The GAPS programme at TNG: TBD. Studies of atmospheric FeII winds in ultra-hot Jupiters KELT-9b and KELT-20b using HARPS-N spectrograph

Abstract

Ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs) are gas giant planets orbiting close to their host star, with equilibrium temperatures exceeding 2000 K, and among the most studied planets in terms of their atmospheric composition. Thanks to a new generation of ultra-stable high-resolution spectrographs, it is possible to detect the signal from the individual lines of the species in the exoplanetary atmospheres. We employed two techniques in this study. First, we used transmission spectroscopy, which involved examining the spectra around single lines of FeII. Then we carried out a set of cross-correlation studies for two UHJs: KELT-9b and KELT-20b. Both planets orbit fast-rotating stars, which resulted in the detection of the strong Rossiter-McLaughlin (RM) effect and center-to-limb variations in the transmission spectrum. These effects had to be corrected to ensure a precise analysis. Using the transmission spectroscopy method, we detected 21 single lines of FeII in the atmosphere of KELT-9b. All of the detected lines are blue-shifted, suggesting strong day-to-night side atmospheric winds. The cross-correlation method leads to the detection of the blue-shifted signal with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 13.46. Our results are in agreement with models based on non-local thermodynamical equilibrium (NLTE) effects, with a mean micro-turbulence of nu_mic = 2.73 +/- 1.5 km/s and macro-turbulence of nu_mac = 8.22 +/- 3.85 km/s. In the atmosphere of KELT-20b, we detected 17 single lines of FeII. Considering different measurements of the systemic velocity of the system, we conclude that the existence of winds in the atmosphere of KELT-20b cannot be determined conclusively. The detected signal with the cross-correlation method presents a S/N of 11.51. The results are consistent with NLTE effects, including means of nu_mic = 3.04 +/- 0.35 km/s and nu_mac = 6.76 +/- 1.17 km/s.

arXiv comment38 pages, 19 Figures (39 figures in Appendix), 6 tables, Accepted for publication in A&A

References in corpus (77)

• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• The chemical composition of the Sun
• A new extensive library of PHOENIX stellar atmospheres and synthetic spectra
• Molecfit: A general tool for telluric absorption correction. I. Method and application to ESO instruments
• petitRADTRANS: a Python radiative transfer package for exoplanet characterization and retrieval
• Molecfit: A general tool for telluric absorption correction II. Quantitative evaluation on ESO-VLT X-Shooter spectra
• Spectroscopy Made Easy: Evolution
• From thermal dissociation to condensation in the atmospheres of ultra hot Jupiters: WASP-121b in context
• Nightside condensation of iron in an ultra-hot giant exoplanet
• H- Opacity and Water Dissociation in the Dayside Atmosphere of the Very Hot Gas Giant WASP-18 b
• A giant planet undergoing extreme ultraviolet irradiation by its hot massive-star host
• Extremely Irradiated Hot Jupiters: Non-Oxide Inversions, H- Opacity, and Thermal Dissociation of Molecules
• Atomic iron and titanium in the atmosphere of the exoplanet KELT-9b
• PyTransit: Fast and Easy Exoplanet Transit Modelling in Python
• A spectral survey of an ultra-hot Jupiter: Detection of metals in the transmission spectrum of KELT-9 b
• Global Climate and Atmospheric Composition of the Ultra-Hot Jupiter WASP-103b from HST and Spitzer Phase Curve Observations
• An extended hydrogen envelope of the extremely hot giant exoplanet KELT-9b
• HELIOS: An Open-source, GPU-accelerated Radiative Transfer Code For Self-consistent Exoplanetary Atmospheres
• Atmospheric characterization of the ultra-hot Jupiter MASCARA-2b/KELT-20b
• Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) IV. A spectral inventory of atoms and molecules in the high-resolution transmission spectrum of WASP-121 b
• High-Resolution Spectroscopic Detection of TiO and Stratosphere in the Day-side of WASP-33b
• Self-luminous and irradiated exoplanetary atmospheres explored with HELIOS
• Atmospheric Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and transmission spectroscopy of WASP-121b with ESPRESSO
• The GAPS programme with HARPS-N at TNG. I: Observations of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and characterisation of the transiting system Qatar-1
• Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) - II. A broadened sodium feature on the ultra-hot giant WASP-76b
• Ionized calcium in the atmospheres of two ultra-hot exoplanets WASP-33b and KELT-9b
• Titanium oxide and chemical inhomogeneity in the atmosphere of the exoplanet WASP-189b
• Atmospheric dynamics and the variable transit of KELT-9 b
• TESS Transit Timing of Hundreds of Hot Jupiters
• KELT-20b: A giant planet with a period of P~ 3.5 days transiting the V~ 7.6 early A star HD 185603
• Mass loss rate and local thermodynamic state of KELT-9 b thermosphere from the hydrogen Balmer series
• Detection of neutral atomic species in the ultra-hot jupiter WASP-121b
• Five key exoplanet questions answered via the analysis of 25 hot Jupiter atmospheres in eclipse
• Na I and H$\alpha$ absorption features in the atmosphere of MASCARA-2b/KELT-20b
• Searching for Thermal Inversion Agents in the Transmission Spectrum of MASCARA-2b/KELT-20b: Detection of Neutral Iron and Ionised Calcium H$\&$K Lines
• Detection of Na, K, and H$\alpha$ absorption in the atmosphere of WASP-52b using ESPRESSO
• The effect of the stellar absorption line centre-to-limb variation on exoplanet transmission spectrum observations
• The chemical abundance analysis of normal early A- and late B-type stars
• Detection of ionized calcium in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-9b
• A temperature inversion with atomic iron in the ultra-hot dayside atmosphere of WASP-189b
• MASCARA-2 b: A hot Jupiter transiting the $m_V=7.6$ A-star HD185603
• Detection of Fe I and Fe II in the atmosphere of MASCARA-2b using a cross-correlation method
• Sparkling nights and very hot days on WASP-18b: the formation of clouds and the emergence of an ionosphere
• Hydrogen and Sodium Absorption in the Optical Transmission Spectrum of WASP-12b
• Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium effects determine the upper atmospheric temperature structure of the ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-9b
• High-resolution Transmission Spectroscopy of MASCARA-2 b with EXPRES
• Detection of Fe\,{\sc i} Emission in the Day-side Spectrum of WASP-33b
• The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG XIX. Atmospheric Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and improved parameters of KELT-9b
• The GAPS Programme at TNG. XLI. The climate of KELT-9b revealed with a new approach to high spectral resolution phase curves
• High-resolution transmission spectroscopy study of ultra-hot Jupiters HAT-P-57b, KELT-17b, KELT-21b, KELT-7b, MASCARA-1b, and WASP-189b
• Detection of the hydrogen Balmer lines in the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-33b
• Confirmation of Iron Emission Lines and Non-detection of TiO on the Dayside of KELT-9b with MAROON-X
• Time-resolved transmission spectroscopy of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-189 b
• Detection of iron emission lines and a temperature inversion on the dayside of the ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-20b
• High-resolution detection of neutral oxygen and non-LTE effects in the atmosphere of KELT-9b
• The Mantis Network III: Expanding the limits of chemical searches within ultra hot-Jupiters. New detections of Ca I, V I, Ti I, Cr I, Ni I, Sr II, Ba II, and Tb II in KELT-9 b
• High-resolution atmospheric retrievals of WASP-121b transmission spectroscopy with ESPRESSO: Consistent relative abundance constraints across multiple epochs and instruments
• Detection of CO emission lines in the dayside atmospheres of WASP-33b and WASP-189b with GIANO
• A data-driven approach to constraining the atmospheric temperature structure of KELT-9b
• A survey of sodium absorption in ten giant exoplanets with high-resolution transmission spectroscopy
• Silicon in the dayside atmospheres of two ultra-hot Jupiters
• The PEPSI Exoplanet Transit Survey (PETS). II. A Deep Search for Thermal Inversion Agents in KELT-20 b/MASCARA-2 b with Emission and Transmission Spectroscopy
• Variable and super-sonic winds in the atmosphere of an ultra-hot giant planet
• Exoplanet atmospheres at high resolution through a modest-size telescope. Fe II in MASCARA-2b and KELT-9b with FIES on the Nordic Optical Telescope
• Strong H${}_2$O and CO emission features in the spectrum of KELT-20b driven by stellar UV irradiation
• Unifying High- and Low-resolution Observations to Constrain the Dayside Atmosphere of KELT-20b/MASCARA-2b
• The GAPS Programme at TNG XXXIII. HARPS-N detects multiple atomic species in emission from the dayside of KELT-20b
• The GAPS programme at TNG XXX. Atmospheric Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and atmospheric dynamics of KELT-20b
• The GAPS programme at TNG. XLV. HI Balmer lines transmission spectroscopy and NLTE atmospheric modelling of the ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-20b/MASCARA-2b
• Detection of Paschen $\beta$ absorption in the atmosphere of KELT-9 b: A new window into the atmospheres of ultra-hot Jupiters
• High-resolution Emission Spectroscopy of the Ultrahot Jupiter KELT-9b: Little Variation in Day- and Nightside Emission Line Contrasts
• Characterization of exoplanetary atmospheres with SLOPpy
• Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium Transmission Spectrum Modelling of HD209458b
• A strong H- opacity signal in the near-infrared emission spectrum of the ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-9b
• Searching for NLTE effects in the high-resolution transmission spectrum of WASP-121 b with Cloudy for Exoplanets
• The GAPS programme at TNG LX Atmospheric characterisation of KELT-9 b via single-line analysis: Detection of six H I Balmer lines, Na I, Ca I, Ca II, Fe I, Fe II, Mg I, Ti II, Sc II, and Cr II
• Multi-epoch detections of the extended atmosphere and transmission spectra of KELT-9b with a 1.5 m telescope

Cited by in corpus (6)

• Extreme winds on the emerging dayside of an ultrahot Jupiter
• Strong NUV Refractory Absorption and Dissociated Water in the Hubble Transmission Spectrum of the Ultra Hot Jupiter KELT-20 b
• A Time-Resolved High-Resolution Spectroscopic Analysis of Ionized Calcium and Dynamical Processes in the Ultra-Hot Jupiter HAT-P-70 b
• NLTE atmospheric modelling of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-178b and comparison with UV and optical observations
• The GAPS Programme at TNG. LXIX.The Dayside of WASP-76b revealed by GIANO-B, HARPS-N and ESPRESSO: Evidence for Three-Dimensional Atmospheric Effects
• Revisiting the atmosphere of HAT-P-70b with CARMENES high-resolution transmission spectroscopy