Three-Dimensional Atmospheric Circulation Models of HD 189733b and HD 209458b with Consistent Magnetic Drag and Ohmic Dissipation

Abstract

We present the first three-dimensional circulation models for extrasolar gas giant atmospheres with geometrically and energetically consistent treatments of magnetic drag and ohmic dissipation. Atmospheric resistivities are continuously updated and calculated directly from the flow structure, strongly coupling the magnetic effects with the circulation pattern. We model the hot Jupiters HD 189733b (Teq \approx 1200 K) and HD 209458b (Teq \approx 1500 K) and test planetary magnetic field strengths from 0 to 30 G. We find that even at B = 3 G the atmospheric structure and circulation of HD 209458b are strongly influenced by magnetic effects, while the cooler HD 189733b remains largely unaffected, even in the case of B = 30 G and super-solar metallicities. Our models of HD 209458b indicate that magnetic effects can substantially slow down atmospheric winds, change circulation and temperature patterns, and alter observable properties. These models establish that longitudinal and latitudinal hot spot offsets, day-night flux contrasts, and planetary radius inflation are interrelated diagnostics of the magnetic induction process occurring in the atmospheres of hot Jupiters and other similarly forced exoplanets. Most of the ohmic heating occurs high in the atmosphere and on the day side of the planet, while the heating at depth is strongly dependent on the internal heat flux assumed for the planet, with more heating when the deep atmosphere is hot. We compare the ohmic power at depth in our models, and estimates of the ohmic dissipation in the bulk interior (from general scaling laws), to evolutionary models that constrain the amount of heating necessary to explain the inflated radius of HD 209458b. Our results suggest that deep ohmic heating can successfully inflate the radius of HD 209458b for planetary magnetic field strengths of B \geq 3 - 10 G.

35 pages, 12 figures, minimal revisions due to referee's comments, ApJ accepted

References in corpus (19)

• On the radiative equilibrium of irradiated planetary atmospheres
• 3.6 and 4.5 Micron Phase Curves and Evidence for Non-Equilibrium Chemistry in the Atmosphere of Extrasolar Planet HD 189733b
• Inflating Hot Jupiters With Ohmic Dissipation
• The On/Off Nature of Star-Planet Interactions
• Multi-Wavelength Constraints on the Day-Night Circulation Patterns of HD 189733b
• The phase-dependent Infrared brightness of the extrasolar planet upsilon Andromedae b
• Constraints on Deep-seated Zonal Winds Inside Jupiter and Saturn
• Doppler Signatures of the Atmospheric Circulation on Hot Jupiters
• Early UV Ingress in WASP-12b: Measuring Planetary Magnetic Fields
• Atmospheric Circulation of Hot Jupiters: A Shallow Three-Dimensional Model
• Atmospheric Dynamics of Short-period Extra Solar Gas Giant Planets I: Dependence of Night-Side Temperature on Opacity
• Atmospheric Circulation of Eccentric Hot Neptune GJ436b
• Hot Nights on Extrasolar Planets: Mid-IR Phase Variations of Hot Jupiters
• A New 24 micron Phase Curve for upsilon Andromedae b
• Extrasolar Giant Planets and X-ray Activity
• Ohmic Dissipation in the Interiors of Hot Jupiters
• Hot Jupiter Variability in Eclipse Depth
• On the detectability of star-planet interaction
• Thermo-Resistive Instability of Hot Planetary Atmospheres

Cited by in corpus (112)

• Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy of the Exoplanets HD209458b and XO-1b Using the Wide Field Camera-3 on the Hubble Space Telescope
• 3D mixing in hot Jupiter atmospheres. I. application to the day/night cold trap in HD 209458b
• Transitions in the cloud composition of hot Jupiters
• Atmospheric Circulation of Hot Jupiters: Dayside-Nightside Temperature Differences
• Atmospheric Heat Redistribution on Hot Jupiters
• The atmospheric circulation of a nine-hot Jupiter sample: Probing circulation and chemistry over a wide phase space
• Atmospheric Dynamics of Hot Exoplanets
• The 4.5 $\mu$m full-orbit phase curve of the hot Jupiter HD 209458b
• Pseudo 2D chemical model of hot Jupiter atmospheres: application to HD 209458b and HD 189733b
• Observations of Exoplanet Atmospheres
• A non-grey analytical model for irradiated atmospheres. I: Derivation
• The Atmospheric Circulation of Ultra-hot Jupiters
• A broadband thermal emission spectrum of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-18b
• 3.6 and 4.5 $\mu$m $Spitzer$ Phase Curves of the Highly-Irradiated Hot Jupiters WASP-19b and HAT-P-7b
• Atmosphere-interior exchange on hot rocky exoplanets
• Atmospheric Circulation of Hot Jupiters: Dayside-Nightside Temperature Differences. II. Comparison with Observations
• The Intrinsic Temperature and Radiative-Convective Boundary Depth in the Atmospheres of Hot Jupiters
• Magnetic Effects in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
• Magnetospheric Structure and Atmospheric Joule Heating of Habitable Planets Orbiting M-dwarf Stars
• Hot Jupiters: Origins, Structure, Atmospheres
• Atmospheric Dynamics of Hot Giant Planets and Brown Dwarfs
• Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of the Atmosphere of HD 209458b
• 3.6 and 4.5 $\mu$m Phase Curves of the Highly-Irradiated Eccentric Hot Jupiter WASP-14b
• The search for radio emission from the exoplanetary systems 55 Cancri, $\upsilon$ Andromedae, and $\tau$ Boötis using LOFAR beam-formed observations
• 3D Structures of equatorial waves and the resulting superrotation in the atmosphere of a tidally locked hot Jupiter
• Atmospheric Regimes and Trends on Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs
• Vertical Tracer Mixing in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
• Connecting the dots II: Phase changes in the climate dynamics of tidally locked terrestrial exoplanets
• Clouds in Three-Dimensional Models of Hot Jupiters Over a Wide Range of Temperatures I: Thermal Structures and Broadband Phase Curve Predictions
• Magnetically Controlled Circulation on Hot Extrasolar Planets
• Estimating the magnetic field strength in hot Jupiters
• Exploring the Effects of Active Magnetic Drag in a GCM of the Ultra-Hot Jupiter WASP-76b
• Thermal Processes Governing Hot-Jupiter Radii
• Viscoelastic Tidal Dissipation in Giant Planets and Formation of Hot Jupiters Through High-Eccentricity Migration
• Evidence for H${}_2$ Dissociation and Recombination Heat Transport in the Atmosphere of KELT-9b
• Extended Heat Deposition in Hot Jupiters: Application to Ohmic Heating
• Giant Planets
• ARES II: Characterising the Hot Jupiters WASP-127 b, WASP-79 b and WASP-62 b with HST
• Water vapor detection in the transmission spectra of HD 209458 b with the CARMENES NIR channel
• The Atmospheric Circulation and Observable Properties of Non-Synchronously Rotating Hot Jupiters
• Hydrogen and Sodium Absorption in the Optical Transmission Spectrum of WASP-12b
• Hot-Jupiter Inflation due to Deep Energy Deposition
• The 3D thermal, dynamical and chemical structure of the atmosphere of HD 189733b: implications of wind-driven chemistry for the emission phase curve
• No umbrella needed: Confronting the hypothesis of iron rain on WASP-76b with post-processed general circulation models
• Exonephology: Transmission spectra from a 3D simulated cloudy atmosphere of HD209458b
• An Observational Diagnostic for Distinguishing Between Clouds and Haze in Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Identifying new opportunities for exoplanet characterisation at high spectral resolution
• Structure and Evolution of Internally Heated Hot Jupiters
• Spatially-resolving the terminator: Variation of Fe, temperature and winds in WASP-76 b across planetary limbs and orbital phase
• Modeling the effects of inhomogeneous aerosols on the hot Jupiter Kepler-7b's atmospheric circulation
• Atmospheric Circulation of Eccentric Hot Jupiter HAT-P-2b
• Atmospheric Circulations of Hot Jupiters as Planetary Heat Engines
• 3D radiative-transfer for exoplanet atmospheres. gCMCRT: a GPU accelerated MCRT code
• Phase Offsets and the Energy Budgets of Hot Jupiters
• The Dawes Review 3: The Atmospheres of Extrasolar Planets and Brown Dwarfs
• Time-resolved rotational velocities in the upper atmosphere of WASP-33 b
• Reference study to characterise plasma and magnetic properties of ultra-cool atmospheres
• Electrodynamics on extrasolar giant planets
• The Impact of Mixing Treatments on Cloud Modelling in 3D Simulations of Hot Jupiters
• Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) VI. Non-detection of sodium with HARPS on the bloated super-Neptune WASP-127b
• A feature-rich transmission spectrum for WASP-127b
• A Universal Cloud Composition on the Nightsides of Hot Jupiters
• The hottest hot Jupiters may host Atmospheric Dynamos
• Analytical Models of Exoplanetary Atmospheres. I. Atmospheric Dynamics via the Shallow Water System
• A New Analysis of 8 Spitzer Phase Curves and Hot Jupiter Population Trends: Qatar-1b, Qatar-2b, WASP-52b, WASP-34b, and WASP-140b
• Theoretical limits on magnetic field strengths in low-mass stars
• Re-inflation of warm and hot Jupiters
• Atmospheres on Nonsynchronized Eccentric-tilted Exoplanets I: Dynamical Regimes
• Atmospheric circulation of tidally locked gas giants with increasing rotation and implications for white-dwarf-brown-dwarf systems
• On the heat redistribution of the hot transiting exoplanet WASP-18b
• Variable and super-sonic winds in the atmosphere of an ultra-hot giant planet
• Using helium 10830 Å transits to constrain planetary magnetic fields
• WASP-54b, WASP-56b and WASP-57b: Three new sub-Jupiter mass planets from SuperWASP
• Energy Dissipation in the Upper Atmospheres of Trappist-1 Planets
• Magnetic Effects and 3D Structure in Theoretical High-Resolution Transmission Spectra of Ultrahot Jupiters: the Case of WASP-76b
• Signatures of Clouds in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres: Modeled High Resolution Emission Spectra from 3D General Circulation Models
• No evidence for radius inflation in hot Jupiters from vertical advection of heat
• The effect of interior heat flux on the atmospheric circulation of hot and ultra-hot Jupiters
• Ariel Planetary Interiors White Paper
• Smaller than expected bright-spot offsets in Spitzer phase curves of the hot Jupiter Qatar-1b
• Emergent Spectral Fluxes of Hot Jupiters: an Abrupt Rise in Day Side Brightness Temperature Under Strong Irradiation
• Observational Consequences of Shallow-water Magnetohydrodynamics on Hot Jupiters
• Chemical modeling of exoplanet atmospheres
• Follow-up LOFAR observations of the $\tau$ Boötis exoplanetary system
• A Direct Comparison between the use of Double Gray and Multiwavelength Radiative Transfer in a General Circulation Model with and without Radiatively Active Clouds
• Shallowness of circulation in hot Jupiters -- Advancing the Ohmic dissipation model
• Exoplanetary Geophysics -- An Emerging Discipline
• The Influence of Differential Irradiation and Circulation on the Thermal Evolution of Gas Giant Planets. I. Upper Limits from Radiative Equilibrium
• Coupled Day-Night Models of Exoplanetary Atmospheres
• Inflation of Migrated Hot Jupiters
• Clouds and Hazes in GJ 1214b's Metal-Rich Atmosphere
• Photodissociation and induced chemical asymmetries on ultra-hot gas giants. A case study of HCN on WASP-76 b
• Evidence of Radius Inflation in Radiative GCM Models of WASP-76b due to the Advection of Potential Temperature
• EXONEST: The Bayesian Exoplanetary Explorer
• Non-Axisymmetric Flows on Hot Jupiters with Oblique Magnetic Fields
• Variability from thermo-resistive instability in the atmospheres of hot jupiters
• Magnetic winding and turbulence in ultra-hot Jupiters
• Unveiling the atmospheres of giant exoplanets with an EChO-class mission
• Strong NUV Refractory Absorption and Dissociated Water in the Hubble Transmission Spectrum of the Ultra Hot Jupiter KELT-20 b
• Semi-Transparent Shear Turbulence in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
• Inflated hot Jupiters: Inferring average atmospheric velocity via Ohmic models coupled with internal dynamo evolution
• Inhomogeneous magnetic coupling in exoplanets: the stop & go of WASP-18 b's atmospheric flows
• Westward hotspot offset explained by subcritical dynamo action in an ultra-hot Jupiter atmosphere
• Spitzer phase curve observations and circulation models of the inflated ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76b
• Magnetic field strengths of hot giant exoplanets consistent with Solar System values
• Magnetic Drag and 3-D Effects in Theoretical High-Resolution Emission Spectra of Ultrahot Jupiters: the Case of WASP-76b
• Quantifying thermal water dissociation in the dayside photosphere of WASP-121 b using NIRPS
• Effects of the internal temperature on vertical mixing and on cloud structures in Ultra Hot Jupiters
• Patchy nightside clouds on ultra-hot Jupiters: General Circulation Model simulations with radiatively active cloud tracers
• The Magnetic Mechanism for Hotspot Reversals in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
• Effective drag in rotating, poorly conducting plasma turbulence
• Constraints on the Magnetic Field Strength of HAT-P-7 b and other Hot Giant Exoplanets