Detection of the tidal deformation of WASP-103b at $3\sigma$ with CHEOPS

Abstract

WASP-103b is the exoplanet with the highest expected deformation signature in its transit light curve and one of the shortest expected spiral-in times. Measuring the tidal deformation of the planet would allow us to estimate the second degree fluid Love number and gain insight into the planet's internal structure. Moreover, measuring the tidal decay timescale would allow us to estimate the stellar tidal quality factor, which is key to constraining stellar physics. We obtained 12 transit light curves of WASP-103b with the CHEOPS to estimate the tidal deformation and tidal decay of this extreme system. We modelled the high-precision CHEOPS transit light curves together with systematic instrumental noise using multi-dimensional Gaussian process regression informed by a set of instrumental parameters. To model the tidal deformation, we used a parametrisation model which allowed us to determine the second degree fluid Love number of the planet. We combined our light curves with previously observed transits of WASP-103b with HST and Spitzer. We estimate the radial Love number of WASP-103b to be $h_f=1.59_{-0.53}^{+0.45}$. This is the first time that the tidal deformation is directly detected (at $3\sigma$) from the transit light curve of an exoplanet. Combining the transit times derived from CHEOPS, with the other transit times available in the literature, we find no significant orbital period variation for WASP-103b. However, the data show a hint of an orbital period increase instead of a decrease, as is expected for tidal decay. This could be either due to a visual companion star if this star is bound, the Applegate effect, or a statistical artefact. The estimated Love number of WASP-103b is similar to Jupiter's. This will allow us to constrain the internal structure and composition of WASP-103b, which could provide clues on the inflation of hot Jupiters. (Abridged)

arXiv comment21 pages, 9 figures, 11 tables, CHEOPS light curves available online, Published A&A

References in corpus (89)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance
• Analytic Lightcurves for Planetary Transit Searches
• dynesty: A Dynamic Nested Sampling Package for Estimating Bayesian Posteriors and Evidences
• A new extensive library of PHOENIX stellar atmospheres and synthetic spectra
• Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1
• batman: BAsic Transit Model cAlculatioN in Python
• A new generation of PARSEC-COLIBRI stellar isochrones including the TP-AGB phase
• Gaia Early Data Release 3: Parallax bias versus magnitude, colour, and position
• Achieving better than 1 minute accuracy in the Heliocentric and Barycentric Julian Dates
• Efficient, uninformative sampling of limb darkening coefficients for two-parameter laws
• The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets VII. Two short-period Saturnian companions to HD108147 and HD168746
• Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy of the Exoplanets HD209458b and XO-1b Using the Wide Field Camera-3 on the Hubble Space Telescope
• RadVel: The Radial Velocity Modeling Toolkit
• Tidal dissipation in rotating giant planets
• Tidal dissipation in rotating solar-type stars
• Thermal structure of an exoplanet atmosphere from phase-resolved emission spectroscopy
• Characterization of exoplanets from their formation I: Models of combined planet formation and evolution
• Parametrizing the exoplanet eccentricity distribution with the Beta distribution
• Dynamic nested sampling: an improved algorithm for parameter estimation and evidence calculation
• A map of the large day-night temperature gradient of a super-Earth exoplanet
• The CHEOPS mission
• A Robust Measure of Tidal Circularization in Coeval Binary Populations: The solar-type spectroscopic Binary Population in The Open Cluster M35
• Limb darkening and exoplanets: testing stellar model atmospheres and identifying biases in transit parameters
• Tidal friction in close-in satellites and exoplanets. The Darwin theory re-visited
• CLES, Code Liegeois d'Evolution Stellaire
• Global Climate and Atmospheric Composition of the Ultra-Hot Jupiter WASP-103b from HST and Spitzer Phase Curve Observations
• Probing the Interiors of Very Hot Jupiters Using Transit Light Curves
• The TRAPPIST survey of southern transiting planets. I. Thirty eclipses of the ultra-short period planet WASP-43 b
• PASTIS: Bayesian extrasolar planet validation. I. General framework, models, and performance
• New constraints on Saturn's interior from Cassini astrometric data
• The Apparently Decaying Orbit of WASP-12
• The Orbit of WASP-12b is Decaying
• Transit and Eclipse Analyses of Exoplanet HD 149026b Using BLISS Mapping
• ELLC - a fast, flexible light curve model for detached eclipsing binary stars and transiting exoplanets
• Measuring the Oblateness and Rotation of Transiting Extrasolar Giant Planets
• Departure from the constant-period ephemeris for the transiting exoplanet WASP-12 b
• Friends of Hot Jupiters. IV. Stellar companions beyond 50 AU might facilitate giant planet formation, but most are unlikely to cause Kozai-Lidov migration
• The effect of stellar limb darkening values on the accuracy of the planet radii derived from photometric transit observations
• A global analysis of Spitzer and new HARPS data confirms the loneliness and metal-richness of GJ 436 b
• High-resolution imaging of $Kepler$ planet host candidates. A comprehensive comparison of different techniques
• Age consistency between exoplanet hosts and field stars
• Expected performances of the Characterising Exoplanet Satellite (CHEOPS) III. Data reduction pipeline: architecture and simulated performances
• Constraining the Rotation Rate of Transiting Extrasolar Planets by Oblateness Measurements
• Transit timing variations in WASP-10b induced by stellar activity?
• Revising the ages of planet-hosting stars
• Warm terrestrial planet with half the mass of Venus transiting a nearby star
• Determination of the Interior Structure of Transiting Planets in Multiple-Planet Systems
• WASP-103b: a new planet at the edge of tidal disruption
• Multiplicity in transiting planet host stars. A Lucky Imaging study of Kepler candidates
• The continuing search for evidence of tidal orbital decay of hot Jupiters
• SWEET-Cat updated. New homogenous spectroscopic parameters
• Repeatability and Accuracy of Exoplanet Eclipse Depths Measured with Post-Cryogenic Spitzer
• A Lucky Imaging search for stellar sources near 74 transit hosts
• Revisiting the Phase Curves of WASP-43b: Confronting Reanalyzed Spitzer Data with Cloudy Atmospheres
• Tidal Evolution of Close-in Extrasolar Planets: High Stellar Q from New Theoretical Models
• New limb-darkening coefficients and synthetic photometry for model-atmosphere grids at Galactic, LMC, and SMC abundances
• CHEOPS observations of the HD 108236 planetary system: A fifth planet, improved ephemerides, and planetary radii
• WASP-4b Arrived Early for the TESS Mission
• Hierarchical Bayesian calibration of tidal orbit decay rates among hot Jupiters
• High-precision stellar limb-darkening in exoplanetary transits
• A simple model of the reflection effect for the interacting binaries and extrasolar planets
• WASP-186 and WASP-187: two hot Jupiters discovered by SuperWASP and SOPHIE with additional observations by TESS
• On the equilibrium figure of close-in planets and satellites
• Distorted, non-spherical transiting planets: impact on the transit depth and on the radius determination
• High-precision photometry by telescope defocussing. VII. The ultra-short period planet WASP-103
• Reinvestigating $\alpha$ Cen AB in light of asteroseismic forward and inverse methods
• Transit light curve and inner structure of close-in planets
• Dynamical Constraints on the Core Mass of Hot Jupiter HAT-P-13b
• The discovery of WASP-151b, WASP-153b, WASP-156b: Insights on giant planet migration and the upper boundary of the Neptunian desert
• On the degeneracy of the tidal Love number k2 in multi-layer planetary models: application to Saturn and GJ436b
• Investigating the physical properties of transiting hot Jupiters with the 1.5-m Kuiper Telescope
• Improving transit characterisation with Gaussian process modelling of stellar variability
• Machine learning inference of the interior structure of low-mass exoplanets
• Near-Infrared Emission Spectrum of WASP-103b using Hubble Space Telescope/Wide Field Camera 3
• An estimate of the $k_2$ Love number of WASP-18Ab from its radial velocity measurements
• Constraining the interior of extrasolar giant planets with the tidal Love number k_2 using the example of HAT-P-13b
• Detectability of shape deformation in short-period exoplanets
• Tidally Distorted Exoplanets: Density Corrections for Short-Period Hot-Jupiters based solely on Observable Parameters
• Retrieval of the fluid Love number $k_2$ in exoplanetary transit curves
• High-precision multi-wavelength eclipse photometry of the ultra-hot gas giant exoplanet WASP-103 b
• qpower2 - a fast and accurate algorithm for the computation of exoplanet transit light curves with the power-2 limb-darkening law
• A comparative study of WASP-67b and HAT-P-38b from WFC3 data
• MCMCI: A code to fully characterise an exoplanetary system
• Ground-based photometry of the 21-day Neptune HD106315c
• Probing TRAPPIST-1-like systems with K2
• Note on the Power-2 Limb Darkening Law

Cited by in corpus (29)

• TESS Revisits WASP-12: Updated Orbital Decay Rate and Constraints on Atmospheric Variability
• HD 23472: A multi-planetary system with three super-Earths and two potential super-Mercuries
• Examining the orbital decay targets KELT-9 b, KELT-16 b and WASP-4 b, and the transit-timing variations of HD 97658 b
• TOI-5678 b: A 48-day transiting Neptune-mass planet characterized with CHEOPS and HARPS
• GASTLI: An open-source coupled interior-atmosphere model to unveil gas giant composition
• CHEOPS finds KELT-1b darker than expected in visible light: Discrepancy between the CHEOPS and TESS eclipse depths
• The young mini-Neptune HD 207496b that is either a naked core or on the verge of becoming one
• Measuring the orbit shrinkage rate of hot Jupiters due to tides
• TASTE V. A new ground-based investigation of orbital decay in the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-12b
• Tidal dissipation due to the elliptical instability and turbulent viscosity in convection zones in rotating giant planets and stars
• Stability and detectability of exomoons orbiting HIP 41378 f, a temperate Jovian planet with an anomalously low apparent density
• Searching for Candidates of Orbital Decays among Transit Exoplanets
• Evidence of apsidal motion and a possible co-moving companion star detected in the WASP-19 system
• Planet-star interactions with precise transit timing. III. Entering the regime of dynamical tides
• A close outer companion to the ultra-hot Jupiter TOI-2109 b?
• Assessing the processes behind planet engulfment and its imprints
• Thermal Emission from the hot Jupiter WASP-103b in J and Ks Bands
• Dark skies of the slightly eccentric WASP-18 b from its optical-to-infrared dayside emission
• The phase curve of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-167b as seen by TESS
• A CHEOPS Search for Massive, Long-Period Companions to the Warm Jupiter K2-139 b
• Relationship between the moment of inertia and the $k_2$ Love number of fluid extra-solar planets
• Retrieving interior properties of hot Jupiters with Love numbers and atmospheric measurements
• Tidal Distortions as a Bottleneck on Constraining Exoplanet Compositions
• Exo-Geoscience Perspectives Beyond Habitability
• Exploring Exoplanet Dynamics with JWST: Tides, Rotation, Rings, and Moons
• Yuti: A General-purpose Transit Simulator for Arbitrary Shaped Objects Orbiting Stars
• Ground-Based Reconnaissance Observations of 21 Exoplanet Atmospheres with the Exoplanet Transmission Spectroscopy Imager
• Exploring the habitability and interior composition of exoplanets lying within the extended habitable zone
• The tidal quality of the hot Jupiter WASP-12b