NIRPS detection of delayed atmospheric escape from the warm and misaligned Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-69b

Abstract

Near-infrared high-resolution echelle spectrographs unlock access to fundamental properties of exoplanets, from their atmospheric escape and composition to their orbital architecture, which can all be studied simultaneously from transit observations. We present the first results of the newly commissioned ESO near-infrared spectrograph, NIRPS, from three transits of WASP-69b. We used the RM Revolutions technique to better constrain the orbital architecture of the system. We extracted the high-resolution helium absorption profile to study its spectral shape and temporal variations. Then, we made 3D simulations from the EVE code to fit the helium absorption time series. We measure a slightly misaligned orbit for WASP-69b (psi of 28.7+/-5.7 deg). We confirm the detection of helium with an average excess absorption of 3.17+/-0.05%. The helium absorption is spectrally and temporally resolved, extends to high altitudes and has a strong velocity shift up to -29.5+/-2.5 km/s 50 minutes after egress. EVE simulations put constraints on the mass loss of 2.25 10^11 g/s and hint at reactive chemistry within the cometary-like tail and interaction with the stellar winds that allow the metastable helium to survive longer than expected. Our results suggest that WASP-69b is undergoing a transformative phase in its history, losing mass while evolving on a misaligned orbit. This work shows how combining multiple observational tracers such as orbital architecture, atmospheric escape, and composition, is critical to understand exoplanet demographics and their formation and evolution. We demonstrate that NIRPS can reach precisions similar to HARPS for RM studies, and the high data quality of NIRPS leads to unprecedented atmospheric characterization. The high stability of NIRPS combined with the large GTO available for its consortium, enables in-depth studies of exoplanets as well as large population surveys.

19 pages (+7 appendix), 18 figures, accepted in A&A

References in corpus (102)

• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• PARSEC: stellar tracks and isochrones with the PAdova and TRieste Stellar Evolution Code
• Analytic Lightcurves for Planetary Transit Searches
• Collisional Plasma Models with APEC/APED: Emission Line Diagnostics of Hydrogen-like and Helium-like Ions
• Accurate masses and radii of normal stars: modern results and applications
• Shrinking binary and planetary orbits by Kozai cycles with tidal friction
• Improved Age Estimation for Solar-Type Dwarfs Using Activity-Rotation Diagnostics
• batman: BAsic Transit Model cAlculatioN in Python
• Information criteria for astrophysical model selection
• Ages for illustrative field stars using gyrochronology: viability, limitations and errors
• A map of the day-night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b
• Theoretical Transmission Spectra During Extrasolar Giant Planet Transits
• EXOFAST: A fast exoplanetary fitting suite in IDL
• The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets VII. Two short-period Saturnian companions to HD108147 and HD168746
• ESPRESSO@VLT -- On-sky performance and first results
• A giant comet-like cloud of hydrogen escaping the warm Neptune-mass exoplanet GJ 436b
• Roche lobe effects on the atmospheric loss of "Hot Jupiters"
• Estimation of the XUV radiation onto close planets and their evaporation
• Dearth of short-period Neptunian exoplanets - a desert in period-mass and period-radius planes
• Spectrally resolved detection of sodium in the atmosphere of HD189733b with the HARPS spectrograph
• SWEET-Cat: A catalogue of parameters for Stars With ExoplanETs I. New atmospheric parameters and masses for 48 stars with planets
• Compositional diversity in the atmospheres of hot Neptunes, with application to GJ 436b
• Spectroscopic stellar parameters for 582 FGK stars in the HARPS volume-limited sample. Revising the metallicity-planet correlation
• Ground-based detection of an extended helium atmosphere in the Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-69b
• A diagram for the evaporation status of extrasolar planets
• Photoevaporation and High-Eccentricity Migration Created the Sub-Jovian Desert
• Spectrally resolved helium absorption from the extended atmosphere of a warm Neptune-mass exoplanet
• A New Window into Escaping Exoplanet Atmospheres: 10830 Å Line of Helium
• Observational constraints on the origin of the elements. IV: The standard composition of the Sun
• A Guide to Realistic Uncertainties on Fundamental Properties of Solar-Type Exoplanet Host Stars
• Hubble PanCET: An extended upper atmosphere of neutral hydrogen around the warm Neptune GJ 3470 b
• The Intrinsic Extreme Ultraviolet Fluxes of F5 V to M5 V Stars
• 3D model of hydrogen atmospheric escape from HD209458b and HD189733b: radiative blow-out and stellar wind interactions
• Atomic data for the Gaia-ESO Survey
• The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect reloaded: Probing the 3D spin-orbit geometry, differential stellar rotation, and the spatially-resolved stellar spectrum of star-planet systems
• TAPAS, a web-based service of atmospheric transmission computation for astronomy
• Deriving precise parameters for cool solar-type stars. Optimizing the iron line list
• An evaporating planet in the wind: stellar wind interactions with the radiatively braked exosphere of GJ436 b
• Orbital misalignment of the Neptune-mass exoplanet GJ 436b with the spin of its cool star
• Three sub-Jupiter-mass planets: WASP-69b & WASP-84b transit active K dwarfs and WASP-70Ab transits the evolved primary of a G4+K3 binary
• On the Inference of a Star's Inclination Angle from its Rotation Velocity and Projected Rotation Velocity
• WASP-42 b and WASP-49 b: two new transiting sub-Jupiters
• High-resolution confirmation of an extended helium atmosphere around WASP-107b
• Stellar chromospheric activity of 1,674 FGK stars from the AMBRE-HARPS sample I. A catalogue of homogeneous chromospheric activity
• Towards precise stellar ages: combining isochrone fitting with empirical gyrochronology
• Li depletion in solar analogues with exoplanets: Extending the sample
• WIYN Open Cluster Study. LXXV. Testing the Metallicity Dependence of Stellar Lithium Depletion Using Hyades-Aged Clusters. 1. Hyades & Praesepe
• Detection of sodium in the atmosphere of WASP-69b
• Helium Absorption at 1083 nm from Extended Exoplanet Atmospheres: Dependence on Stellar Radiation
• SWEET-Cat 2.0: The Cat just got SWEETer; Higher quality spectra and precise parallaxes from GAIA eDR3
• Line-by-line velocity measurements, an outlier-resistant method for precision velocimetry
• Correcting the spectroscopic surface gravity using transits and asteroseismology. No significant effect on temperatures or metallicities with ARES+MOOG in LTE
• Center-to-Limb Variation of Solar Line Profiles as a Test of NLTE Line Formation Calculations
• APERO: A PipelinE to Reduce Observations -- Demonstration with SPIRou
• Search for water vapor in the high-resolution transmission spectrum of HD189733b in the visible
• The Warm Neptune GJ 3470b has a Polar Orbit
• The Upper Edge of the Neptune Desert Is Stable Against Photoevaporation
• Wind of Change: retrieving exoplanet atmospheric winds from high-resolution spectroscopy
• Detection of Atmospheric Escape from Four Young Mini Neptunes
• DREAM I. Orbital architecture orrery
• p-winds: an open-source Python code to model planetary outflows and upper atmospheres
• ACTIN: A tool to calculate stellar activity indices
• Signatures of Strong Magnetization and Metal-Poor Atmosphere for a Neptune-Size Exoplanet
• The Impact of Metallicity on the Evolution of Rotation and Magnetic Activity of Sun-Like Stars
• The formation of mini-Neptunes
• The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect Revolutions: An ultra-short period planet and a warm mini-Neptune on perpendicular orbits
• The atmosphere and architecture of WASP-189 b probed by its CHEOPS phase curve
• Irradiation-driven escape of primordial planetary atmospheres II. Evaporation efficiency of sub-Neptunes through hot Jupiters
• Non-detection of Helium in the Upper Atmospheres of Three Sub-Neptune Exoplanets
• Constraints on Metastable Helium in the Atmospheres of WASP-69b and WASP-52b with Ultra-Narrowband Photometry
• Why do warm Neptunes present nonzero eccentricity?
• Stellar Wind Confinement of Evaporating Exoplanet Atmospheres and its Signatures in 1083 nm Observations
• The TESS-Keck Survey IV: A Retrograde, Polar Orbit for the Ultra-Low-Density, Hot Super-Neptune WASP-107b
• Active cool stars and He I 10830 Å: the coronal connection
• Mapping the exo-Neptunian landscape. A ridge between the desert and savanna
• TOI-222: a single-transit TESS candidate revealed to be a 34-day eclipsing binary with CORALIE, EulerCam and NGTS
• Keck/NIRSPEC studies of He I in the atmospheres of two inflated hot gas giants orbiting K dwarfs: WASP-52b and WASP-177b
• Metastable Helium Absorptions with 3D Hydrodynamics and Self-Consistent Photochemistry I: WASP-69b, Dimensionality, XUV Flux Level, Spectral Types, and Flares
• The JADE code: Coupling secular exoplanetary dynamics and photo-evaporation
• The age-mass-metallicity-activity relation for solar-type stars: Comparisons with asteroseismology and the NGC 188 open cluster
• On the mass of gas giant planets: Is Saturn a failed gas giant?
• DREAM II. The spin-orbit angle distribution of close-in exoplanets under the lens of tides
• Detection of a high-velocity sodium feature on the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121 b
• The polar orbit of the warm Neptune GJ436b seen with VLT/ESPRESSO
• Homogeneous search for helium in the atmosphere of 11 gas giant exoplanets with SPIRou
• Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) VI. Non-detection of sodium with HARPS on the bloated super-Neptune WASP-127b
• Automatic model-based telluric correction for the ESPRESSO data reduction software. Model description and application to radial velocity computation
• TOI-269 b: An eccentric sub-Neptune transiting a M2 dwarf revisited with ExTrA
• The SPIRou wavelength calibration for precise radial velocities in the near infrared
• Characterisation of the upper atmospheres of HAT-P-32 b, WASP-69 b, GJ 1214 b, and WASP-76 b through their He I triplet absorption
• $\text{PyTranSpot}$ - A tool for multiband light curve modeling of planetary transits and stellar spots
• The MOPYS project: A survey of 70 planets in search of extended He I and H atmospheres. No evidence of enhanced evaporation in young planets
• Estimates of Active Region Area Coverage through Simultaneous Measurements of He I $\lambda \lambda$ 5876 and 10830 Lines
• Constraining planetary mass-loss rates by simulating Parker wind profiles with Cloudy
• Interstellar Metastable Helium Absorption as a Probe of the Cosmic-Ray Ionization Rate
• Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) VII. Detection of sodium on the long-transiting inflated sub-Saturn KELT-11 b
• Connection between planetary He I $\lambda$10830 Å absorption and extreme-ultraviolet emission of planet-host stars
• Are WASP-107-like Systems Consistent with High-eccentricity Migration?
• Probing atmospheric escape through metastable He I triplet lines in 15 exoplanets observed with SPIRou
• Combined analysis of stellar and planetary absorption lines via global forward-transit simulations
• SAGE: A tool to constrain impacts of stellar activity on transmission spectroscopy
• Helium in Exoplanet Exospheres: Orbital and Stellar Influences

Cited by in corpus (5)

• NIRPS joining HARPS at ESO 3.6 m. On-sky performance and science objectives
• ATREIDES I. Embarking on a trek across the exo-Neptunian landscape with the TOI-421 system
• Quantifying thermal water dissociation in the dayside photosphere of WASP-121 b using NIRPS
• The breaking of cold traps and onset of titanium in ultra-hot Jupiter atmospheres: WASP-189b in context
• Upside down: GJ3090 b the first retrograde exoplanet around an M dwarf detected with NIRPS