Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) IV. A spectral inventory of atoms and molecules in the high-resolution transmission spectrum of WASP-121 b

Abstract

Aims: We survey the transmission spectrum of WASP-121 b for line-absorption by metals and molecules at high spectral resolution, and elaborate on existing interpretations of the optical transmission spectrum observed with HST/STIS and WFC3. Methods: We use the cross-correlation technique and direct differential spectroscopy to search for sodium and other neutral and ionised atoms, TiO, VO and SH in high-resolution transit spectra obtained with the HARPS spectrograph. We inject models assuming chemical and hydrostatic equilibrium with varying temperature and composition to enable model comparison, and employ two bootstrap methods to test the robustness of our detections. Results: We detect neutral Mg, Na, Ca, Cr, Fe, Ni and V, which we predict exists in equilibrium with a significant quantity of VO, supporting earlier observations by HST/WFC3. Non-detections of Ti and TiO support the hypothesis that Ti is depleted via a cold-trap mechanism as has been proposed in the literature. Atomic line depths are under-predicted by hydrostatic models by a factor of 1.5 to 8, confirming recent findings that the atmosphere is extended. We predict the existence of significant concentrations of gas-phase TiO${}_2$, VO${}_2$ and TiS, which could be important absorbers at optical and NIR wavelengths in hot Jupiter atmospheres, but for which accurate line-list data is currently not available. We find no evidence for absorption by SH, and find that inflated atomic lines can plausibly explain the slope of the transmission spectrum observed in the NUV with HST/STIS. The Na D lines are significantly broadened and show a difference in their respective depths of 15 scale heights, which is not expected from isothermal hydrostatic theory.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in A&A - June 19, 2020

References in corpus (76)

• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• The chemical composition of the Sun
• Binary companions of evolved stars in APOGEE DR14: Search method and catalog of ~5,000 companions
• A continuum from clear to cloudy hot-Jupiter exoplanets without primordial water depletion
• The orbital motion, absolute mass, and high-altitude winds of exoplanet HD209458b
• Molecfit: A general tool for telluric absorption correction. I. Method and application to ESO instruments
• The ExoMol database: molecular line lists for exoplanet and other hot atmospheres
• Detection of atmospheric haze on an extrasolar planet: The 0.55 - 1.05 micron transmission spectrum of HD189733b with the Hubble Space Telescope
• Disequilibrium Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Chemistry in the Atmospheres of HD 189733b and HD 209458b
• Molecfit: A general tool for telluric absorption correction II. Quantitative evaluation on ESO-VLT X-Shooter spectra
• A Possible Bifurcation in Atmospheres of Strongly Irradiated Stars and Planets
• Sodium Absorption From the Exoplanetary Atmosphere of HD189733b Detected in the Optical Transmission Spectrum
• ExoMol: molecular line lists for exoplanet and other atmospheres
• Atmospheric Retrieval for Super-Earths: Uniquely Constraining the Atmospheric Composition with Transmission Spectroscopy
• Transmission Spectra as Diagnostics of Extrasolar Giant Planet Atmospheres
• Rayleigh scattering in the transit spectrum of HD 189733b
• From thermal dissociation to condensation in the atmospheres of ultra hot Jupiters: WASP-121b in context
• Spectrally resolved detection of sodium in the atmosphere of HD189733b with the HARPS spectrograph
• Nightside condensation of iron in an ultra-hot giant exoplanet
• H- Opacity and Water Dissociation in the Dayside Atmosphere of the Very Hot Gas Giant WASP-18 b
• Atmospheric Sulfur Photochemistry on Hot Jupiters
• ExoMol Molecular linelists -- XXXIII. The spectrum of Titanium Oxide
• Theoretical Spectral Models of the Planet HD 209458b with a Thermal Inversion and Water Emission Bands
• An ultrahot gas-giant exoplanet with a stratosphere
• A giant planet undergoing extreme ultraviolet irradiation by its hot massive-star host
• Extremely Irradiated Hot Jupiters: Non-Oxide Inversions, H- Opacity, and Thermal Dissociation of Molecules
• Atomic iron and titanium in the atmosphere of the exoplanet KELT-9b
• Rotation and winds of exoplanet HD 189733 b measured with high-dispersion transmission spectroscopy
• A spectral survey of an ultra-hot Jupiter: Detection of metals in the transmission spectrum of KELT-9 b
• Detection of H2O and evidence for TiO/VO in an ultra hot exoplanet atmosphere
• ExoMol line lists XVIII. The high temperature spectrum of VO
• WASP-121 b: a hot Jupiter in a polar orbit and close to tidal disruption
• Detection of Fe I in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b, and a new likelihood-based approach for Doppler-resolved spectroscopy
• The HST PanCET Program: Exospheric Mg II and Fe II in the Near-UV transmission spectrum of WASP-121b using Jitter Decorrelation
• Line-profile tomography of exoplanet transits I: The Doppler shadow of HD 189733b
• Tau-REx II: Retrieval of emission spectra
• An optical transmission spectrum for the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b measured with the Hubble Space Telescope
• FastChem: A computer program for efficient complex chemical equilibrium calculations in the neutral/ionized gas phase with applications to stellar and planetary atmospheres
• Orbital misalignment of the Neptune-mass exoplanet GJ 436b with the spin of its cool star
• The theory of transmission spectra revisited: a semi-analytical method for interpreting WFC3 data and an unresolved challenge
• Neutral Iron Emission Lines From The Day-side Of KELT-9b -- The GAPS Programme With HARPS-N At TNG XX
• The Peculiar Atmospheric Chemistry of KELT-9b
• Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) - II. A broadened sodium feature on the ultra-hot giant WASP-76b
• Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) I. Detection of hot neutral sodium at high altitudes on WASP-49b
• A search for TiO in the optical high-resolution transmission spectrum of HD 209458b: Hindrance due to inaccuracies in the line database
• Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) III. Atmospheric structure of the misaligned ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b
• Rayleigh scattering by H2 in the extrasolar planet HD209458b
• The High-Resolution Transmission Spectrum of HD 189733b Interpreted with Atmospheric Doppler Shifts from Three-Dimensional General Circulation Models
• Detection of sodium in the atmosphere of WASP-69b
• Mass loss rate and local thermodynamic state of KELT-9 b thermosphere from the hydrogen Balmer series
• Detection of neutral atomic species in the ultra-hot jupiter WASP-121b
• Photolytic Hazes in the Atmosphere of 51 Eri b
• Search for water vapor in the high-resolution transmission spectrum of HD189733b in the visible
• Ground-based detection of Calcium and possibly Scandium and Hydrogen in the atmosphere of HD 209458b
• An emission spectrum for WASP-121b measured across the 0.8-1.1 micron wavelength range using the Hubble Space Telescope
• Non-detection of TiO and VO in the atmosphere of WASP-121b using high-resolution spectroscopy
• Atmospheric Circulation of Brown Dwarfs and Jupiter and Saturn-like Planets: Zonal Jets, Long-term Variability, and QBO-type Oscillations
• Detection of Na, K, and H$\alpha$ absorption in the atmosphere of WASP-52b using ESPRESSO
• Optical phase curve of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b
• The Effect of 3D Transport-Induced Disequilibrium Carbon Chemistry on the Atmospheric Structure and Phase Curves and Emission Spectra of Hot Jupiter HD 189733b
• Wind of Change: retrieving exoplanet atmospheric winds from high-resolution spectroscopy
• Exploring the atmospheric dynamics of the extreme ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-9b using TESS photometry
• Detection of Fe I and Fe II in the atmosphere of MASCARA-2b using a cross-correlation method
• Sodium and Potassium Signatures of Volcanic Satellites Orbiting Close-in Gas Giant Exoplanets
• Confirmation of water emission in the dayside spectrum of the ultrahot Jupiter WASP-121b
• High-resolution Transmission Spectroscopy of MASCARA-2 b with EXPRES
• Neutral Cr and V in the atmosphere of ultra hot jupiter WASP-121 b
• Exoplanet Characterization by Multi-Observatory Transit Photometry with TESS and CHEOPS
• Interpreting High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Exoplanets Using Cross-Correlations and Supervised Machine Learning
• ExoMol molecular line lists XXXVI: $X{}^2\Pi -X{}^2\Pi$ and $A{}^2{\Sigma }^{+}-X{}^2\Pi$ transitions of SH
• Alkaline Exospheres of Exoplanet Systems: Evaporative Transmission Spectra
• Swift UVOT near-UV transit observations of WASP-121 b
• A Non-isothermal Theory for Interpreting Sodium Lines in Transmission Spectra of Exoplanets
• UV Exoplanet Transmission Spectral Features as Probes of Metals and Rainout
• Searching for reflected light from $\tau$ Bootis b with high-resolution ground-based spectroscopy: Approaching the $10^{-5}$ contrast barrier
• The secondary transit of the hot Jupiter WASP-121b at 2 $\mu$m

Cited by in corpus (109)

• Atmospheric Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and transmission spectroscopy of WASP-121b with ESPRESSO
• PICASO 3.0: A One-Dimensional Climate Model for Giant Planets and Brown Dwarfs
• Hot Jupiters: Origins, Structure, Atmospheres
• Titanium oxide and chemical inhomogeneity in the atmosphere of the exoplanet WASP-189b
• FastChem 2: An improved computer program to determine the gas-phase chemical equilibrium composition for arbitrary element distributions
• ESPRESSO high resolution transmission spectroscopy of WASP-76b
• A New Window into Planet Formation and Migration: Refractory-to-Volatile Elemental Ratios in Ultra-hot Jupiters
• An Atomic Spectral Survey of WASP-76b: Resolving Chemical Gradients and Asymmetries
• Five key exoplanet questions answered via the analysis of 25 hot Jupiter atmospheres in eclipse
• Vanadium oxide and a sharp onset of cold-trapping on a giant exoplanet
• Relative abundance constraints from high-resolution optical transmission spectroscopy of WASP-121b, and a fast model-filtering technique for accelerating retrievals
• Awesome SOSS: Transmission Spectroscopy of WASP-96b with NIRISS/SOSS
• Confirmation of Asymmetric Iron Absorption in WASP-76b with HARPS
• ACCESS & LRG-BEASTS: a precise new optical transmission spectrum of the ultrahot Jupiter WASP-103b
• Retrieval survey of metals in six ultra-hot Jupiters: Trends in chemistry, rain-out, ionisation and atmospheric dynamics
• Diurnal variations in the stratosphere of the ultrahot giant exoplanet WASP-121b
• Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium effects determine the upper atmospheric temperature structure of the ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-9b
• Into the Storm: Diving into the winds of the ultra hot Jupiter WASP-76 b with HARPS and ESPRESSO
• Cloud property trends in hot and ultra-hot giant gas planets (WASP-43b, WASP-103b, WASP-121b, HAT-P-7b, and WASP-18b)
• 3D radiative-transfer for exoplanet atmospheres. gCMCRT: a GPU accelerated MCRT code
• Detection of OH in the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76b
• Detection of barium in the atmospheres of the ultra-hot gas giants WASP-76b and WASP-121b
• High-resolution transmission spectroscopy study of ultra-hot Jupiters HAT-P-57b, KELT-17b, KELT-21b, KELT-7b, MASCARA-1b, and WASP-189b
• A Spectral Survey of WASP-19b with ESPRESSO
• Time-resolved transmission spectroscopy of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-189 b
• Gemini/GMOS Optical Transmission Spectroscopy of WASP-121b: signs of variability in an ultra-hot Jupiter?
• High-resolution atmospheric retrievals of WASP-121b transmission spectroscopy with ESPRESSO: Consistent relative abundance constraints across multiple epochs and instruments
• The Mantis Network III: Expanding the limits of chemical searches within ultra hot-Jupiters. New detections of Ca I, V I, Ti I, Cr I, Ni I, Sr II, Ba II, and Tb II in KELT-9 b
• A JWST NIRSpec Phase Curve for WASP-121b: Dayside Emission Strongest Eastward of the Substellar Point and Nightside Conditions Conducive to Cloud Formation
• CRIRES+ and ESPRESSO reveal an atmosphere enriched in volatiles relative to refractories on the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b
• Mining the Ultra-Hot Skies of HAT-P-70b: Detection of a Profusion of Neutral and Ionized Species
• Atmospheric characterization of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-33b: Detection of Ti and V emission lines and retrieval of a broadened line profile
• Detection of CO emission lines in the dayside atmospheres of WASP-33b and WASP-189b with GIANO
• Detection of a high-velocity sodium feature on the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121 b
• Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) VI. Non-detection of sodium with HARPS on the bloated super-Neptune WASP-127b
• TESS Giants Transiting Giants II: The hottest Jupiters orbiting evolved stars
• Exoplanet weather and climate regimes with clouds and thermal ionospheres: A model grid study in support of large-scale observational campaigns
• A survey of sodium absorption in ten giant exoplanets with high-resolution transmission spectroscopy
• The ESO SupJup Survey I: Chemical and isotopic characterisation of the late L-dwarf DENIS J0255-4700 with CRIRES${}^{+}$
• Silicon in the dayside atmospheres of two ultra-hot Jupiters
• Is the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b variable?
• The PEPSI Exoplanet Transit Survey (PETS) I: Investigating the presence of a silicate atmosphere on the super-Earth 55 Cnc e
• A Mini-Chemical Scheme with Net Reactions for 3D GCMs II. 3D thermochemical modelling of WASP-39b and HD 189733b
• A hydrodynamic study of the escape of metal species and excited hydrogen from the atmosphere of the hot Jupiter WASP-121b
• The PEPSI Exoplanet Transit Survey (PETS). II. A Deep Search for Thermal Inversion Agents in KELT-20 b/MASCARA-2 b with Emission and Transmission Spectroscopy
• Gaseous atomic nickel in the coma of interstellar comet 2I/Borisov
• Exoplanet atmospheres at high resolution through a modest-size telescope. Fe II in MASCARA-2b and KELT-9b with FIES on the Nordic Optical Telescope
• Convolutional neural networks as an alternative to Bayesian retrievals
• Vertical structure of an exoplanet's atmospheric jet stream
• The GAPS Programme at TNG XXXIII. HARPS-N detects multiple atomic species in emission from the dayside of KELT-20b
• The Colorado Ultraviolet Transit Experiment (CUTE) Mission Overview
• Diagnosing limb asymmetries in hot and ultra-hot Jupiters with high-resolution transmission spectroscopy
• The Mantis Network II: Examining the 3D high-resolution observable properties of the UHJs WASP-121b and WASP-189b through GCM modelling
• Transmission spectroscopy of MASCARA-1b with ESPRESSO: Challenges of overlapping orbital and Doppler tracks
• Data availability and requirements relevant for the Ariel space mission and other exoplanet atmosphere applications
• Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) VII. Detection of sodium on the long-transiting inflated sub-Saturn KELT-11 b
• The obliquity and atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter TOI-1431b (MASCARA-5b): A misaligned orbit and no signs of atomic ormolecular absorptions
• A quantitative assessment of the VO line list: Inaccuracies hamper high-resolution VO detections in exoplanet atmospheres
• Modeling H$\alpha$ and He 10830 transmission spectrum of WASP-52b
• An atlas of resolved spectral features in the transmission spectrum of WASP-189 b with MAROON-X
• Transmission spectroscopy of the ultra-hot Jupiter MASCARA-4 b: Disentangling the hydrostatic and exospheric regimes of ultra-hot Jupiters
• The Mantis Network I: A standard grid of templates and masks for cross-correlation analyses of ultra-hot Jupiter transmission spectra
• The Hot Neptune WASP-166 b with ESPRESSO II: Confirmation of atmospheric sodium
• The hot Neptune WASP-166 b with ESPRESSO III: A blue-shifted tentative water signal constrains the presence of clouds
• Understanding the atmospheric properties and chemical composition of the ultra-hot Jupiter HAT-P-7b: III. Changing ionisation and the emergence of an ionosphere
• Applications of a Gaussian Process Framework for Modelling of High-Resolution Exoplanet Spectra
• High-resolution atmospheric retrievals of WASP-76b transmission spectroscopy with ESPRESSO: Monitoring limb asymmetries across multiple transits
• Spitzer thermal phase curve of WASP-121 b
• WASP-121b's transmission spectrum observed with JWST/NIRSpec G395H reveals thermal dissociation and SiO in the atmosphere
• Titanium chemistry of WASP-121 b with ESPRESSO in 4-UT mode
• The GAPS programme at TNG: TBD. Studies of atmospheric FeII winds in ultra-hot Jupiters KELT-9b and KELT-20b using HARPS-N spectrograph
• The atmospheric composition of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-178 b observed with ESPRESSO
• Detection of TiO and VO in the atmosphere of WASP-121b and Evidence for its temporal variation
• Searching for NLTE effects in the high-resolution transmission spectrum of WASP-121 b with Cloudy for Exoplanets
• Atmosphere escape inferred from modelling the H$\alpha$ transmission spectrum of WASP-121b
• Detection of atmospheric species and dynamics in the bloated hot Jupiter WASP-172~b with ESPRESSO
• CaRM: Exploring the chromatic Rossiter-McLaughlin effect. The cases of HD 189733b and WASP-127b
• Moderately misaligned orbit of the warm sub-Saturn HD 332231 b
• Probing Na in giant exoplanets with ESPRESSO and 3D NLTE stellar spectra
• A Population Analysis of 20 Exoplanets Observed from the Optical to the Near-infrared Wavelengths with HST: Evidence for Widespread Stellar Contamination
• Hydride ion continuum hides absorption signatures in the NIRPS near-infrared transmission spectrum of the ultra-hot gas giant WASP-189b
• HORuS transmission spectroscopy and revised planetary parameters of KELT-7b
• Vanadium oxide clusters in substellar atmospheres: A quantum chemical study
• Exocomets of $\beta$ Pictoris I: Exocomet destruction, sodium and disk line variability in 17 years of HARPS observations
• Characterization of exoplanetary atmospheres through a model-unbiased spectral survey methodology
• Evidence of Titanate Clouds in the Day-side Atmosphere of the Ultra-Hot Jupiter WASP-121b
• TOI-2005b: An Eccentric Warm Jupiter in Spin-Orbit Alignment
• High-resolution transmission spectroscopy of the hot-Saturn HD 149026b
• Secrets in the shadow: High precision stellar abundances of fast-rotating A-type exoplanet host stars through transit spectroscopy
• Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) VIII. Nondetection of sodium in the atmosphere of the aligned planet KELT-10b
• The GAPS programme at TNG -- LXIII. Photo-evaporating puzzle: Exploring the enigmatic nature of TOI-5398 b atmospheric signal
• Spitzer phase curve observations and circulation models of the inflated ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76b
• PEPSI's non-detection of escaping hydrogen and metal lines adds to the enigma of WASP-12 b
• Interpreting the atmospheric composition of exoplanets: sensitivity to planet formation assumptions
• UV Absorption by Silicate Cloud Precursors in Ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-178b
• Quantifying thermal water dissociation in the dayside photosphere of WASP-121 b using NIRPS
• Magnetic field strengths of hot giant exoplanets consistent with Solar System values
• Radiative Flux from a High-Resolution Atmospheric Dynamics Simulation of a Hot-Jupiter for JWST and Ariel
• Revisiting the atmosphere of HAT-P-70b with CARMENES high-resolution transmission spectroscopy
• Patchy nightside clouds on ultra-hot Jupiters: General Circulation Model simulations with radiatively active cloud tracers
• Assessing robustness and bias in 1D retrievals of 3D Global Circulation Models at high spectral resolution: a WASP-76 b simulation case study in emission
• First Results from WINERED: Detection of Emission Lines from Neutral Iron and a Combined Set of Trace Species on the Dayside of WASP-189 b
• Effects of the internal temperature on vertical mixing and on cloud structures in Ultra Hot Jupiters
• The breaking of cold traps and onset of titanium in ultra-hot Jupiter atmospheres: WASP-189b in context
• Precise Constraints on the Energy Budget of WASP-121 b from its JWST NIRISS/SOSS Phase Curve
• CARMENES detection of the CaII infrared triplet and possible evidence of HeI in the atmosphere of WASP-76b
• Investigation of the upper atmosphere in ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76 b with high-resolution spectroscopy
• Potential sublimating exocomets around the young star PDS 70
• Day-side Fe I Emission, Day-Night Brightness Contrast and Phase Offset of the Exoplanet WASP-33b