Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). IV. The Outer Architecture of M Dwarf Planetary Systems

Abstract

We present results from a high-contrast adaptive optics imaging search for giant planets and brown dwarfs (>1 MJup) around 122 newly identified nearby (<40 pc) young M dwarfs. Half of our targets are younger than 135 Myr and 90% are younger than the Hyades (620 Myr). Our H- and K-band coronagraphic observations with Keck/NIRC2 and Subaru/HiCIAO achieve typical contrasts of 12-14 mag and 9-13 mag at 1", respectively, which corresponds to limiting planet masses of 0.5-10 MJup at 5-33 AU for 85% of our sample. We discovered four young brown dwarf companions: 1RXS J235133.3+312720 B (32 $\pm$ 6 MJup; L0${}_{-1}^{+2}$; 120 $\pm$ 20 AU), GJ 3629 B (64${}_{-23}^{+30}$ MJup; M7.5 $\pm$ 0.5; 6.5 $\pm$ 0.5 AU), 1RXS J034231.8+121622 B (35 $\pm$ 8 MJup; L0 $\pm$ 1; 19.8 $\pm$ 0.9 AU), and 2MASS J15594729+4403595 B (43 $\pm$ 9 MJup; M8.0 $\pm$ 0.5; 190 $\pm$ 20 AU). Over 150 candidate planets were identified; we obtained follow-up imaging for 56% of these but all are consistent with background stars. Our null detection of planets enables strong statistical constraints on the occurrence rate of long-period giant planets around single M dwarfs. We infer an upper limit (at the 95% confidence level) of 10.3% and 16.0% for 1-13 MJup planets between 10-100 AU for hot-start and cold-start (Fortney) evolutionary models, respectively. Fewer than 6.0% (9.9%) of M dwarfs harbor massive gas giants in the 5-13 MJup range like those orbiting HR 8799 and $\beta$ Pictoris between 10-100 AU for a hot-start (cold-start) formation scenario. Although the first directly imaged planets were found around massive stars, there is currently no statistical evidence for a trend of giant planet frequency with stellar host mass at large separations as predicted by the disk instability model of giant planet formation.

arXiv commentAccepted to ApJS

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• Large Adaptive Optics Survey for Substellar Objects (LASSO) Around Young, Nearby, Low-mass Stars with Robo-AO
• WEIRD: Wide-orbit Exoplanet search with InfraRed Direct imaging
• Thermal Infrared Imaging and Atmospheric Modeling of VHS J125601.92-125723.9 b: Evidence for Moderately Thick Clouds and Equilibrium Carbon Chemistry in a Hierarchical Triple System
• TOI 122b and TOI 237b, two small warm planets orbiting inactive M dwarfs, found by \textit{TESS}
• Diffraction-limited integral-field spectroscopy for extreme adaptive optics systems with the Multi-Core fiber-fed Integral-Field Unit
• Predictions for the Detection and Characterization of a Population of Free-Floating Planets with K2 Campaign 9
• A kinematically hot population of young stars in the solar neighbourhood
• Non-thermal radio continuum emission from young nearby stars
• The COBREX archival survey: improved constraints on the occurrence rate of wide-orbit substellar companions. I. A uniform re-analysis of 400 stars from the GPIES survey
• KIC 7177553: a quadruple system of two close binaries
• Dynamical Mass Estimates of the $\beta$ Pictoris Planetary System Through Gaussian Process Stellar Activity Modelling
• Direct Imaging discovery of a second planet candidate around the possibly transiting planet host CVSO 30
• A coronagraphic search for wide sub-stellar companions among members of the Ursa Major moving group
• A low-mass companion desert among intermediate-mass visual binaries: The scaled-up counterpart to the brown dwarf desert
• The California Legacy Survey II. Occurrence of Giant Planets Beyond the Ice line
• The spectrally modulated self-coherent camera (SM-SCC): Increasing throughput for focal-plane wavefront sensing
• A kinematically unbiased, all-sky search for nearby, young, low-mass stars
• The Visible Integral-field Spectrograph eXtreme (VIS-X): high-resolution spectroscopy with MagAO-X
• Shortest Microlensing Event with a Bound Planet: KMT-2016-BLG-2605
• Characterisation of close visual binaries from the AstraLux Large M Dwarf Survey
• The Roman coronagraph community participation program: observation planning
• On the survivability of a population of gas giant planets on wide orbits
• Distinct Rotational Evolution of Giant Planets and Brown Dwarf Companions
• Direct Imaging Explorations for Companions around Mid-Late M Stars from the Subaru/IRD Strategic Program
• GTC/CanariCam deep mid-infrared imaging survey of northern stars within 5 pc
• Planets, debris and their host metallicity correlations
• 2MASS J04435686+3723033 B: A Young Companion at the Substellar Boundary with Potential Membership in the $\beta$ Pictoris Moving Group
• Occurrence rates of accreting companions from a new method for computing emission-line survey sensitivity: application to the H-alpha Giant Accreting Protoplanet Survey
• Using Source Proper Motion to Validate Terrestrial Parallax: OGLE-2019-BLG-1058
• OGLE-2017-BLG-1038: A Possible Brown-dwarf Binary Revealed by Spitzer Microlensing Parallax
• The Rapid Transient Surveyor
• Keck Observations in the INfrared of Taurus and $\rho$ Oph Exoplanets And Ultracool dwarfs (KOINTREAU) II: Two Young Bound Companions to Ophiuchus Stars
• Magnetic geometry of M dwarfs in the southern PLATO field