The Habitable Zones of Pre-Main-Sequence Stars
arXiv:1412.1764 · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/797/2/L25
Abstract
We calculate the pre-main-sequence HZ for stars of spectral classes F to M. The spatial distribution of liquid water and its change during the pre-main-sequence phase of protoplanetary systems is important in understanding how planets become habitable. Such worlds are interesting targets for future missions because the coolest stars could provide habitable conditions for up to 2.5 billion years post-accretion. Moreover, for a given star type, planetary systems are more easily resolved because of higher pre-main-sequence stellar luminosities, resulting in larger planet to star separation for cool stars than is the case for the traditional main-sequence (MS) habitable zone (HZ). We use 1D radiative-convective climate and stellar evolutionary models to calculate pre-main-sequence HZ distances for F1 to M8 stellar types. We also show that accreting planets that are later located in the traditional MS HZ orbiting stars cooler than a K5 (including the full range of M-stars) receive stellar fluxes that exceed the runaway greenhouse threshold, and thus may lose substantial amounts of water initially delivered to them. We predict that M-star planets need to initially accrete more water than Earth did or, alternatively, have additional water delivered later during the long pre-main-sequence phase to remain habitable. Our findings are also consistent with recent claims that Venus lost its water during accretion.
Accepted into "The Astrophysical Journal Letters" on Nov. 5, 2014 (appearing in Vol. 798, Issue 1, January 2015)
References in corpus (5)
- Atmospheric Escape from Hot Jupiters
- Habitable Zones Around Main-Sequence Stars: Dependence on Planetary Mass
- Strong Dependence of the Inner Edge of the Habitable Zone on Planetary Rotation Rate
- A decreased probability of habitable planet formation around low-mass stars
- Formation of Early Water Oceans on Rocky Planets
Cited by in corpus (64)
- The habitability of Proxima Centauri b. I. Irradiation, rotation and volatile inventory from formation to the present
- Predictions of the atmospheric composition of GJ 1132b
- Detectability of atmospheric features of Earth-like planets in the habitable zone around M dwarfs
- A Volcanic Hydrogen Habitable Zone
- Atmospheres of Rocky Exoplanets
- A review of possible planetary atmospheres in the TRAPPIST-1 system
- About Exobiology: The Case for Dwarf K Stars
- Hydrodynamic escape of water vapor atmospheres near very active stars
- Survival of Terrestrial N2-O2 Atmospheres in Violent XUV Environments through Efficient Atomic Line Radiative Cooling
- Distinguishing between wet and dry atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1 e and f
- An upper limit on late accretion and water delivery in the Trappist-1 exoplanet system
- Habitability Models for Astrobiology
- Super-Earths and Earth-like Exoplanets
- Accounting for Multiplicity in Calculating Eta Earth
- Airy worlds or barren rocks? On the survivability of secondary atmospheres around the TRAPPIST-1 planets
- The habitability of stagnant-lid Earths around dwarf stars
- Water Condensation Zones around Main Sequence Stars
- Near-infrared transmission spectrum of TRAPPIST-1 h using Hubble WFC3 G141 observations
- The habitability of the Milky Way during the active phase of its central supermassive black hole
- Evaluating the Plausible Range of N2O Biosignatures on Exo-Earths: An Integrated Biogeochemical, Photochemical, and Spectral Modeling Approach
- Less effective hydrodynamic escape of H-HO atmospheres on terrestrial planets orbiting pre-main sequence M dwarfs
- Formation of aqua planets with water of nebular origin: Effects of water enrichment on the structure and mass of captured atmospheres of terrestrial planets
- Why do we find ourselves around a yellow star instead of a red star?
- Terminator Habitability: the Case for Limited Water Availability on M-dwarf Planets
- Detecting Proxima b's atmosphere with JWST targeting CO2 at 15 micron using a high-pass spectral filtering technique
- Theoretical Reflectance Spectra of Earth-Like Planets through Their Evolutions: Impact of Clouds on the Detectability of Oxygen, Water, and Methane with Future Direct Imaging Missions
- High-Resolution Transmission Spectroscopy of the Terrestrial Exoplanet GJ 486b
- Potential long-term habitable conditions on planets with primordial H-He atmospheres
- TESS Habitable Zone Star Catalog
- JWST-TST DREAMS: Secondary Atmosphere Constraints for the Habitable Zone Planet TRAPPIST-1 e
- Climate sensitivity to ozone and its relevance on the habitability of Earth-like planets
- Stabilization of dayside surface liquid water via tropopause cold trapping on arid slowly rotating tidally locked planets
- Testing Earth-like atmospheric evolution on exo-Earths through oxygen absorption: required sample sizes and the advantage of age-based target selection
- Eta-Earth Revisited II: Deriving a Maximum Number of Earth-like Habitats in the Galactic Disk
- Atmospheres and UV Environments of Earth-like Planets Throughout Post-Main Sequence Evolution
- Prospects for water vapor detection in the atmospheres of temperate and arid rocky exoplanets around M-dwarf stars
- Habitable Zone and Atmosphere Retention Distance (HaZARD) Stellar-evolution-dependent loss models of secondary atmospheres
- Can comets deliver prebiotic molecules to rocky exoplanets?
- Climate Sensitivity to Carbon Dioxide and Moist Greenhouse threshold of Earth-like planets under an increasing solar forcing
- Atmospheric Overturning Circulation on Dry, Tidally-locked Rocky Planets is Mainly Driven by Radiative Cooling
- Orbital Dynamics and the Evolution of Planetary Habitability in the AU Mic System
- Formulation and Resolutions of the Red Sky Paradox
- An Earth-sized Planet around an M5 Dwarf Star at 22 pc
- Interior redox state effects on the stability of secondary atmospheres and observational manifestations: LP 791-18 d as a case study for outgassing rocky exoplanets
- Multiple moist climate equilibrium states on arid rocky M-dwarf planets: A last-saturation tracer analysis
- The Drake Equation as a Function of Spectral Type and Time
- Composition constraints of the TRAPPIST-1 planets from their formation
- Tracing the Inner Edge of the Habitable Zone with Sulfur Chemistry
- Large Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE). XIV. Finding terrestrial protoplanets in the galactic neighborhood
- Absence of a Runaway Greenhouse Limit on Lava Planets
- Giant planet formation via pebble accretion across different stellar masses
- 3D Global climate model of an exo-Venus: a modern Venus-like atmosphere for the nearby super-Earth LP 890-9 c
- The time evolution of the ultraviolet habitable zone
- Probing the Limits of Habitability: A Catalog of Rocky Exoplanets in the Habitable Zone
- The Moist Greenhouse is Sensitive to Stratospheric Temperature
- Hot Earth or Young Venus? A nearby transiting rocky planet mystery
- Is the high-energy environment of K2-18b special?
- Potential Surface Ice Distribution on Close-in Terrestrial Exoplanets around M dwarfs
- UV Spectral Characterization of Low-Mass Stars With AstroSat UVIT for Exoplanet Applications: The Case Study of HIP 23309
- Rebuilding the Habitable Zone from the Bottom Up with Computational Zones
- Carbon Cycle Imbalances on Arid Terrestrial Planets with Implications for Venus
- The Most Common Habitable Planets III -- Modeling Temperature Forcing and Surface Conditions on Rocky Exoplanets and Exomoons
- Bioverse: Potentially Observable Exoplanet Biosignature Patterns Under the UV Threshold Hypothesis for the Origin of Life
- L 98-59: a Benchmark System of Small Planets for Future Atmospheric Characterization