Friends of Hot Jupiters. IV. Stellar companions beyond 50 AU might facilitate giant planet formation, but most are unlikely to cause Kozai-Lidov migration

Abstract

Stellar companions can influence the formation and evolution of planetary systems, but there are currently few observational constraints on the properties of planet-hosting binary star systems. We search for stellar companions around 77 transiting hot Jupiter systems to explore the statistical properties of this population of companions as compared to field stars of similar spectral type. After correcting for survey incompleteness, we find that $47\%\pm 7\%$ of hot Jupiter systems have stellar companions with semi-major axes between 50-2000 AU. This is 2.9 times larger than the field star companion fraction in this separation range, with a significance of $4.4\sigma$. In the 1-50AU range, only $3.9_{-2.0}^{+4.5}\%$ of hot Jupiters host stellar companions compared to the field star value of $16.4\%\pm 0.7\%$, which is a $2.7\sigma$ difference. We find that the distribution of mass ratios for stellar companions to hot Jupiter systems peaks at small values and therefore differs from that of field star binaries which tend to be uniformly distributed across all mass ratios. We conclude that either wide separation stellar binaries are more favorable sites for gas giant planet formation at all separations, or that the presence of stellar companions preferentially causes the inward migration of gas giant planets that formed farther out in the disk via dynamical processes such as Kozai-Lidov oscillations. We determine that less than 20% of hot Jupiters have stellar companions capable of inducing Kozai-Lidov oscillations assuming initial semi-major axes between 1-5 AU, implying that the enhanced companion occurrence is likely correlated with environments where gas giants can form efficiently.

arXiv commentaccepted for publication in ApJ; 23 pages including 9 figures and 6 tables

References in corpus (93)

• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• A new extensive library of PHOENIX stellar atmospheres and synthetic spectra
• A Survey of Stellar Families: Multiplicity of Solar-Type Stars
• Shrinking binary and planetary orbits by Kozai cycles with tidal friction
• Stellar Multiplicity
• Rapid planetesimal formation in turbulent circumstellar discs
• Streaming Instabilities in Protoplanetary Disks
• The Keck Planet Search: Detectability and the Minimum Mass and Orbital Period Distribution of Extrasolar Planets
• The Occurrence and Architecture of Exoplanetary Systems
• Planet Migration and Binary Companions: the case of HD 80606b
• A Major Asymmetric Dust Trap in a Transition Disk
• Improved parameters for extrasolar transiting planets
• Forming the cores of giant planets from the radial pebble flux in protoplanetary discs
• Separating gas-giant and ice-giant planets by halting pebble accretion
• Secular Dynamics in Hierarchical Three-Body Systems
• Extrasolar planet population synthesis IV. Correlations with disk metallicity, mass and lifetime
• Models of the in situ formation of detected extrasolar giant planets
• Friends of Hot Jupiters I: A Radial Velocity Search for Massive, Long-Period Companions to Close-In Gas Giant Planets
• Improved spectroscopic parameters for transiting planet hosts
• Line-profile tomography of exoplanet transits -- II. A gas-giant planet transiting a rapidly-rotating A5 star
• WASP-1b and WASP-2b: Two new transiting exoplanets detected with SuperWASP and SOPHIE
• On the Formation of Hot Jupiters in Stellar Binaries
• The Role of Multiplicity in Disk Evolution and Planet Formation
• How to form planetesimals from mm-sized chondrules and chondrule aggregates
• Improving Galactic Center Astrometry by Reducing the Effects of Geometric Distortion
• To Cool is to Accrete: Analytic Scalings for Nebular Accretion of Planetary Atmospheres
• Suppression of extreme orbital evolution in triple systems with short range forces
• Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). IV. The Outer Architecture of M Dwarf Planetary Systems
• HST hot Jupiter Transmission Spectral Survey: A detection of Na and strong optical absorption in HAT-P-1b
• Planetary System Disruption by Galactic Perturbations to Wide Binary Stars
• Steady-state planet migration by the Kozai-Lidov mechanism in stellar binaries
• Circumstellar and Circumbinary Disks in Eccentric Stellar Binaries
• WASP-43b: The closest-orbiting hot Jupiter
• Statistics of Long Period Gas Giant Planets in Known Planetary Systems
• Formation and Stellar Spin-Orbit Misalignment of Hot Jupiters from Lidov-Kozai Oscillations in Stellar Binaries
• Homogeneous studies of transiting extrasolar planets. V. New results for 38 planets
• HAT-P-20b--HAT-P-23b: Four Massive Transiting Extrasolar Planets
• Friends of Hot Jupiters II: No Correspondence Between Hot-Jupiter Spin-Orbit Misalignment and the Incidence of Directly Imaged Stellar Companions
• Star-Disc-Binary Interactions in Protoplanetary Disc Systems and Primordial Spin-Orbit Misalignments
• Gas disks to gas giants: Simulating the birth of planetary systems
• Binarity of Transit Host Stars - Implications on Planetary Parameters
• Influence of Stellar Multiplicity On Planet Formation. II. Planets Are Less Common in Multiple-Star Systems with Separations Smaller than 1500 AU
• HAT-P-39b--HAT-P-41b: Three Highly Inflated Transiting Hot Jupiters
• Three irradiated and bloated hot Jupiters: WASP-76b, WASP-82b & WASP-90b
• The In Situ Formation of Giant Planets at Short Orbital Periods
• WASP-52b, WASP-58b, WASP-59b, and WASP-60b: four new transiting close-in giant planets
• WASP-39b: a highly inflated Saturn-mass planet orbiting a late G-type star
• The Turbulent Origin of Spin-Orbit Misalignment in Planetary Systems
• Adaptive Optics Images of Kepler Objects of Interest
• New and updated stellar parameters for 90 transit hosts. The effect of the surface gravity
• The stability and fates of hierarchical two-planet systems
• Gravitational instability in binary protoplanetary disks; new constraints on giant planet formation
• HAT-P-5b: A Jupiter-like hot Jupiter Transiting a Bright Star
• WASP-103b: a new planet at the edge of tidal disruption
• A paucity of proto-hot Jupiters on super-eccentric orbits
• HAT-P-18b and HAT-P-19b: Two Low-Density Saturn-Mass Planets Transiting Metal-Rich K Stars
• Discovery of a Two-Armed Spiral Structure in the Gapped Disk in HD 100453
• The Transit Light Curve project. XIV. Confirmation of Anomalous Radii for the Exoplanets TrES-4b, HAT-P-3b, and WASP-12b
• An M Dwarf Companion and Its Induced Spiral Arms in the HD 100453 Protoplanetary Disk
• Chaotic Dynamics of Stellar Spin in Binaries and the Production of Misaligned Hot Jupiters
• A Lucky Imaging search for stellar sources near 74 transit hosts
• HAT-P-34b -- HAT-P-37b: Four Transiting Planets More Massive Than Jupiter Orbiting Moderately Bright Stars
• Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems in Presence of Highly Inclined Stellar Perturbers
• Planet-disc evolution and the formation of Kozai-Lidov planets
• HAT-P-9b: A Low Density Planet Transiting a Moderately Faint F star
• Adaptive Optics Images II: 12 Kepler Objects of Interest and 15 Confirmed Transiting Planets
• Early Excitation of Spin-Orbit Misalignments in Close-in Planetary Systems
• Structuring the HD 141569 A circumstellar dust disk. Impact of eccentric bound stellar companions
• HAT-P-27b: A hot Jupiter transiting a G star on a 3 day orbit
• Magnetic Origins of the Stellar Mass-Obliquity Correlation in Planetary Systems
• The Occurrence of Wide-Orbit Planets in Binary Star Systems
• Friends of Hot Jupiters III: An Infrared Spectroscopic Search for Low-Mass Stellar Companions
• HAT-P-38b: A Saturn-Mass Planet Transiting a Late G Star
• Planet formation in small separation binaries: not so excited after all
• HAT-P-28b and HAT-P-29b: Two Sub-Jupiter Mass Transiting Planets
• Physical properties and radius variations in the HAT-P-5 planetary system from simultaneous four-colour photometry
• The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG VIII: Observations of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and characterisation of the transiting planetary systems HAT-P-36 and WASP-11/HAT-P-10
• Mapping the shores of the brown dwarf desert. IV. Ophiuchus
• High-resolution Imaging of Transiting Extrasolar Planetary systems (HITEP). I. Lucky imaging observations of 101 systems in the southern hemisphere
• Adaptive Optics Images III: 87 Kepler Objects of Interest
• HAT-P-54b: A hot jupiter transiting a 0.64 Msun star in field 0 of the K2 mission
• A Lucky Imaging search for stellar companions to transiting planet host stars
• WASP-36b: A new transiting planet around a metal-poor G-dwarf, and an investigation into analyses based on a single transit light curve
• A lucky imaging multiplicity study of exoplanet host stars II
• The 0.5M${}_J$ transiting exoplanet WASP-13b
• HAT-P-25b: a Hot-Jupiter Transiting a Moderately Faint G Star
• Spectroscopic parameters for solar-type stars with moderate/high rotation. New parameters for 10 planet-hosts
• High spatial resolution imaging of the star with a transiting planet WASP-33
• The Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign: Asymmetries in the HD 141569 disc
• Colour-magnitude diagrams of transiting Exoplanets - II. A larger sample from photometric distances
• Lucky Imaging of transiting planet host stars with LuckyCam
• Physical properties of the HAT-P-23 and WASP-48 planetary systems from multi-colour photometry
• HAT-P-42b and HAT-P-43b. Two Inflated Transiting Hot Jupiters from the HATNet Survey

Cited by in corpus (110)

• Origins of Hot Jupiters
• Unresolved stellar companions with Gaia DR2 astrometry
• SOAR TESS Survey. I: Sculpting of TESS planetary systems by stellar companions
• Exoplanet Statistics and Theoretical Implications
• Stellar obliquities in exoplanetary systems
• Impact of Binary Stars on Planet Statistics -- I. Planet Occurrence Rates, Trends with Stellar Mass, and Wide Companions to Hot Jupiter Hosts
• Empirical Tidal Dissipation in Exoplanet Hosts From Tidal Spin-Up
• Observational evidence for two distinct giant planet populations
• Statistical Characterization of Hot Jupiter Atmospheres using Spitzer's Secondary Eclipses
• The occurrence rate of giant planets orbiting low-mass stars with TESS
• Occurrence rate of hot Jupiters around early-type M dwarfs based on TESS data
• The Upper Edge of the Neptune Desert Is Stable Against Photoevaporation
• The effects of external planets on inner systems: multiplicities, inclinations, and pathways to eccentric warm Jupiters
• Understanding the Impacts of Stellar Companions on Planet Formation and Evolution: A Survey of Stellar and Planetary Companions within 25 pc
• A high binary fraction for the most massive close-in giant planets and brown dwarf desert members
• ARES I: WASP-76 b, A Tale of Two HST Spectra
• ACCESS & LRG-BEASTS: a precise new optical transmission spectrum of the ultrahot Jupiter WASP-103b
• Secular chaotic dynamics in hierarchical quadruple systems, with applications to hot Jupiters in stellar binaries and triples
• Hiding Planets Behind a Big Friend: Mutual Inclinations of Multi-Planet Systems with External Companions
• A-type Stars, the Destroyers of Worlds: The lives and deaths of Jupiters in evolving stellar binaries
• A Benchmark JWST Near-Infrared Spectrum for the Exoplanet WASP-39b
• Water and an escaping helium tail detected in the hazy and methane-depleted atmosphere of HAT-P-18b from JWST NIRISS/SOSS
• Characterizing Undetected Stellar Companions with Combined Datasets
• SOAR TESS Survey. II: The impact of stellar companions on planetary populations
• TESS unveils the phase curve of WASP-33b. Characterization of the planetary atmosphere and the pulsations from the star
• The metallicity distribution and hot Jupiter rate of the Kepler field: Hectochelle High-resolution spectroscopy for 776 Kepler target stars
• Signs of strong Na and K absorption in the transmission spectrum of WASP-103b
• Investigating the physical properties of transiting hot Jupiters with the 1.5-m Kuiper Telescope
• K2-260 b: a hot Jupiter transiting an F star, and K2-261 b: a warm Saturn around a bright G star
• Detection of the tidal deformation of WASP-103b at $3\sigma$ with CHEOPS
• WASP-4 is Accelerating Toward the Earth
• Planets in Binaries: Formation and Dynamical Evolution
• Robo-AO Kepler Survey IV: the effect of nearby stars on 3857 planetary candidate systems
• Near-Infrared Emission Spectrum of WASP-103b using Hubble Space Telescope/Wide Field Camera 3
• The hot Jupiter period-mass distribution as a signature of in situ formation
• Stellar Companions to TESS Objects of Interest: A Test of Planet-Companion Alignment
• TOI-3714 b and TOI-3629 b: Two gas giants transiting M dwarfs confirmed with HPF and NEID
• A Possible Alignment Between the Orbits of Planetary Systems and their Visual Binary Companions
• A multiplicity study of transiting exoplanet host stars. I. High-contrast imaging with VLT/SPHERE
• KELT-21b: A Hot Jupiter Transiting the Rapidly-Rotating Metal-Poor Late-A Primary of a Likely Hierarchical Triple System
• Speckle Interferometry with CMOS Detector
• Contamination from a nearby star cannot explain the anomalous transmission spectrum of the ultra-short period giant planet WASP-103b
• Populations of planets in multiple star systems
• High-Eccentricity Migration with Disk-Induced Spin-Orbit Misalignment: a Preference for Perpendicular Hot Jupiters
• Evidence for Two Hot Jupiter Formation Paths
• Spin-Orbit Misalignments of Three Jovian Planets via Doppler Tomography
• Eccentricity in planetary systems and the role of binarity: sample definition, initial results, and the system of HD 211847
• Ground-Based Transmission Spectroscopy with FORS2: A featureless optical transmission spectrum and detection of H${}_2$O for the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-103b
• HST/STIS transmission spectrum of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76 b confirms the presence of sodium in its atmosphere
• A multiplicity study of transiting exoplanet host stars. II. Revised properties of transiting planetary systems with companions
• No difference in orbital parameters of RV-detected giant planets between 0.1 and 5 au in single vs multi-stellar systems
• High-resolution Imaging of Transiting Extrasolar Planetary systems (HITEP). II. Lucky Imaging results from 2015 and 2016
• Stellar Oblateness versus Distant Giants in Exciting Kepler Planet Mutual Inclinations
• TOI-3984 A b and TOI-5293 A b: two temperate gas giants transiting mid-M dwarfs in wide binary systems
• How do External Companions Affect Spin-Orbit Misalignment of Hot Jupiters?
• WASP-180Ab: Doppler tomography of an hot Jupiter orbiting the primary star in a visual binary
• Very wide companion fraction from Gaia DR2: a weak or no enhancement for hot jupiter hosts, and a strong enhancement for contact binaries
• Planet Occurrence Rate Correlated to Stellar Dynamical History: Evidence from Kepler and Gaia
• On spectroscopic phase-curve retrievals: H2 dissociation and thermal inversion in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-103 b
• The CORALIE survey for southern extrasolar planets XIX. Brown dwarfs and stellar companions unveiled by radial velocity and astrometry
• Binary companions triggering fragmentation in self-gravitating discs
• HATS-22b, HATS-23b and HATS-24b: Three new transiting Super-Jupiters from the HATSouth Project
• The mystery in Gaia DR3 triples: occurrence rates, orientations, and eccentricities of wide tertiaries around close binaries
• Triple spiral arms of a triple protostar system imaged in molecular lines
• Emergent Spectral Fluxes of Hot Jupiters: an Abrupt Rise in Day Side Brightness Temperature Under Strong Irradiation
• KELT-22Ab: A Massive Hot Jupiter Transiting a Near Solar Twin
• A complete census of planet-hosting binaries
• The GAPS Programme at TNG: XXXVI. Measurement of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and revising the physical and orbital parameters of the HAT-P-15, HAT-P-17, HAT-P-21, HAT-P-26, HAT-P-29 eccentric planetary systems
• Constraining the orbit of the planet-hosting binary $\tau$ Boötis: Clues about planetary formation and migration
• How Complete Are Surveys for Nearby Transiting Hot Jupiters?
• KELT-18b: Puffy Planet, Hot Host, Probably Perturbed
• Hints for hidden planetary companions to hot Jupiters in stellar binaries
• Nodal Precession of WASP-33b for Eleven Years by Doppler Tomographic and Transit Photometric Observations
• WASP-20 is a close visual binary with a transiting hot Jupiter
• The ominous fate of exomoons around hot Jupiters in the high-eccentricity migration scenario
• A 4.6-year period brown-dwarf companion interacting with the hot-Jupiter CoRoT-20 b
• A third star in the HAT-P-7 system, and a new dynamical pathway to misaligned hot Jupiters
• EPIC 246851721 b: A Tropical Jupiter Transiting a Rapidly Rotating Star in a Well-Aligned Orbit
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): Diverse outcomes of binary-disk interactions
• ESPRESSO reveals blueshifted neutral iron emission lines on the dayside of WASP-76 b
• Confirmation and characterisation of three giant planets detected by TESS from the FIES/NOT and Tull/McDonald spectrographs
• VIBES: VIsual Binary Exoplanet survey with SPHERE Upper limits on wide S-planet and S-BD frequencies, triple system discovery, and astrometric confirmation of 20 stellar binaries and three triple systems
• XO-7 b: A transiting hot Jupiter with a massive companion on a wide orbit
• Stellar obliquities of eight close-in gas giant exoplanets
• Looking For Timing Variations in the Transits of 16 Exoplanets
• Thermal Emission from the hot Jupiter WASP-103b in J and Ks Bands
• How many suns are in the sky? A SPHERE multiplicity survey of exoplanet host stars I -- Four new close stellar companions including a white dwarf
• TOI-858 B b: A hot Jupiter on a polar orbit in a loose binary
• Planet Hunters TESS V: a planetary system around a binary star, including a mini-Neptune in the habitable zone
• Investigating the eccentricity distribution of transiting, long-period giant planets
• Planet Across Space and Time (PAST). VII. The origin and tidal evolution of hot Jupiters constrained by a broken age-frequency relation
• A white dwarf bound to the transiting planetary system WASP-98
• Forming short period sub-stellar companions in 47 Tucanae -- II. Analytic expressions for the orbital evolution of planets in dense environments
• An upper limit for the growth of inner planets?
• Confirmation of four hot Jupiters detected by TESS using follow-up spectroscopy from MaHPS at Wendelstein together with NEID and TRES
• Companion Mass Limits for 17 Binary Systems Obtained with Binary Differential Imaging and MagAO/Clio
• Planetary system architectures with low-mass inner planets: Direct imaging exploration of mature systems beyond 1 au
• TOI-3288 b and TOI-4666 b: two gas giants transiting low-mass stars characterised by NIRPS
• GTC/CanariCam deep mid-infrared imaging survey of northern stars within 5 pc
• Spitzer phase curve observations and circulation models of the inflated ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76b
• The GAPS Programme at TNG. LXIX.The Dayside of WASP-76b revealed by GIANO-B, HARPS-N and ESPRESSO: Evidence for Three-Dimensional Atmospheric Effects
• A high stellar multiplicity rate amongst TESS planet candidates in the Neptunian desert using Gaia DR3 astrometry
• K2, Spitzer, and TESS Transits of Four Sub-Neptune Exoplanets
• TrES-1 b: A Case Study in Detecting Secular Evolution of Exoplanet Orbits
• The Formation of Double Hot Jupiter Systems through von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai Migration
• Thermal emission spectra of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-33 b
• Hot Jupiter formation in dense stellar clusters: A Monte Carlo model applied to 47 Tucanae
• Detection and characterisation of two VLM binaries: LP 1033-31 and LP 877-72
• NGTS-EB-8: A double-lined eclipsing M+M binary discovered by citizen scientists
• A Homogeneous Catalog of Rossiter-McLaughlin Systems: Distinct $e$-$\lambda$ Trends in Three Gas-Giant Mass Regimes