Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy of the Exoplanets HD209458b and XO-1b Using the Wide Field Camera-3 on the Hubble Space Telescope

Abstract

Exoplanetary transmission spectroscopy in the near-infrared using Hubble/NICMOS is currently ambiguous because different observational groups claim different results from the same data, depending on their analysis methodologies. Spatial scanning with Hubble/WFC3 provides an opportunity to resolve this ambiguity. We here report WFC3 spectroscopy of the giant planets HD209458b and XO-1b in transit, using spatial scanning mode for maximum photon-collecting efficiency. We introduce an analysis technique that derives the exoplanetary transmission spectrum without the necessity of explicitly decorrelating instrumental effects, and achieves nearly photon-limited precision even at the high flux levels collected in spatial scan mode. Our errors are within 6-percent (XO-1) and 26-percent (HD209458b) of the photon-limit at a spectral resolving power of 70, and are better than 0.01-percent per spectral channel. Both planets exhibit water absorption of approximately 200 ppm at the water peak near 1.38 microns. Our result for XO-1b contradicts the much larger absorption derived from NICMOS spectroscopy. The weak water absorption we measure for HD209458b is reminiscent of the weakness of sodium absorption in the first transmission spectroscopy of an exoplanet atmosphere by Charbonneau et al. (2002). Model atmospheres having uniformly-distributed extra opacity of 0.012 cm^2 per gram account approximately for both our water measurement and the sodium absorption in this planet. Our results for HD209458b support the picture advocated by Pont et al. (2013) in which weak molecular absorptions are superposed on a transmission spectrum that is dominated by continuous opacity due to haze and/or dust. However, the extra opacity needed for HD209458b is grayer than for HD189733b, with a weaker Rayleigh component.

new figures, one new table, minor text revisions, accepted for ApJ

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• Transmission spectroscopy of WASP-52 b with JWST NIRISS: Water and helium atmospheric absorption, alongside prominent star-spot crossings
• Ground-based optical transmission spectrum of the hot Jupiter HAT-P-1b
• Understanding the Effects of Systematics in Exoplanetary Atmospheric Retrievals
• Wayne - A Simulator for HST WFC3 IR Grism Spectroscopy
• Transmission spectroscopy with VLT FORS2: a featureless spectrum for the low-density transiting exoplanet WASP-88b
• Optimal Measures for Characterizing Water-rich Super-Earths
• How to Characterize the Atmosphere of a Transiting Exoplanet
• Lowest Earth's atmosphere layers probed during a lunar eclipse
• A strong H- opacity signal in the near-infrared emission spectrum of the ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-9b
• Atmospheric Characterization of Hot Jupiter CoRoT-1 b Using the Wide Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope
• Revisiting KELT-19Ab, WASP-156b and WASP-121b in the TESS Era
• First Comparative Exoplanetology Within a Transiting Multi-planet System: Comparing the atmospheres of V1298 Tau b and c
• Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium Transmission Spectrum Modelling of HD209458b
• Terminus: A Versatile Simulator for Space-based Telescopes
• Detection of TiO and VO in the atmosphere of WASP-121b and Evidence for its temporal variation
• High-throughput Quantum Chemistry: Empowering the Search for Molecular Candidates behind Unknown Spectral Signatures in Exoplanetary Atmospheres
• Hot exoplanetary atmospheres in 3D
• Evidence for stellar contamination in the transmission spectra of HAT-P-12b
• ExoLyn: a golden mean approach to multi-species cloud modelling in atmospheric retrieval
• Effects of Thermal Emission on the Transmission Spectra of Hot Jupiters
• Atmospheric Characterization via Broadband Color Filters on the PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars (PLATO) Mission
• Detection of faculae in the transit and transmission spectrum of WASP-69b
• TESS Timings of 31 Hot Jupiters with Ephemeris Uncertainties
• On the Effect of Stellar Activity on Low-resolution Transit Spectroscopy and the Use of High Resolution as Mitigation
• XO-7 b: A transiting hot Jupiter with a massive companion on a wide orbit
• Tentative detection of titanium oxide in the atmosphere of WASP-69 b with a 4m ground-based telescope
• SPORK That Spectrum: Increasing Detection Significances from High-Resolution Exoplanet Spectroscopy with Novel Smoothing Algorithms
• WASP-35 and HAT-P-30/WASP-51: re-analysis using TESS and ground-based transit photometry
• A close-in puffy Neptune with hidden friends: The enigma of TOI 620
• Thermal Emission from the hot Jupiter WASP-103b in J and Ks Bands
• Data analysis Pipeline for EChO end-to-end simulations
• Refractory and Volatile Species in the UV-to-IR Transmission Spectrum of Ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-178b with HST and JWST
• Unveiling the atmospheres of giant exoplanets with an EChO-class mission
• Detecting Biosignatures in Nearby Rocky Exoplanets using High-Contrast Imaging and Medium-Resolution Spectroscopy with Extremely Large Telescope
• JexoSim 2.0: End-to-End JWST Simulator for Exoplanet Spectroscopy -- Implementation and Case Studies
• A Population Analysis of 20 Exoplanets Observed from the Optical to the Near-infrared Wavelengths with HST: Evidence for Widespread Stellar Contamination
• The strange case of Na I in the atmosphere of HD209458 b: Reconciling low- and high-resolution spectroscopic observations G
• The Hubble PanCET program: The near-ultraviolet transmission spectrum of WASP-79b
• An HST Transmission Spectrum of the Closest M-Dwarf Transiting Rocky Planet LTT 1445Ab
• Comparing transit spectroscopy pipelines at the catalogue level: evidence for systematic differences
• Physical properties and optical-infrared transmission spectrum of the giant planet XO-1b
• The Emission Spectrum of the Hot Jupiter WASP-79b from HST/WFC3
• The effect of spectroscopic binning on atmospheric retrievals
• PACMAN: A pipeline to reduce and analyze Hubble Wide Field Camera 3 IR Grism data
• Quantifying the Impact of Spectral Coverage on the Retrieval of Molecular Abundances from Exoplanet Transmission Spectra
• Osiris revisited: Confirming a solar metallicity and low C/O in HD 209458b
• A reanalysis of the LHS 1140 b atmosphere observed with the Hubble Space Telescope
• The Hubble PanCET program: Emission spectrum of hot Jupiter HAT-P-41b
• The SPACE Program. I. The featureless spectrum of HD 86226 c challenges sub-Neptune atmosphere trends
• A Detailed Investigation of HD 209458 b HST & JWST Transmission Spectra with SANSAR
• Thermal emission of WASP-48b in the Ks-band
• The Featureless HST/WFC3 Transmission Spectrum of the Rocky Exoplanet GJ 1132b: No Evidence For A Cloud-Free Primordial Atmosphere and Constraints on Starspot Contamination
• A Transmission Spectrum Of HD 189733b From Multiple Broadband Filter Observations
• Illusion and Reality in the Atmospheres of Exoplanets
• The effects of stellar gravity darkening on high-resolution transmission spectra
• Galactic planetary science
• Characterization of an Instrument Model for Exoplanet Transit Spectrum Estimation through Wide Scale Analysis on HST Data
• A Two-limb Explanation for the Optical-to-infrared Transmission Spectrum of the Hot Jupiter HAT-P-32Ab
• Open Source High-Resolution Exoplanet Atmosphere Retrievals with POSEIDON
• Generation of an optimal target list for the Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory (EChO)
• The Hubble PanCET Program: A Featureless Transmission Spectrum for WASP-29b and Evidence of Enhanced Atmospheric Metallicity on WASP-80b
• Ocean signatures in the total flux and polarization spectra of Earth-like exoplanets
• Dust in brown dwarfs and extra-solar planets VI. Assessing seed formation across the brown dwarf and exoplanet regimes
• SPECtrophotometer for TRansmission spectroscopy of exoplanets (SPECTR)
• Near-Infrared Transit Photometry of Extra-Solar Planet HAT-P-54b
• Cloudy and Cloud-free Thermal Phase Curves with PICASO: Applications to WASP-43b
• The HUSTLE Program: The UV to Near-IR Transmission Spectrum of the Hot Jupiter KELT-7b