Wind of Change: retrieving exoplanet atmospheric winds from high-resolution spectroscopy
arXiv:1912.02787 · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936892
Abstract
Context. The atmosphere of exoplanets has been studied extensively in recent years, using numerical models to retrieve chemical composition, dynamical circulation or temperature from data. One of the best observational probes in transmission is the sodium doublet, due to its large cross section. However, modelling the shape of the planetary sodium lines has proven to be challenging. Models with different assumptions regarding the atmosphere have been employed to fit the lines in the literature, yet statistically sound direct comparisons of different models are needed to paint a clear picture. Aims. We will compare different wind and temperature patterns and provide a tool to distinguish them driven by their best fit for the sodium transmission spectrum of the hot Jupiter HD 189733b. We parametrise different possible wind patterns already tested in literature and introduce the new option of an upwards driven vertical wind. Methods. We construct a forward model where the wind speed, wind geometry and temperature are injected into the calculation of the transmission spectrum. We embed this forward model in a nested sampling retrieval code to rank the models via their Bayesian evidence. Results. We retrieve a best-fit to the HD 189733b data for vertical upward winds km/s at altitudes above bar. With the current data from HARPS, we cannot distinguish wind patterns for higher pressure atmospheric layers. Conclusions. We show that vertical upwards winds in the upper atmosphere are a possible explanation for the broad sodium signature in hot Jupiters. We highlight other influences on the width of the doublet and explore strong magnetic fields acting on the lower atmosphere as one possible origin of the retrieved wind speed.
17 pages, 30 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics (04.12.2019)
References in corpus (13)
- Bayes in the sky: Bayesian inference and model selection in cosmology
- Sodium Absorption From the Exoplanetary Atmosphere of HD189733b Detected in the Optical Transmission Spectrum
- Rayleigh scattering in the transit spectrum of HD 189733b
- Spectrally resolved detection of sodium in the atmosphere of HD189733b with the HARPS spectrograph
- Tau-REx I: A next generation retrieval code for exoplanetary atmospheres
- Ground-based detection of sodium in the transmission spectrum of exoplanet HD209458b
- Observing transiting planets with JWST -- Prime targets and their synthetic spectral observations
- Pseudo 2D chemical model of hot Jupiter atmospheres: application to HD 209458b and HD 189733b
- Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) - II. A broadened sodium feature on the ultra-hot giant WASP-76b
- Detection of sodium in the atmosphere of WASP-69b
- On degeneracies in retrievals of exoplanetary transmission spectra
- The Influence of Host Star Spectral Type on Ultra-Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
- A Non-isothermal Theory for Interpreting Sodium Lines in Transmission Spectra of Exoplanets
Cited by in corpus (48)
- Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) IV. A spectral inventory of atoms and molecules in the high-resolution transmission spectrum of WASP-121 b
- Atmospheric Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and transmission spectroscopy of WASP-121b with ESPRESSO
- Decomposing the Iron Cross-Correlation Signal of the Ultra-Hot Jupiter WASP-76b in Transmission using 3D Monte-Carlo Radiative Transfer
- Atmospheric Regimes and Trends on Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs
- Mass loss rate and local thermodynamic state of KELT-9 b thermosphere from the hydrogen Balmer series
- TRIDENT: A Rapid 3D Radiative Transfer Model for Exoplanet Transmission Spectra
- p-winds: an open-source Python code to model planetary outflows and upper atmospheres
- Into the Storm: Diving into the winds of the ultra hot Jupiter WASP-76 b with HARPS and ESPRESSO
- WASP-127b: A misaligned planet with a partly cloudy atmosphere and tenuous sodium signature seen by ESPRESSO
- Spatially-resolving the terminator: Variation of Fe, temperature and winds in WASP-76 b across planetary limbs and orbital phase
- The GAPS Programme at TNG. XLI. The climate of KELT-9b revealed with a new approach to high spectral resolution phase curves
- Modelling the He I triplet absorption at 10830 Angstroms in the atmospheres of HD 189733 b and GJ 3470 b
- Alkaline Exospheres of Exoplanet Systems: Evaporative Transmission Spectra
- High-resolution atmospheric retrievals of WASP-121b transmission spectroscopy with ESPRESSO: Consistent relative abundance constraints across multiple epochs and instruments
- Detection of a high-velocity sodium feature on the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121 b
- A survey of sodium absorption in ten giant exoplanets with high-resolution transmission spectroscopy
- Photochemical hazes dramatically alter temperature structure and atmospheric circulation in 3D simulations of hot Jupiters
- Characterisation of the upper atmospheres of HAT-P-32 b, WASP-69 b, GJ 1214 b, and WASP-76 b through their He I triplet absorption
- A Catalogue of Exoplanet Atmospheric Retrieval Codes
- Detection of Na in WASP-21b's lower and upper atmosphere
- Vertical structure of an exoplanet's atmospheric jet stream
- Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) VII. Detection of sodium on the long-transiting inflated sub-Saturn KELT-11 b
- Assessing telluric correction methods for Na detections with high-resolution exoplanet transmission spectroscopy
- The Hot Neptune WASP-166 b with ESPRESSO II: Confirmation of atmospheric sodium
- Combined analysis of stellar and planetary absorption lines via global forward-transit simulations
- High-resolution atmospheric retrievals of WASP-76b transmission spectroscopy with ESPRESSO: Monitoring limb asymmetries across multiple transits
- Limits on the Auroral Generation of H in Brown Dwarf and Extrasolar Giant Planet Atmospheres with Keck/NIRSPEC
- A warm super-Neptune around the G-dwarf star TOI-1710 revealed with TESS, SOPHIE and HARPS-N
- Polarization of hot Jupiter systems: a likely detection of stellar activity and a possible detection of planetary polarization
- Titanium chemistry of WASP-121 b with ESPRESSO in 4-UT mode
- Hot exoplanetary atmospheres in 3D
- Detection of atmospheric species and dynamics in the bloated hot Jupiter WASP-172~b with ESPRESSO
- Non-Local thermal equilibrium spectra of atmospheric molecules for exoplanets
- Detection of Na and K in the atmosphere of the hot Jupiter HAT-P-1b with P200/DBSP
- ESPRESSO reveals blueshifted neutral iron emission lines on the dayside of WASP-76 b
- Probing the atmosphere of HD189733b with the Na I and K I lines
- Grid-Based Atmospheric Retrievals for Reflected-Light Spectra of Exoplanets using PSGnest
- ATREIDES I. Embarking on a trek across the exo-Neptunian landscape with the TOI-421 system
- Spectral signature of atmospheric winds in high resolution transit observations
- A Time-Resolved High-Resolution Spectroscopic Analysis of Ionized Calcium and Dynamical Processes in the Ultra-Hot Jupiter HAT-P-70 b
- NIRPS detection of delayed atmospheric escape from the warm and misaligned Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-69b
- Radiative Transfer and Inversion codes for characterizing planetary atmospheres: an overview
- The effects of stellar gravity darkening on high-resolution transmission spectra
- The ESPRESSO transmission spectrum of HD189733b : Extracting the planetary sodium and lithium signatures amid stellar contamination
- Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) VIII. Nondetection of sodium in the atmosphere of the aligned planet KELT-10b
- The GAPS Programme at TNG. LXIX.The Dayside of WASP-76b revealed by GIANO-B, HARPS-N and ESPRESSO: Evidence for Three-Dimensional Atmospheric Effects
- Patchy nightside clouds on ultra-hot Jupiters: General Circulation Model simulations with radiatively active cloud tracers
- Investigation of the upper atmosphere in ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76 b with high-resolution spectroscopy