The Atlas3D project - XX. Mass-size and mass-sigma distributions of early-type galaxies: bulge fraction drives kinematics, mass-to-light ratio, molecular gas fraction and stellar initial mass function

Abstract

We study the (M,sigma) and (M,Re) projections of the thin Mass Plane (MP) (M,sigma,Re) which describes the distribution of the galaxy population. The distribution of galaxy properties on the MP is characterized by: (i) a zone of exclusion described by two power-laws joined by a break at M 3e10 Msun. This results in a break in the mean M-sigma relation with Msigma^2.3 and M sigma^4.7 at small and large sigma respectively; (ii) a mass M 2e11 Msun which separates a population dominated by flat fast rotator with disks and spiral galaxies at lower masses, from one dominated by quite round slow rotators at larger masses; (iii) below that mass the distribution of ETGs properties tends to be constant along lines of constant sigma; (iv) it forms a parallel sequence with the distribution of spiral galaxies; (v) at even lower masses, the distribution of fast rotator ETGs and late spirals naturally extends to that of dwarf ETGs (Sph) and dwarf irregulars (Im) respectively. We show via dynamical models that sigma traces the bulge fraction, which drives the observed trends in M/L, Hbeta, colour, IMF and molecular gas fraction. We interpret this as due to a combination of two main effects: (i) an increase of the bulge fraction which increases sigma and greatly enhances the likelihood for a galaxy to have its star formation quenched, and (ii) dry merging, increasing galaxy mass along lines of nearly constant sigma, while leaving the population unchanged. [Abriged]

35 pages, 16 figure, LaTeX. Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Includes a new data table. More information about our Atlas3D project is available at http://purl.org/atlas3d

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• The dichotomy of dark matter fraction and total mass density slope of galaxies over five dex in mass
• The Fornax Cluster VLT Spectroscopic Survey III -- Kinematical characterisation of globular clusters across the Fornax galaxy cluster
• Living with Neighbors. I. Observational Clues to Hydrodynamic Impact of Neighboring Galaxies on Star Formation
• Growth of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds in ETG Star-Forming Progenitors: Multiple Merging of Stellar Compact Remnants via Gaseous Dynamical Friction and Gravitational Wave Emission
• The KMOS Cluster Survey (KCS) II - The Effect of Environment on the Structural Properties of Massive Cluster Galaxies at Redshift $1.39<z<1.61$
• The dark side of galaxy stellar populations I: The stellar-to-halo mass relation and the velocity dispersion - halo mass relation
• The SLUGGS survey: combining stars, globular clusters and planetary nebulae to understand the assembly history of early-type galaxies from their large radii kinematics
• A population of ultraviolet-dim protoclusters detected in absorption
• Dust properties in the cold and hot gas phases of the ATLAS3D early-type galaxies as revealed by AKARI
• Light versus dark in strong-lens galaxies: Dark matter haloes that are rounder than their stars
• The mass discrepancy acceleration relation in early-type galaxies: extended mass profiles and the phantom menace to MOND
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: A Distinct Mass Distribution Explored in Slow-Rotating Early-type Galaxies
• The morphological mix of dwarf galaxies in the nearby Universe
• Detection of Enhanced Central Mass-to-Light Ratios in Low-Mass Early-Type Galaxies: Evidence for Black Holes?
• Unexplored outflows in nearby low luminosity AGNs: the case of NGC 1052
• The Influence of Galaxy Environment on the Stellar Initial Mass Function of Early-Type Galaxies
• The Morphological Transformation of Red Sequence Galaxies in Clusters since $z\sim 1$
• Evidence of a fast bar in the weakly-interacting galaxy NGC 4264 with MUSE
• Morphological evolution and galactic sizes in the L-Galaxies SA model
• Mergers in Galaxy Groups. II. The Fundamental Plane of Elliptical Galaxies
• What is Important? Morphological Asymmetries are Useful Predictors of Star Formation Rates of Star-forming Galaxies in SDSS Stripe 82
• Is the Universe Simpler than LCDM?
• The Outer Stellar Mass of Massive Galaxies: A Simple Tracer of Halo Mass with Scatter Comparable to Richness and Reduced Projection Effects
• Testing Verlinde's emergent gravity in early-type galaxies
• A relation between the dark mass of elliptical galaxies and their shape
• Calibrated, cosmological hydrodynamical simulations with variable IMFs III: Spatially-resolved properties and evolution
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Environmental analysis of the orbital structures of passive galaxies
• Evolution of galaxy habitability
• The assembly of spheroid-dominated galaxies in the EAGLE simulation
• Galaxies with monstrous black holes in galaxy cluster environments
• The hybrid solution for the Fundamental Plane
• Constraining the multi-scale dark-matter distribution in CASSOWARY 31 with strong gravitational lensing and stellar dynamics
• oMEGACat III. Multi-band photometry and metallicities reveal spatially well-mixed populations within $\omega$ Centauri's half-light radius
• Evidence of a Flat Outer Rotation Curve in a Starbursting Disk Galaxy at $z=1.6$
• Star formation in the outer regions of the early type galaxy NGC 4203
• Compact molecular gas emission in local LIRGs among low- and high-z galaxies
• The inner mass distribution of late-type spiral galaxies from SAURON stellar kinematic maps
• Clues on the history of early-type galaxies from SDSS spectra and GALEX photometry
• The GALEX/S4G UV-IR color-color diagram: Catching spiral galaxies away from the Blue Sequence
• The KMOS Cluster Survey (KCS) III: fundamental plane of cluster galaxies at $z\simeq 1.80$ in JKCS 041
• Dark Matter and IMF normalization in Virgo dwarf early-type galaxies
• Constraining the Physical State of the Hot Gas Halos in NGC 4649 and NGC 5846
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: galaxy gas-phase metallicity gradients vary across the mass-size plane
• Disc cloaking: Establishing a lower limit to the number density of local compact massive spheroids/bulges and the potential fate of some high-z red nuggets
• An evolutionary missing link? A modest-mass early-type galaxy hosting an over-sized nuclear black hole
• A Steep Slope and Small Scatter for the High-Mass End of the L-$\sigma$ Relation at $z\sim 0.55$
• A complete catalogue of broad-line AGNs and double-peaked emission lines from MaNGA integral-field spectroscopy of 10K galaxies: stellar population of AGNs, supermassive black holes, and dual AGNs
• KLLR: A scale-dependent, multivariate model class for regression analysis
• A unified scenario for the origin of spiral and elliptical galaxy structural scaling laws
• The mass-size plane of EAGLE galaxies
• The low dark matter content of the lenticular galaxy NGC 3998
• The statistical properties of stars at redshift, z=5, compared with the present epoch
• The signature of dissipation in the mass-size relation: are bulges simply spheroids wrapped in a disc?
• Predicting fully self-consistent satellite richness, galaxy growth and starformation rates from the STastical sEmi-Empirical modeL STEEL
• Setting firmer constraints on the evolution of the most massive, central galaxies from their local abundances and ages
• Nuclear star cluster formation in energy-space
• Evidence of a Bottom-heavy Initial Mass Function in Massive Early-type Galaxies from Near-infrared Metal Lines
• A Study of Central Galaxy Rotation with Stellar Mass and Environment
• Comparing the properties of the X-shaped bulges of NGC 4710 and the Milky Way with MUSE
• The star formation history and the nature of the mass-metallicity relation of passive galaxies at 1.0<z<1.4 from VANDELS
• More is better: Strong constraints on the stellar properties of LEGA-C z ~ 1 galaxies with Prospector
• The Fornax3D project: The assembly history of massive early-type galaxies in the Fornax cluster from deep imaging and integral field spectroscopy
• Central velocity dispersion catalog of LAMOST-DR7 galaxies
• Mapping the dark matter halo of early-type galaxy NGC 2974 through orbit-based models with combined stellar and cold gas kinematics
• The Origin of Stars in the Inner 500 Parsecs in TNG50 Galaxies
• The role of AGN on the structure, kinematics and evolution of ETGs in the Horizon simulations
• Recovering age-metallicity distributions from integrated spectra: validation with MUSE data of a nearby nuclear star cluster
• Dynamics of Elliptical Galaxies with Planetary Nebulae in Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• The evolution of the gas fraction of quiescent galaxies modeled as a consequence of their creation rate
• Stellar Kinematics and Environment at z~0.8 in the LEGA-C Survey: Massive, Slow-Rotators are Built First in Overdense Environments
• A Precise Benchmark for Cluster Scaling Relations: Fundamental Plane, Mass Plane and IMF in the Coma Cluster from Dynamical Models
• Star-Forming S0 Galaxies in SDSS-IV MaNGA Survey
• The Properties of Massive Star-forming galaxies with Outside-in Assembly Mode
• Peanut-shaped metallicity distributions in bulges of edge-on galaxies: the case of NGC 4710
• Calibrated, cosmological hydrodynamical simulations with variable IMFs II: Correlations between the IMF and global galaxy properties
• Modeling Nearly Spherical Pure-bulge Galaxies with a Stellar Mass-to-Light Ratio Gradient under the $\Lambda$CDM and MOND Paradigms: I. Methodology, Dynamical Stellar Mass, and Fundamental Mass Plane
• Dynamical structure of small bulges reveals their early formation in ΛCDM paradigm
• Properties and observables of massive galaxies in self-interacting dark matter cosmologies
• The X-shooter Lens Survey - II. Sample presentation and spatially resolved kinematics
• Further constraints on variations in the IMF from LMXB populations
• Project Dinos II: Redshift evolution of dark and luminous matter density profiles in strong-lensing elliptical galaxies across 0.1 < z < 0.9
• Variation of the low-mass end of the stellar initial mass function with redshift and metallicity
• White dwarf - main sequence star collisions from wide triples in the field
• An efficient positive potential-density pair expansion for modelling galaxies
• The MAGPI Survey: Impact of environment on the total internal mass distribution of galaxies in the last 5 Gyr
• Black hole and nuclear cluster scaling relations: M_bh ~ M_nc^{2.7+/-0.7}
• Mass-Velocity Dispersion Relation in HIFLUGCS Galaxy Clusters
• Active Galactic Nucleus Feedback in an Elliptical Galaxy with the Most Updated AGN Physics: Parameter Explorations
• Mild radial variations of the stellar IMF in the bulge of M31
• The size--mass and other structural parameter ($n,{\mu }_z,R_z$) relations for local bulges/spheroids from multicomponent decompositions
• Revealing the formation mechanism of the shell galaxy NGC474 with MUSE
• Optical emission lines in the most massive galaxies: morphology, kinematics and ionisation properties
• Resolving the Discrepancy of Distance to M60, a Giant Elliptical Galaxy in Virgo
• The Gas Mass Reservoir of Quiescent Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• The Carnegie-Irvine Galaxy Survey. X. Bulges in Stellar Mass-based Scaling Relations
• The VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) -- Environment-size relation of massive passive galaxies at 0.5 < z < 0.8
• The Influence of Environment on the Chemical Evolution in Low-mass Galaxies
• VIMOS mosaic integral-field spectroscopy of the bulge and disk of the early-type galaxy NGC 4697
• The Fundamental Plane of cluster spheroidal galaxies at z$\sim 1.3$. Evidence for mass-dependent evolution
• Unraveling Joint Evolution of Bars, Star Formation, and Active Galactic Nuclei of Disk Galaxies
• An assessment of the evidence from ATLAS3D for a variable initial mass function
• `Upper-Limit Lensing': Constraining galaxy stellar masses with singly-imaged background sources
• Colour gradients of high-redshift Early-Type Galaxies from hydrodynamical monolithic models
• Misalignment between cold gas and stellar components in early-type galaxies
• Velocity Dispersions of Massive Quiescent Galaxies from Weak Lensing and Spectroscopy
• 2D kinematic study of the central region of NGC 4501
• Field spheroid-dominated galaxies in a Λ-CDM Universe
• The connection between the UV colour of early type galaxies and the stellar initial mass function revisited
• Isophote Shapes of Early-Type Galaxies in Massive Clusters at $z\sim 1$ and 0
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Stellar population correlates with stellar root-mean-square velocity $V_{\mathrm{rms}}$ gradients or total-density-profile slopes at fixed effective velocity dispersion ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{e}}$
• Made-to-measure galaxy modelling utilising absorption line strength data
• A common origin for the Fundamental Plane of quiescent and star-forming galaxies in the EAGLE simulations
• The dark side of galaxy stellar populations II: The dependence of star formation histories on halo mass and on the scatter of the main sequence
• Modeling Nearly Spherical Pure-Bulge Galaxies with a Stellar Mass-to-Light Ratio Gradient under the $\Lambda$CDM and MOND Paradigms: II. The Orbital Anisotropy of Slow Rotators within the Effective Radius
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: The contribution of different kinematic classes to the stellar mass function of nearby galaxies
• iMaNGA: mock MaNGA galaxies based on IllustrisTNG and MaStar SSPs. -- III. Stellar metallicity drivers in MaNGA and TNG50
• Early-Type Galaxies: Elliptical and S0 Galaxies, or Fast and Slow Rotators
• Implications of galaxy buildup for putative IMF variations in massive galaxies
• Simple interpolation functions for the galaxy-wide stellar initial mass function and its effects in early-type galaxies
• Recovery of the low- and high-mass end slopes of the IMF in massive early-type galaxies using detailed elemental abundances
• Dark matter halos and the M-σrelation for supermassive black holes
• Colors of Dwarf Ellipticals from GALEX to WISE
• Systematic effects on the size-luminosity relation: dependence on model fitting and morphology
• The central dark matter fraction of massive early-type galaxies
• Early Type Galaxy Core Phase Densities
• Star Formation in Massive Galaxies at Redshift $z\sim 0.5$
• Lower mass normalization of the stellar initial mass function for dense massive early-type galaxies at z ~ 1.4
• Comparing Lensing and Stellar Orbital Models of a Nearby Massive Strong-Lens Galaxy
• Understanding the Fundamental Plane and the Tully Fisher Relation
• Sunscreen: Photometric Signatures of Galaxies Partially Cloaked in Dyson Spheres
• The stellar mass function and efficiency of galaxy formation with a varying initial mass function
• Do bulges stop stars forming?
• Black hole feedback and the evolution of massive early-type galaxies
• A counter-image to the gravitational arc in Abell 1201: Evidence for IMF variations, or a $10^{10}$M${}_{\odot }$ black hole?
• The Mass of the Black Hole in NGC 5273 from Stellar Dynamical Modeling
• The Chemodynamics of the Stellar Populations in M31 from APOGEE Integrated Light Spectroscopy
• What determines the sizes of red early-type galaxies?
• X-ray cavities in the hot corona of the lenticular galaxy NGC~4477
• Low Surface Brightness structures from annotated deep CFHT images: effects of the host galaxy's properties and environment
• Stellar populations of galaxies in the ALHAMBRA survey up to $z\sim 1$. II. Stellar content of quiescent galaxies within the dust-corrected stellar mass$-$colour and the $UVJ$ colour$-$colour diagrams
• Universal bimodality in kinematic morphology and the divergent pathways to galaxy quenching
• Abundance matching tested on small scales with galaxy dynamics
• Quenched, bulge-dominated, but dynamically cold galaxies in IllustrisTNG and their real-world counterparts
• MaNGA DynPop -- VI. Matter density slopes from dynamical models of 6000 galaxies versus cosmological simulations: the interplay between baryonic and dark matter
• The mass-size relation of LRGs from BOSS and DECaLS
• The Structure of Galaxies: III. Two Structural Families of Ellipticals
• When relics were made: vigorous stellar rotation and low dark matter content in the massive ultra-compact galaxy GS-9209 at z=4.66
• Investigating the Dark Matter Halo of NGC 5128 using a Discrete Dynamical Model
• Dust Heating by Low-mass Stars in Massive Galaxies at z<1
• The growth of disks and bulges during hierarchical galaxy formation. II: metallicity, stellar populations and dynamical evolution
• The extended Planetary Nebula Spectrograph (ePN.S) early-type galaxy survey: The specific angular momentum of ETGs
• The Initial Mass Function and Other Stellar Properties Across the Core of the Hydra I Cluster
• CHEX-MATE: A non-parametric deep learning technique to deproject and deconvolve galaxy cluster X-ray temperature profiles
• Critical Stellar Central Densities Drive Galaxy Quenching in the Nearby Universe
• Two-component galaxy models with a central BH -- II. The ellipsoidal case
• The MAGPI survey: The interdependence of the mass, star formation rate, and metallicity in galaxies at z~0.3
• Predicting bulge to total luminosity ratio of galaxies using deep learning
• Initial Mass Function Variation in two Elliptical Galaxies using Near-Infrared Tracers
• Measuring the stellar population parameters of the early-type galaxy NGC 3923 -- The challenging measurement of the initial mass function
• NGC 7457: Evidence for merger-driven cylindrical rotation in disc galaxies
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Trends in [α/Fe] as a Function of Morphology and Environment
• Stellar populations of galaxies in the ALHAMBRA survey up to $z\sim 1$. III. The stellar content of the quiescent galaxy population during the last $8$ Gyr
• Probing the mass assembly of massive nearby galaxies with deep imaging
• Uncertainties in gas kinematics arising from stellar continuum modelling in integral field spectroscopy data: the case of NGC2906 observed with MUSE/VLT
• The evolution of galaxy sizes
• Unveiling the formation route of the largest galaxies in the universe
• Life in Elliptical Galaxies: Hot Spheroids, Fast Stars, Deadly Comets?
• Total and dark mass from observations of galaxy centers with Machine Learning
• The dark side of early galaxies: $\text{geko}$ uncovers dark-matter fractions at $z\sim 4-6$
• WISDOM Project -- XIX. Figures of merit for supermassive black hole mass measurements using molecular gas and/or megamaser kinematics
• On the kinematic nature of apparent discs at high redshifts: Local counterparts are not dominated by ordered rotation but by tangentially anisotropic random motion
• Deciphering the Origin of Ionized Gas in IC 1459 with VLT/MUSE
• Local galaxies with compact cores as the possible descendants of massive compact quiescent galaxies at high redshift
• Galaxy Secular Mass Flow Rate Determination Using the Potential-Density Phase Shift Approach: Application to Six Nearby Spiral Galaxies
• Structure and Kinematics of Star-forming Elliptical Galaxies in SDSS-MaNGA
• Intrinsic correlations of galaxy sizes in a hydrodynamical cosmological simulation
• A Morphology Catalog of Galaxies in CEERS: Evolution in the Size and Color Gradients of Galaxies Since Cosmic Dawn
• The hyperplane of early-type galaxies: using stellar population properties to increase the precision and accuracy of the fundamental plane as a distance indicator
• Comparing IMF-sensitive indices of intermediate-mass quiescent galaxies in various environments
• Measuring the mass of the supermassive black hole of the lenticular galaxy NGC 4546
• Discovery of a Low-mass Strong-lens System in SMACS J0723.3-7327
• Dark from light (DfL): Inferring halo properties from luminous tracers with machine learning trained on cosmological simulations. I. Method, proof of concept & preliminary testing
• The Gemini/HST Galaxy Cluster Project: Environment Effects on the Stellar Populations in the Lynx Clusters at z=1.27
• CASCO: Cosmological and AStrophysical parameters from Cosmological simulations and Observations -- II. Constraining cosmology and astrophysical processes with early- and late-type galaxies
• MaNGA DynPop. VII. A Unified Bulge-Disk-Halo Model for Explaining Diversity in Circular Velocity Curves of 6000 Spiral and Early-Type Galaxies
• Living with Neighbors. V. Better-aligned Spiral+Spiral Galaxy Pairs Show Stronger Star Formation
• Analysis of luminosity distributions and shape parameters of strong gravitational lensing elliptical galaxies
• Photometric and Kinematic Misalignments and Their Evolution Among Fast and Slow Rotators in the Illustris Simulation
• The SLUGGS survey: a new mask design to reconstruct the stellar populations and kinematics of both inner and outer galaxy regions
• Comparative testing of dark matter models with 15 HSB and 15 LSB galaxies
• Elliptical galaxies/stellar halos connection
• Cosmic quenching and scaling laws for the evolution of supermassive black holes and host galaxies
• The X-ray Point Source Population Hosted by Globular Clusters in the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4261
• Investigation on deep learning-based galaxy image translation models
• The global warming of group satellite galaxies
• The environmental dependence of the stellar mass fundamental plane of early-type galaxies
• Cluster environment quenches the star formation of low-mass satellite galaxies from the inside-out
• Dynamical Mass Determinations and Scaling Relations of Early-Type Galaxies
• Past, present and Future of the Scaling Relations of Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei
• An Automated Approach to Reasoning About Task-Oriented Insights in Responsive Visualization
• 3D intrinsic shapes of quiescent galaxies in observations and simulations
• The mass profile of NGC 3377 from a Bayesian approach
• On the origin of the Fundamental Plane and Faber-Jackson relations: consequences for the star formation problem
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Stellar rotational support in disk galaxies vs. central surface density and stellar population age
• The LEGA-C galaxy survey: multiple quenching channels for quiescent galaxies at $z\sim 1$
• With arms wide open: a VLT/MUSE view of the mechanisms driving unwinding spiral arms in cluster galaxies
• The LEGA-C and SAMI Galaxy Surveys: Quiescent Stellar Populations and the Mass-Size Plane across 6 Gyr
• MUSE-DARK-II: 3D morpho-kinematic modelling of lensed galaxies. Tully-Fisher relation of $z\sim 1$ star-forming galaxies
• Dynamical masses of early-type galaxies at z~2
• Dynamical properties and star formation history of a low-mass quenched galaxy at Cosmic Noon
• Dissecting the 3D structure of elliptical galaxies with gravitational lensing and stellar kinematics
• FROST-CLUSTERS -- III. Metallicity-dependent intermediate mass black hole formation by runaway collisions in dense star clusters
• LEGA-C stellar populations scaling relations. II: Dissecting mass-complete archaeological trends and their evolution since z~0.7 with LEGA-C and SDSS
• Connection between dynamically derived IMF normalisation and stellar populations
• The catalogue of virtual early-type galaxies from IllustrisTNG: validation and real observation consistency
• Deriving accurate galaxy cluster masses using X-ray thermodynamic profiles and graph neural networks
• Two-phase formation of galaxies: the coevolution between galaxies and dark matter halos
• Correcting the fiber-aperture bias affecting galaxy stellar populations in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Aperture corrections to absorption indices based on CALIFA integral field observations
• Fornax 3D project: assessing the diversity of IMF and stellar population maps within the Fornax Cluster
• The Origin of Dwarf Early-Type Galaxies
• Implications and Applications of Kinematic Galaxy Scaling Relations
• The Stellar Initial Mass Function and Population Properties of M89 from Optical and NIR Spectroscopy: Addressing Biases in Spectral Index Analysis
• Spatially resolved stellar-to-total dynamical mass relation: Radial variations, gradients and profiles of galaxy stellar populations
• Neutron-capture elements record the ordered chemical evolution of the disc over time
• Toward Understanding the Evolutionary Role of Star-forming Lenticular Galaxies: New HI Detections and Comparison with Quiescent S0s and Red Spirals
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: How the stellar populations of passive central galaxies depend on stellar and halo mass
• A MaNGA about the Legacy I: Connecting the Assembly of Stellar Halo with the Average Star Formation History in Low-Redshift Massive Galaxies
• Initial Mass Function for Massive Galaxies at z$\sim$1
• Spatially Resolved Kinematics of Post-starburst Galaxies
• The Recent Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies as Seen in their Cold Gas