Connection between planetary He I $\lambda$10830 Å absorption and extreme-ultraviolet emission of planet-host stars

Abstract

Context. The detection of the He I 10830 A triplet in exoplanet atmospheres has opened a new window for probing planetary properties, including atmospheric escape. Unlike Lyman alpha, the triplet is less affected by ISM absorption. Sufficient XUV stellar irradiation may trigger the formation of the He I triplet via photoionization and posterior recombination processes in the planet atmospheres. Only a weak trend between stellar XUV and the planetary He I strength has been observed so far. Aims. We aim to confirm this mechanism for producing the He I absorption in exoplanetary atmospheres by examining a sample of planetary systems. Methods. We obtained homogeneous measurements of the planetary He I line EW and consistently computed the stellar XUV ionizing irradiation. We first derived new coronal models for the planet-host stars. We used updated data from the X-exoplanets database, archival X-ray spectra of M-type stars (including AU Mic and Proxima Cen), and new XMM-Newton X-ray data obtained for the CARMENES project. These data were complemented at longer wavelengths with publicly available HST, FUSE, and EUVE spectra. A total of 75 stars are carefully analyzed to obtain a new calibration between X-ray and EUV emission. Results. Two distinct relationships between stellar X-ray emission (5-100 A) and EUV_H (100-920 A) or EUV_He (100-504 A) radiation are obtained to scale the emission from late-type stellar coronae. A total of 48 systems with reported planetary He I 10830 A studies, exhibit a robust relationship between the planetary He I feature and the ionizing XUV_He received by the planet, corrected by stellar and planetary radii, and the planet's gravitational potential. Some outliers could be explained by a different atmospheric composition or the lack of planetary gaseous atmospheres. This relation may be used to predict the He I 10830 A absorption in exoplanet atmospheres.

arXiv commentAccepted by A&A. 12 pages, 5 figures in the main body (42 pages, 22 figures, 21 tables including appendices)

References in corpus (111)

• Gaia Data Release 3: Summary of the content and survey properties
• Intrinsic Colors, Temperatures, and Bolometric Corrections of Pre-Main Sequence Stars
• The European Photon Imaging Camera on XMM-Newton: The MOS Cameras
• Collisional Plasma Models with APEC/APED: Emission Line Diagnostics of Hydrogen-like and Helium-like Ions
• Detection of an Extrasolar Planet Atmosphere
• The stellar activity-rotation relationship and the evolution of stellar dynamos
• Theoretical Transmission Spectra During Extrasolar Giant Planet Transits
• An Overview of the Performance and Scientific Results from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXO)
• Atmospheric Escape from Hot Jupiters
• Overview of the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Mission
• X-ray astronomy of stellar coronae (Review)
• Estimation of the XUV radiation onto close planets and their evaporation
• The MUSCLES Treasury Survey I: Motivation and Overview
• Helium in the eroding atmosphere of an exoplanet
• Friends of Hot Jupiters I: A Radial Velocity Search for Massive, Long-Period Companions to Close-In Gas Giant Planets
• The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N@TNG XIV. Investigating giant planet migration history via improved eccentricity and mass determination for 231 transiting planets
• Exoplanetary Atmospheres: Key Insights, Challenges and Prospects
• Ground-based detection of an extended helium atmosphere in the Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-69b
• A diagram for the evaporation status of extrasolar planets
• The active lives of stars: a complete description of rotation and XUV evolution of F, G, K, and M dwarfs
• Spectrally resolved helium absorption from the extended atmosphere of a warm Neptune-mass exoplanet
• A New Window into Escaping Exoplanet Atmospheres: 10830 Å Line of Helium
• The Intrinsic Extreme Ultraviolet Fluxes of F5 V to M5 V Stars
• Simulating the escaping atmospheres of hot gas planets in the solar neighborhood
• CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs V. Luminosities, colours, and spectral energy distributions
• Detection of He I $\lambda 10830$ Å absorption on HD 189733 b with CARMENES high-resolution transmission spectroscopy
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. First visual-channel radial-velocity measurements and orbital parameter updates of seven M-dwarf planetary systems
• Three sub-Jupiter-mass planets: WASP-69b & WASP-84b transit active K dwarfs and WASP-70Ab transits the evolved primary of a G4+K3 binary
• A candidate super-Earth planet orbiting near the snow line of Barnard's star
• HAT-P-26b: A Low-Density Neptune-Mass Planet Transiting a K Star
• XUV-driven mass loss from extrasolar giant planets orbiting active stars
• High-resolution confirmation of an extended helium atmosphere around WASP-107b
• Three irradiated and bloated hot Jupiters: WASP-76b, WASP-82b & WASP-90b
• WASP-52b, WASP-58b, WASP-59b, and WASP-60b: four new transiting close-in giant planets
• Overcoming the limitations of the energy-limited approximation for planet atmospheric escape
• The discoveries of WASP-91b, WASP-105b and WASP-107b: two warm Jupiters and a planet in the transition region between ice giants and gas giants
• WASP-80b: a gas giant transiting a cool dwarf
• The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph: On-Orbit Instrument Performance
• He I $\lambda$ 10830 Å in the transmission spectrum of HD 209458 b
• Stellar coronal astronomy - a review
• The Structure of Stellar Coronae in Active Binary Systems
• Detection of Helium in the Atmosphere of the Exo-Neptune HAT-P-11b
• The Solar Neighborhood XLIX: Nine Giant Planets Orbiting Nearby K Dwarfs, and the CHIRON Spectrograph's Radial Velocity Performance
• HAT-P-11: Discovery of a Second Planet and a Clue to Understanding Exoplanet Obliquities
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) VI: a three-planet system in the Hyades cluster including an Earth-sized planet
• Modelling the He I triplet absorption at 10830 Angstroms in the atmosphere of HD 209458 b
• Three years in the coronal life of AB Dor. I. Plasma emission measure distributions and abundances at different activity levels
• WASP-35b, WASP-48b and WASP-51b: Two new planets and an independent discovery of HAT-P-30b
• A He I upper atmosphere around the warm Neptune GJ 3470b
• The Upper Edge of the Neptune Desert Is Stable Against Photoevaporation
• Searching for Far-Ultraviolet Auroral/Dayglow Emission from HD209458b
• A scenario of planet erosion by coronal radiation
• From dense hot Jupiter to low-density Neptune: The discovery of WASP-127b, WASP-136b and WASP-138b
• Decaying Orbit of the Hot Jupiter WASP-12b: Confirmation with TESS Observations
• Rapid contraction of giant planets orbiting the 20 million-years old star V1298 Tau
• Detection of Atmospheric Escape from Four Young Mini Neptunes
• Radial velocity confirmation of K2-100b: a young, highly irradiated, and low density transiting hot Neptune
• Detection of Ongoing Mass Loss from HD 63433c, a Young Mini Neptune
• Transit confirmation and improved stellar and planet parameters for the super-Earth HD 97658 b and its host star
• A More Precise Mass for GJ 1214 b and the Frequency of Multi-Planet Systems Around Mid-M Dwarfs
• Bright Opportunities for Atmospheric Characterization of Small Planets: Masses and Radii of K2-3 b, c, d and GJ3470 b from Radial Velocity Measurements and Spitzer Transits
• Precise Masses in the WASP-47 System
• The GAPS Programme at TNG XXI -- A GIARPS case-study of known young planetary candidates: confirmation of HD 285507 b and refutation of AD Leo b
• The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG XIX. Atmospheric Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and improved parameters of KELT-9b
• Non-detection of Helium in the Upper Atmospheres of Three Sub-Neptune Exoplanets
• H$\alpha$ and He I absorption in HAT-P-32 b observed with CARMENES -- Detection of Roche lobe overflow and mass loss
• On the Eccentricity Distribution of Short-Period Single-Planet Systems
• No escaping helium from 55 Cnc e
• A tentative detection of He I in the atmosphere of GJ 1214b
• Reconstructing the Extreme Ultraviolet Emission of Cool Dwarfs Using Differential Emission Measure Polynomials
• The young HD 73583 (TOI-560) planetary system: Two 10-M${}_{\oplus }$ mini-Neptunes transiting a 500-Myr-old, bright, and active K dwarf
• Active cool stars and He I 10830 Å: the coronal connection
• Modelling the He I triplet absorption at 10830 Angstroms in the atmospheres of HD 189733 b and GJ 3470 b
• Keck/NIRSPEC studies of He I in the atmospheres of two inflated hot gas giants orbiting K dwarfs: WASP-52b and WASP-177b
• Mass, radius, and composition of the transiting planet 55 Cnc e : using interferometry and correlations
• A detailed analysis of the Gl 486 planetary system
• TOI-2076 and TOI-1807: Two young, comoving planetary systems within 50 pc identified by TESS that are ideal candidates for further follow-up
• Long-Period Giant Companions to Three Compact, Multiplanet Systems
• Ca II H&K stellar activity parameter: a proxy for stellar Extreme Ultraviolet Fluxes
• Metastable Helium Reveals an Extended Atmosphere for the Gas Giant HAT-P-18b
• The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG. XXXVII. A precise density measurement of the young ultra-short period planet TOI-1807 b
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time. X. The Orbit and Atmosphere of the Young "Neptune Desert"-Dwelling Planet K2-100b
• The EUVE point of view of AD Leo
• Homogeneous search for helium in the atmosphere of 11 gas giant exoplanets with SPIRou
• Reconstructing the high energy irradiation of the evaporating hot Jupiter HD 209458b
• The GAPS Programme at TNG. XXXII. The revealing non-detection of metastable HeI in the atmosphere of the hot Jupiter WASP-80b
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Stable radial-velocity variations at the rotation period of AD~Leonis -- A test case study of current limitations to treating stellar activity
• Characterisation of the upper atmospheres of HAT-P-32 b, WASP-69 b, GJ 1214 b, and WASP-76 b through their He I triplet absorption
• The MOPYS project: A survey of 70 planets in search of extended He I and H atmospheres. No evidence of enhanced evaporation in young planets
• AD Leonis: Radial velocity signal of stellar rotation or spin-orbit resonance?
• Search for helium in the upper atmosphere of the hot Jupiter WASP-127 b using Gemini/Phoenix
• Multi-wavelength variability of the young solar analog iota Hor. X-ray cycle, star spots, flares, and UV emission
• Helium absorption in exoplanet atmospheres is connected to stellar coronal abundances
• A multi-wavelength look at the GJ 9827 system -- No evidence of extended atmospheres in GJ 9827 b and d from HST and CARMENES data
• On the origin of the non-detection of metastable HeI in the upper atmosphere of the hot Jupiter WASP-80b
• Confirmation of an He I evaporating atmosphere around the 650-Myr-old sub-Neptune HD235088 b (TOI-1430 b) with CARMENES
• Reconstructing the XUV Spectra of Active Sun-like Stars Using Solar Scaling Relations with Magnetic Flux
• Three Hot-Jupiters on the upper edge of the mass-radius distribution: WASP-177, WASP-181 and WASP-183
• Transmission spectroscopy of the lowest-density gas giant: metals and a potential extended outflow in HAT-P-67b
• TOI-1268b: the youngest, hot, Saturn-mass transiting exoplanet
• Physical Parameters of the Multi-Planet Systems HD 106315 and GJ 9827
• Probing atmospheric escape through metastable He I triplet lines in 15 exoplanets observed with SPIRou
• Photospheric and coronal abundances in solar-type stars: the peculiar case of Tau Bootis
• XUV emission of the young planet-hosting star V1298\,Tau from coordinated observations with XMM-Newton and HST
• A Mini-Neptune Orbiting the Metal-poor K Dwarf BD+29 2654
• Helium in Exoplanet Exospheres: Orbital and Stellar Influences
• Non-detection of Helium in the Hot Jupiter WASP-48b
• Updated Planetary Mass Constraints of the Young V1298 Tau System Using MAROON-X
• The K2-ESPRINT Project VI: K2-105 b, a Hot-Neptune around a Metal-rich G-dwarf
• Dynamical masses of two young transiting sub-Neptunes orbiting HD 63433
• A hot mini-Neptune and a temperate, highly eccentric sub-Saturn around the bright K-dwarf TOI-2134

Cited by in corpus (13)

• ATREIDES I. Embarking on a trek across the exo-Neptunian landscape with the TOI-421 system
• NIRPS detection of delayed atmospheric escape from the warm and misaligned Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-69b
• Searching for star-planet interactions in GJ 486 at radio wavelengths with the uGMRT
• Helium escape signatures are generally strongest during younger ages but this age dependence is lost in the diversity of observed exoplanets
• Modelling helium in exoplanet atmospheres. A revised network with photoelectron-driven processes
• Enhancing the detection of low-energy M dwarf flares: Wavelet-based denoising of CHEOPS data
• On the center-to-limb variations of the He I 10830 Å triplet
• Time-resolved X-ray spectra of Proxima Centauri as seen by XMM-Newton
• Revisiting the atmosphere of HAT-P-70b with CARMENES high-resolution transmission spectroscopy
• The GAPS Programme at the TNG: LXX. TOI-5734b: A hot sub-Neptune orbiting a relatively young K dwarf with an Earth-like density
• Probing habitable regions with SRG/eROSITA
• The effects of stellar activity cycles on planetary atmospheric escape and the HeI 1083nm transit signature
• A Search for helium in the atmospheres of three sub-Neptunes and a super-Earth around M-dwarfs