Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) - II. A broadened sodium feature on the ultra-hot giant WASP-76b

Abstract

High-resolution optical spectroscopy is a powerful tool to characterise exoplanetary atmospheres from the ground. The sodium D lines, with their large cross sections, are especially suited to study the upper layers of atmospheres in this context. We report on the results from HEARTS, a spectroscopic survey of exoplanet atmospheres, performing a comparative study of hot gas giants to determine the effects of stellar irradiation. In this second installation of the series, we highlight the detection of neutral sodium on the ultra-hot giant WASP-76b. We observed three transits of the planet using the HARPS high-resolution spectrograph at the ESO 3.6m telescope and collected 175 spectra of WASP-76. We repeatedly detect the absorption signature of neutral sodium in the planet atmosphere ($0.371\pm 0.034\%$; $10.75\sigma$ in a $0.75$ Å passband). The sodium lines have a Gaussian profile with full width at half maximum (FWHM) of $27.6\pm 2.8$ km s${}^{-1}$. This is significantly broader than the line spread function of HARPS ($2.7$ km s${}^{-1}$). We surmise that the observed broadening could trace the super-rotation in the upper atmosphere of this ultra-hot gas giant.

11 pages, 9 figures; accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysics (29.01.2019)

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