A Substantial Population of Low Mass Stars in Luminous Elliptical Galaxies

Abstract

The stellar initial mass function (IMF) describes the mass distribution of stars at the time of their formation and is of fundamental importance for many areas of astrophysics. The IMF is reasonably well constrained in the disk of the Milky Way but we have very little direct information on the form of the IMF in other galaxies and at earlier cosmic epochs. Here we investigate the stellar mass function in elliptical galaxies by measuring the strength of the Na I doublet and the Wing-Ford molecular FeH band in their spectra. These lines are strong in stars with masses <0.3 Msun and weak or absent in all other types of stars. We unambiguously detect both signatures, consistent with previous studies that were based on data of lower signal-to-noise ratio. The direct detection of the light of low mass stars implies that they are very abundant in elliptical galaxies, making up >80% of the total number of stars and contributing >60% of the total stellar mass. We infer that the IMF in massive star-forming galaxies in the early Universe produced many more low mass stars than the IMF in the Milky Way disk, and was probably slightly steeper than the Salpeter form in the mass range 0.1 - 1 Msun.

To appear in Nature

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• MaNGA DynPop -- VI. Matter density slopes from dynamical models of 6000 galaxies versus cosmological simulations: the interplay between baryonic and dark matter
• The fundamental plane of evolving red nuggets
• Yonsei Evolutionary Population Synthesis (YEPS) Model. III. Surface Brightness Fluctuation of Normal and Helium-enhanced Simple Stellar Populations
• The Effect of the Remnant Mass in Estimating Stellar Mass of Galaxies
• Initial Mass Function Variation in two Elliptical Galaxies using Near-Infrared Tracers
• SED-inferred properties and morphology of Lyman-break galaxies at $z\sim 1$ in the CDF-S
• Dynamic and Radiative Implications of Jet-Star Interactions in AGN Jets
• IMF-induced intrinsic uncertainties on measuring galaxy distances based on the number of giant stars: the case of the ultra-diffuse galaxy NGC 1052-DF2
• Measuring the stellar population parameters of the early-type galaxy NGC 3923 -- The challenging measurement of the initial mass function
• Stellar populations of galaxies in the ALHAMBRA survey up to $z\sim 1$. III. The stellar content of the quiescent galaxy population during the last $8$ Gyr
• A Novel Survey for Young Substellar Objects with the W-band filter III: Searching for very low mass brown dwarfs in Serpens South and Serpens Core
• CO radial gradients in the bulge of M31
• The impact of magnetic fields on the IMF in star-forming clouds near a supermassive black hole
• Multiple populations within globular clusters in Early-type galaxies Exploring their effect on stellar initial mass function estimates
• Explaining the stellar initial mass function with the theory of spatial networks
• Comparing IMF-sensitive indices of intermediate-mass quiescent galaxies in various environments
• Stellar Initial Mass Function (IMF) Probed with Supernova Rates and Neutrino Background: Cosmic Average IMF Slope is $\simeq 2-3$ Similar to the Salpeter IMF
• Counting stars from the integrated spectra of galaxies
• Observational dynamics of low-mass stellar systems
• The Small Magellanic Cloud through the lens of the James Webb Space Telescope : binaries and mass function within the galaxy outskirts
• Stellar initial mass function variation in massive early-type galaxies: the potential role of the deuterium abundance
• Delayed Enrichment by Unseen Galaxies: Explaining the Rapid Rise in IGM CIV Absorption from z = 6-5
• Radial Dependence of the Proto-Globular Cluster Contribution to the Milky Way Formation
• The environmental dependence of the stellar mass fundamental plane of early-type galaxies
• Virial models and Anisotropy of Velocity Dispersion in e-galaxies
• An analytical model to kinematically identify thin discs in MaNGA galaxies
• Dark matter and alternative recipes for the missing mass
• Late growth of early-type galaxies in low-z massive clusters
• When did the initial mass function become bottom-heavy?
• Connection between dynamically derived IMF normalisation and stellar populations
• Dynamical masses of early-type galaxies at z~2
• Dissecting the 3D structure of elliptical galaxies with gravitational lensing and stellar kinematics
• Dynamical Mass Determinations and Scaling Relations of Early-Type Galaxies
• The stellar populations of massive galaxies in the local Universe
• A MaNGA about the Legacy I: Connecting the Assembly of Stellar Halo with the Average Star Formation History in Low-Redshift Massive Galaxies
• Constraining star formation in M87 using deep HST UV data
• Fornax 3D project: assessing the diversity of IMF and stellar population maps within the Fornax Cluster
• Stars throw their weight in old galaxies
• The Stellar Initial Mass Function and Population Properties of M89 from Optical and NIR Spectroscopy: Addressing Biases in Spectral Index Analysis
• The Future of IMF studies with the ELT and MICADO I: The local Universe as a resolved IMF laboratory
• Effective dark energy from decoherence
• Future prospects in observational galaxy evolution: towards increased resolution
• Semiresolved Stellar Populations as Distance Indicators
• Reconciling concentration to virial mass relations