Near the End of Photoevaporation
• Characterizing the bolometric-photoevaporative transition in young sub-Neptunes with radiation-hydrodynamic simulations
• Comparative Analysis of the Model for Exoplanet Atmosphere Outflow
• The Impact of Enhanced EUV Flux on the Upper Atmosphere of Earth-like Exoplanets
• A Multi-Planet System's Sole Super-Puff: Exploring Allowable Physical Parameters for the Cold Super-Puff HIP 41378 f
• Atmospheric Signatures of Common Envelope Evolution in White Dwarf Planets
• Chandra X-ray Observations of V830 Tau: A T Tauri Star Hosting an Evanescent Planet
• Grain Growth in Escaping Atmospheres: Implications for the Radius Inflation of Super-Puffs
• Survival of Primordial Planetary Atmospheres: Mass Loss from Temperate Terrestrial Planets
• Probing habitable regions with SRG/eROSITA
• Evolution of Mercury's Earliest Atmosphere
• Evolution of the ZTF SLRN-2020 star-planet merger
• The effects of stellar activity cycles on planetary atmospheric escape and the HeI 1083nm transit signature
• Revising core powered mass loss: A critical assessment of the "energy limited" argument
• Star-planet interaction through spectral lines
• Simulated Effects of Radioactive Elements on Magnetic Evolution and Atmospheric Mass Loss of Earth-like Planets
• Atmospheric mass loss and stellar wind effects in young and old systems I: comparative 3D study of TOI-942 and TOI-421 systems
• Star-planet magnetic interactions in photoevaporating exoplanets: enhanced power due to atmospheric escape