Effects of the internal temperature on vertical mixing and on cloud structures in Ultra Hot Jupiters

Abstract

The vertical mixing in hot Jupiter atmospheres plays a critical role in the formation and spacial distribution of cloud particles in their atmospheres. This affects the observed spectra of a planet through cloud opacity, which can be influenced by the degree of cold trapping of refractory species in the deep atmosphere. We aim to isolate the effects of the internal temperature on the mixing efficiency in the atmospheres of Ultra Hot Jupiters (UHJ) and the spacial distribution of cloud particles across the globe. We couple a simplified tracer based cloud model, picket fence radiative-transfer scheme and mixing length theory to the Exo-FMS general circulation model. We run the model for five different internal temperatures at typical UHJ atmosphere system parameters. Our results show the convective eddy diffusion coefficient remains low throughout the vast majority of the atmosphere, with mixing dominated by advective flows. However, some regions can show convective mixing in the upper atmosphere for colder interior temperatures. The vertical extent of the clouds is reduced as the internal temperature is increased. Additionally, a global cloud layer gets formed below the radiative-convective boundary (RCB) in the cooler cases. Convection is generally strongly inhibited in UHJ atmospheres above the RCB due to their strong irradiation. Convective mixing plays a minor role compared to advective mixing in keeping cloud particles aloft in ultra hot Jupiters with warm interiors. Higher vertical turbulent heat fluxes and the advection of potential temperature inhibit convection in warmer interiors. Our results suggest isolated upper atmosphere regions above cold interiors may exhibit strong convective mixing in isolated regions around Rossby gyres, allowing aerosols to be better retained in these areas.

arXiv commentaccepted A&A (23 September 2024)

References in corpus (79)

• Array Programming with NumPy
• Precipitating Condensation Clouds in Substellar Atmospheres
• Atmospheric Circulation and Tides of "51Peg b-like" Planets
• Atmospheric circulation of hot Jupiters: Coupled radiative-dynamical general circulation model simulations of HD 189733b and HD 209458b
• Disequilibrium Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Chemistry in the Atmospheres of HD 189733b and HD 209458b
• Evolution of "51Peg b-like" Planets
• 3D mixing in hot Jupiter atmospheres. I. application to the day/night cold trap in HD 209458b
• From thermal dissociation to condensation in the atmospheres of ultra hot Jupiters: WASP-121b in context
• Can TiO Explain Thermal Inversions in the Upper Atmospheres of Irradiated Giant Planets?
• Transitions in the cloud composition of hot Jupiters
• Reflected Spectra and Albedos of Extrasolar Giant Planets I: Clear and Cloudy Atmospheres
• Theoretical Spectra and Atmospheres of Extrasolar Giant Planets
• Inflating Hot Jupiters With Ohmic Dissipation
• Equilibrium chemistry down to 100 K - Impact of silicates and phyllosilicates on carbon/oxygen ratio
• Dynamics and Disequilibrium Carbon Chemistry in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres, With Application to HD 209458b
• Atmospheric Circulation of Hot Jupiters: Three-dimensional circulation models of HD 209458b and HD 189733b with Simplified Forcing
• Detection of H2O and evidence for TiO/VO in an ultra hot exoplanet atmosphere
• VULCAN: an Open-Source, Validated Chemical Kinetics Python Code for Exoplanetary Atmospheres
• WASP-121 b: a hot Jupiter in a polar orbit and close to tidal disruption
• On the Cool Side: Modeling the Atmospheres of Brown Dwarfs and Giant Planets
• Detection of Fe I in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b, and a new likelihood-based approach for Doppler-resolved spectroscopy
• Doppler Signatures of the Atmospheric Circulation on Hot Jupiters
• Three-Dimensional Atmospheric Circulation Models of HD 189733b and HD 209458b with Consistent Magnetic Drag and Ohmic Dissipation
• Extrasolar Giant Planets under Strong Stellar Irradiation
• Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) IV. A spectral inventory of atoms and molecules in the high-resolution transmission spectrum of WASP-121 b
• An optical transmission spectrum for the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b measured with the Hubble Space Telescope
• Atmospheric Circulation of Eccentric Hot Neptune GJ436b
• A non-grey analytical model for irradiated atmospheres. I: Derivation
• The Effects of Irradiation on Hot Jovian Atmospheres: Heat Redistribution and Energy Dissipation
• The Atmospheric Circulation of Ultra-hot Jupiters
• Evolution of Ohmically Heated Hot Jupiters
• A broadband thermal emission spectrum of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-18b
• Spitzer 3.6 micron and 4.5 micron full-orbit lightcurves of WASP-18
• Advection of potential temperature in the atmosphere of irradiated exoplanets: a robust mechanism to explain radius inflation
• 3.6 and 4.5 $\mu$m $Spitzer$ Phase Curves of the Highly-Irradiated Hot Jupiters WASP-19b and HAT-P-7b
• Thermal Tides in Fluid Extrasolar Planets
• Three irradiated and bloated hot Jupiters: WASP-76b, WASP-82b & WASP-90b
• The Intrinsic Temperature and Radiative-Convective Boundary Depth in the Atmospheres of Hot Jupiters
• Magnetic Effects in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
• Formation of Silicate and Titanium Clouds on Hot Jupiters
• The Mechanical Greenhouse: Burial of Heat by Turbulence in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
• Atmospheric circulation of tidally locked exoplanets: II. Dual-band radiative transfer and convective adjustment
• Climate of an Ultra hot Jupiter: Spectroscopic phase curve of WASP-18b with HST/WFC3
• Studying the atmosphere of the exoplanet HAT-P-7b via secondary eclipse measurements with EPOXI, Spitzer and Kepler
• A non-grey analytical model for irradiated atmospheres. II: Analytical vs. numerical solutions
• Sedimentation Efficiency of Condensation Clouds in Substellar Atmospheres
• A HST/WFC3 Thermal Emission Spectrum of the Hot Jupiter HAT-P-7b
• Exoplanet Clouds
• Global-mean Vertical Tracer Mixing in Planetary Atmospheres I: Theory and Fast-rotating Planets
• Implications of three-dimensional chemical transport in hot Jupiter atmospheres: results from a consistently coupled chemistry-radiation-hydrodynamics model
• Clouds in Three-Dimensional Models of Hot Jupiters Over a Wide Range of Temperatures I: Thermal Structures and Broadband Phase Curve Predictions
• Non-detection of TiO and VO in the atmosphere of WASP-121b using high-resolution spectroscopy
• Optical phase curve of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b
• Atmospheric circulation of brown dwarfs and directly imaged exoplanets driven by cloud radiative feedback: effects of rotation
• The Roasting Marshmallows Program with IGRINS on Gemini South I: Composition and Climate of the Ultra Hot Jupiter WASP-18 b
• Evidence for H${}_2$ Dissociation and Recombination Heat Transport in the Atmosphere of KELT-9b
• Evidence of Three Mechanisms Explaining the Radius Anomaly of Hot Jupiters
• Ohmic Dissipation in the Interiors of Hot Jupiters
• Idealised simulations of the deep atmosphere of hot jupiters: Deep, hot, adiabats as a robust solution to the radius inflation problem
• Atmospheric circulation of brown dwarfs and directly imaged exoplanets driven by cloud radiative feedback: global and equatorial dynamics
• Global-mean Vertical Tracer Mixing in Planetary Atmospheres II: Tidally Locked Planets
• Ohmic Heating Suspends, not Reverses, the Cooling Contraction of Hot Jupiters
• Diurnal variations in the stratosphere of the ultrahot giant exoplanet WASP-121b
• An inventory of atomic species in the atmosphere of WASP-121b using UVES high-resolution spectroscopy
• Confirmation of water emission in the dayside spectrum of the ultrahot Jupiter WASP-121b
• Simulating gas giant exoplanet atmospheres with Exo-FMS: Comparing semi-grey, picket fence and correlated-k radiative-transfer schemes
• The Limits of the Primitive Equations of Dynamics for Warm, Slowly Rotating Small Neptunes and Super Earths
• The Hubble PanCET program: Transit and Eclipse Spectroscopy of the Strongly Irradiated Giant Exoplanet WASP-76b
• Gemini/GMOS Optical Transmission Spectroscopy of WASP-121b: signs of variability in an ultra-hot Jupiter?
• A JWST NIRSpec Phase Curve for WASP-121b: Dayside Emission Strongest Eastward of the Substellar Point and Nightside Conditions Conducive to Cloud Formation
• THOR 2.0: Major Improvements to the Open-Source General Circulation Model
• The Mantis Network II: Examining the 3D high-resolution observable properties of the UHJs WASP-121b and WASP-189b through GCM modelling
• The effect of interior heat flux on the atmospheric circulation of hot and ultra-hot Jupiters
• The THOR+HELIOS general circulation model: multi-wavelength radiative transfer with accurate scattering by clouds/hazes
• A Direct Comparison between the use of Double Gray and Multiwavelength Radiative Transfer in a General Circulation Model with and without Radiatively Active Clouds
• Detection of TiO and VO in the atmosphere of WASP-121b and Evidence for its temporal variation
• Evidence of Radius Inflation in Radiative GCM Models of WASP-76b due to the Advection of Potential Temperature
• Modeling the Thermal Bulge of A Hot Jupiter with the Two-Stream Approximation
• Examining NHD vs QHD in the GCM THOR with non-grey radiative transfer for the hot Jupiter regime