Predictions of the atmospheric composition of GJ 1132b

Abstract

GJ 1132 b is a nearby Earth-sized exoplanet transiting an M dwarf, and is amongst the most highly characterizable small exoplanets currently known. In this paper we study the interaction of a magma ocean with a water-rich atmosphere on GJ 1132b and determine that it must have begun with more than 5 wt% initial water in order to still retain a water-based atmosphere. We also determine the amount of O2 that can build up in the atmosphere as a result of hydrogen dissociation and loss. We find that the magma ocean absorbs at most ~10% of the O2 produced, whereas more than 90% is lost to space through hydrodynamic drag. The most common outcome for GJ 1132 b from our simulations is a tenuous atmosphere dominated by O2, although for very large initial water abundances atmospheres with several thousands of bars of O2 are possible. A substantial steam envelope would indicate either the existence of an earlier H2 envelope or low XUV flux over the system's lifetime. A steam atmosphere would also imply the continued existence of a magma ocean on GJ 1132 b. Further modeling is needed to study the evolution of CO2 or N2-rich atmospheres on GJ 1132 b.

arXiv comment14 pages, 11 figures, accepted at ApJ

References in corpus (44)

• New evolutionary models for pre-main sequence and main sequence low-mass stars down to the hydrogen-burning limit
• The stellar activity-rotation relationship and the evolution of stellar dynamos
• Most 1.6 Earth-Radius Planets are not Rocky
• Temperate Earth-sized planets transiting a nearby ultracool dwarf star
• The Mass-Radius Relation for 65 Exoplanets Smaller than 4 Earth Radii
• Extreme Water Loss and Abiotic O${}_2$ Buildup On Planets Throughout the Habitable Zones of M Dwarfs
• The Role of Core Mass in Controlling Evaporation: the Kepler Radius Distribution and the Kepler-36 Density Dichotomy
• Roche lobe effects on the atmospheric loss of "Hot Jupiters"
• Mass-Radius Relation for Rocky Planets based on PREM
• Atmospheric Retrieval for Super-Earths: Uniquely Constraining the Atmospheric Composition with Transmission Spectroscopy
• The MUSCLES Treasury Survey I: Motivation and Overview
• Terrestrial Planet Occurrence Rates for the Kepler GK Dwarf Sample
• Global modelling of the early Martian climate under a denser CO2 atmosphere: Water cycle and ice evolution
• Finding extraterrestrial life using ground-based high-resolution spectroscopy
• The MUSCLES Treasury Survey II: Intrinsic Lyman Alpha and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectra of K and M Dwarfs with Exoplanets
• A rocky planet transiting a nearby low-mass star
• Constraints on the mass of a habitable planet with water of nebular origin
• The MUSCLES Treasury Survey III: X-ray to Infrared Spectra of 11 M and K Stars Hosting Planets
• The Mass of Kepler-93b and The Composition of Terrestrial Planets
• Abiotic oxygen-dominated atmospheres on terrestrial habitable zone planets
• The Intrinsic Extreme Ultraviolet Fluxes of F5 V to M5 V Stars
• Water loss from terrestrial planets with CO2-rich atmospheres
• Effects of M dwarf magnetic fields on potentially habitable planets
• Habitable Evaporated Cores: Transforming Mini-Neptunes into Super-Earths in the Habitable Zones of M Dwarfs
• HAZMAT I: The Evolution of Far-UV and Near-UV Emission from Early M Stars
• Feasibility Studies for the Detection of $O_2$ in an Earth-like Exoplanet
• Minimum Radii of Super-Earths: Constraints from Giant Impacts
• Characterizing Transiting Planet Atmospheres through 2025
• The Habitable Zones of Pre-Main-Sequence Stars
• Magnetically controlled mass loss from extrasolar planets in close orbits
• Thermal phase curves of nontransiting terrestrial exoplanets 1. Characterizing atmospheres
• Habitability of Terrestrial-Mass Planets in the HZ of M Dwarfs. I. H/He-Dominated Atmospheres
• XUV exposed non-hydrostatic hydrogen-rich upper atmospheres of terrestrial planets. Part I: Atmospheric expansion and thermal escape
• Identifying Planetary Biosignature Impostors: Spectral Features of CO and O4 Resulting from Abiotic O2/O3 Production
• Atmospheric mass loss by stellar wind from planets around main sequence M stars
• Initiation of Plate Tectonics from Post-Magma Ocean Thermo-Chemical Convection
• Deciphering thermal phase curves of dry, tidally locked terrestrial planets
• The Impact of Stellar Rotation on the Detectability of Habitable Planets Around M Dwarfs
• XUV exposed, non-hydrostatic hydrogen-rich upper atmospheres of terrestrial planets II: Hydrogen coronae and ion escape
• The persistence of oceans on Earth-like planets: insights from the deep-water cycle
• Telling twins apart: Exo-Earths and Venuses with transit spectroscopy
• The Albedos of Kepler's Close-in super-Earths
• Mantle Convection, Plate Tectonics, and Volcanism on Hot Exo-Earths
• X-ray emission from the super-Earth host GJ 1214

Cited by in corpus (104)

• A Framework for Prioritizing the TESS Planetary Candidates Most Amenable to Atmospheric Characterization
• A temperate rocky super-Earth transiting a nearby cool star
• The Habitability of Planets Orbiting M-dwarf Stars
• Transient reducing greenhouse warming on early Mars
• Absence of a thick atmosphere on the terrestrial exoplanet LHS 3844b
• Observing the Atmospheres of Known Temperate Earth-sized Planets with JWST
• The Detectability and Characterization of the TRAPPIST-1 Exoplanet Atmospheres with JWST
• The cosmic shoreline: the evidence that escape determines which planets have atmospheres, and what this may mean for Proxima Centauri b
• No thick carbon dioxide atmosphere on the rocky exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 c
• Exoplanet Biosignatures: A Framework for Their Assessment
• Evolved Climates and Observational Discriminants for the TRAPPIST-1 Planetary System
• The MUSCLES Treasury Survey. V. FUV Flares on Active and Inactive M Dwarfs
• The Habitability of Proxima Centauri b: II: Environmental States and Observational Discriminants
• The Surface UV Environment on Planets Orbiting M-Dwarfs: Implications for Prebiotic Chemistry & Need for Experimental Follow-Up
• Atmosphere Origins for Exoplanet Sub-Neptunes
• Mass-radius relationships for irradiated ocean planets
• Habitability of Exoplanet Waterworlds
• Retention of water in terrestrial magma oceans and carbon-rich early atmospheres
• Double Trouble: Two Transits of the Super-Earth GJ 1132 b Observed with JWST NIRSpec G395H
• Redox evolution via gravitational differentiation on low mass planets: implications for abiotic oxygen, water loss and habitability
• Atmospheres of Rocky Exoplanets
• Water on Hot Rocky Exoplanets
• Vertically resolved magma ocean-protoatmosphere evolution: H${}_2$, H${}_2$O, CO${}_2$, CH${}_4$, CO, O${}_2$, and N${}_2$ as primary absorbers
• A review of possible planetary atmospheres in the TRAPPIST-1 system
• A more comprehensive habitable zone for finding life on other planets
• Ground-based optical transmission spectroscopy of the small, rocky exoplanet GJ 1132b
• What factors affect the duration and outgassing of the terrestrial magma ocean?
• Radial velocity follow-up of GJ1132 with HARPS. A precise mass for planet 'b' and the discovery of a second planet
• The long-term evolution of the atmosphere of Venus: processes and feedback mechanisms
• GJ 1252b: A Hot Terrestrial Super-Earth With No Atmosphere
• Detection of an Atmosphere on a Rocky Exoplanet
• How to identify exoplanet surfaces using atmospheric trace species in hydrogen-dominated atmospheres
• Clouds will likely prevent the detection of water vapor in JWST transmission spectra of terrestrial exoplanets
• Water Partitioning in Planetary Embryos and Protoplanets with Magma Oceans
• Hydrodynamic escape of water vapor atmospheres near very active stars
• Analyzing Atmospheric Temperature Profiles and Spectra of M dwarf Rocky Planets
• VPLanet: The Virtual Planet Simulator
• Laboratory spectra of hot molecules: data needs for hot super-Earth exoplanets
• Convective outgassing efficiency in planetary magma oceans: insights from computational fluid dynamics
• Predictions for Observable Atmospheres of Trappist-1 Planets from a Fully Coupled Atmosphere-Interior Evolution Model
• Lava Worlds: From Early Earth to Exoplanets
• Detection of the atmosphere of the 1.6 Earth mass exoplanet GJ 1132b
• Was Venus Ever Habitable? Constraints from a Coupled Interior-Atmosphere-Redox Evolution Model
• Magma ocean evolution of the TRAPPIST-1 planets
• Dry Late Accretion inferred from Venus' coupled atmosphere and internal evolution
• Distinguishing between wet and dry atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1 e and f
• The erosion of large primary atmospheres typically leaves behind substantial secondary atmospheres on temperate rocky planets
• Oxygen False Positives on Habitable Zone Planets Around Sun-Like Stars
• The Pale Green Dot: A Method to Characterize Proxima Centauri b using Exo-Aurorae
• Observing Isotopologue Bands in Terrestrial Exoplanet Atmospheres with the James Webb Space Telescope---Implications for Identifying Past Atmospheric and Ocean Loss
• Super-Earths and Earth-like Exoplanets
• Effect of mantle oxidation state and escape upon the evolution of Earth's magma ocean atmosphere
• Optical Transmission Spectroscopy of the Terrestrial Exoplanet LHS 3844b from 13 Ground-Based Transit Observations
• Understanding planetary context to enable life detection on exoplanets and test the Copernican principle
• Calculation of Electric Quadrupole Linestrengths for Diatomic Molecules: Application to the H2, CO, HF and O2 Molecules
• Sulfate Aerosol Hazes and SO2 Gas as Constraints on Rocky Exoplanets' Surface Liquid Water
• Waterworlds Probably Do Not Experience Magmatic Outgassing
• The Demographics of Terrestrial Planets in the Venus Zone
• Beyond runaway: initiation of the post-runaway greenhouse state on rocky exoplanets
• A mirage of the cosmic shoreline: Venus-like clouds as a statistical false positive for exoplanet atmospheric erosion
• Keeping M-Earths Habitable in the Face of Atmospheric Loss by Sequestering Water in the Mantle
• TOI-1695 b: A Water World Orbiting an Early M Dwarf in the Planet Radius Valley
• Episodic deluges in simulated hothouse climates
• A Search for Additional Bodies in the GJ 1132 Planetary System from 21 Ground-based Transits and a 100 Hour Spitzer Campaign
• Role of magma oceans in controlling carbon and oxygen of sub-Neptune atmospheres
• Bioverse: The Habitable Zone Inner Edge Discontinuity as an Imprint of Runaway Greenhouse Climates on Exoplanet Demographics
• Reduced late bombardment on rocky exoplanets around M-dwarfs
• Evolution of Earth-like planetary atmospheres around M-dwarf stars: Assessing the atmospheres and biospheres with a coupled atmosphere biogeochemical model
• Evolution and Spectral Response of a Steam Atmosphere for Early Earth with a coupled climate-interior model
• Effect of surface-mantle water exchange parameterizations on exoplanet ocean depths
• A mineralogical reason why all exoplanets cannot be equally oxidising
• Ariel Planetary Interiors White Paper
• Convective shutdown in the atmospheres of lava worlds
• Habitability from Tidally-Induced Tectonics
• A New Line-By-Line General Circulation Model for Simulations of Diverse Planetary Atmospheres: Initial Validation and Application to the Exoplanet GJ 1132b
• Atmospheric Evolution on Low-gravity Waterworlds
• The Cosmic Shoreline Revisited: A Metric for Atmospheric Retention Informed by Hydrodynamic Escape
• Magma ocean interactions can explain JWST observations of the sub-Neptune TOI-270 d
• H${}_2$O${}_2$-induced Greenhouse Warming on Oxidized Early Mars
• Detectable Abundance of Cyanoacetylene (HC${}_3$N) Predicted on Reduced Nitrogen-Rich Super-Earth Atmospheres
• Constraining exoplanet interiors using observations of their atmospheres
• Additional JWST/NIRSpec Transits of the Rocky M Dwarf Exoplanet GJ 1132 b Reveal a Featureless Spectrum
• Atmospheric Overturning Circulation on Dry, Tidally-locked Rocky Planets is Mainly Driven by Radiative Cooling
• High-Resolution Spectral Discriminants of Ocean Loss for M Dwarf Terrestrial Exoplanets
• An ab initio spectroscopic model of the molecular oxygen atmospheric and infrared bands
• Volatile-rich evolution of molten super-Earth L 98-59 d
• Exploring the atmosphere of GJ 1132 b with CRIRES+
• Large Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE). XIV. Finding terrestrial protoplanets in the galactic neighborhood
• Coupled Thermal-Chemical Evolution Models of Sub-Neptunes Reveal Atmospheric Signatures of Their Formation Location
• AGNI: A radiative-convective model for lava planet atmospheres
• Absence of a Runaway Greenhouse Limit on Lava Planets
• The Featureless HST/WFC3 Transmission Spectrum of the Rocky Exoplanet GJ 1132b: No Evidence For A Cloud-Free Primordial Atmosphere and Constraints on Starspot Contamination
• From CO${}_2$- to H${}_2$O-dominated atmospheres and back -- How mixed outgassing changes the volatile distribution in magma oceans around M dwarf stars
• The Diversity of Exoplanetary Environments and the Search for Signs of Life Beyond Earth
• Super-Earth masses and stellar abundances from NIRPS reveal tentative evidence for water-rich formation around M dwarfs
• TOI-1634 b: an Ultra-Short Period Keystone Planet Sitting Inside the M Dwarf Radius Valley
• Oxygen left behind: Atmospheric Enrichment due to Fractionation in Sub-Neptunes using BOREAS
• An Evolving Cosmic Shoreline and Sandbar Bounding the Rocky Airless Valley
• Impact of Clouds on the Atmosphere-Mantle Interface of Sub-Neptunes
• Rapid and Predictive Planet Population Synthesis Model (RAPPS) I. Upgraded model and resulting synthetic populations
• Inversion of Hydrogen-rich Atmosphere and Water Content for GJ 486b
• Planets or asteroids? A geochemical method to constrain the masses of White Dwarf pollutants
• Hidden water in magma ocean exoplanets
• Coupled evolution of Earth's H2-rich proto-atmosphere and oxidized magma ocean: Efficient H2O production through dissolved H2 transport and atmospheric buffering of the magma ocean redox state