The ATLAS${}^{3D}$ project - XXV: Two-dimensional kinematic analysis of simulated galaxies and the cosmological origin of fast and slow rotators

Abstract

We present a detailed two-dimensional stellar dynamical analysis of a sample of 44 cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of individual central galaxies and their satellites. Kinematic maps of the stellar line-of-sight velocity, velocity dispersion, and higher-order Gauss-Hermite moments $h_3$ and $h_4$ are constructed for each central galaxy and for the most massive satellites. The amount of rotation is quantified using the ${\lambda }_{\mathrm{R}}$-parameter. The velocity, velocity dispersion, $h_3$, and $h_4$ fields of the simulated galaxies show a diversity similar to observed kinematic maps of early-type galaxies in the ATLAS${}^{3D}$ survey. This includes fast (regular), slow, and misaligned rotation, hot spheroids with embedded cold disk components as well as galaxies with counter-rotating cores or central depressions in the velocity dispersion. We link the present day kinematic properties to the individual cosmological formation histories of the galaxies. In general, major galaxy mergers have a significant influence on the rotation properties resulting in both a spin-down as well as a spin-up of the merger remnant. Lower mass galaxies with significant in-situ formation of stars, or with additional gas-rich major mergers - resulting in a spin-up - in their formation history, form elongated fast rotators with a clear anti-correlation of $h_3$ and $v/\sigma$. An additional formation path for fast rotators includes gas poor major mergers leading to a spin-up of the remnants. This formation path does not result in anti-correlated $h_3$ and $v/\sigma$. The galaxies most consistent with the rare class of non-rotating round early-type galaxies grow by gas-poor minor mergers alone. In general, more massive galaxies have less in-situ star formation since $z\sim 2$, rotate slower and have older stellar populations. (shortened)

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in MNRAS

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• Isophote Shapes of Early-Type Galaxies in Massive Clusters at $z\sim 1$ and 0
• PROBES-I: A Compendium of Deep Rotation Curves and Matched multiband Photometry
• Modeling Nearly Spherical Pure-Bulge Galaxies with a Stellar Mass-to-Light Ratio Gradient under the $\Lambda$CDM and MOND Paradigms: II. The Orbital Anisotropy of Slow Rotators within the Effective Radius
• The SLUGGS Survey: Globular cluster kinematics in a "double sigma" galaxy - NGC 4473
• IFU spectroscopy of 10 early-type galactic nuclei - IV. Properties of the circumnuclear stellar kinematics
• Distribution of merging and post-merging galaxies in nearby galaxy clusters
• Probing galaxy evolution from $z=0$ to $z\simeq 10$ through galaxy scaling relations in three L-Galaxies flavours
• Identifying supermassive black hole recoil in elliptical galaxies
• Using angular momentum maps to detect kinematically distinct galactic components
• Ubiquitous signs of interactions in early-type galaxies with prolate rotation
• Implications of galaxy buildup for putative IMF variations in massive galaxies
• Galaxy shapes in Magneticum. I. Connecting stellar and dark matter shapes to dynamical and morphological galaxy properties and the large-scale structure
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: The contribution of different kinematic classes to the stellar mass function of nearby galaxies
• Growth of disc-like pseudo-bulges in SDSS DR7 since z = 0.1
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: understanding observations of large-scale outflows at low redshift with EAGLE simulations
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: embedded discs and radial trends in outer dynamical support across the Hubble sequence
• Low Surface Brightness structures from annotated deep CFHT images: effects of the host galaxy's properties and environment
• Mass-morphology relation of TNG50 galaxies
• The metallicity and elemental abundance maps of kinematically atypical galaxies for constraining minor merger and accretion histories
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Enhanced Star Formation in Galactic-scale Outflows
• Universal bimodality in kinematic morphology and the divergent pathways to galaxy quenching
• NIHAO XXVIII: Collateral effects of AGN on dark matter concentration and stellar kinematics
• EMERGE: Constraining merging probabilities and timescales of close galaxy pairs
• The extended Planetary Nebula Spectrograph (ePN.S) early-type galaxy survey: The specific angular momentum of ETGs
• The Fundamental Plane of Massive Quiescent Galaxies at z~2
• On the application of dimensionality reduction and clustering algorithms for the classification of kinematic morphologies of galaxies
• The effects of the orbital configurations of mergers on reshaping galaxy structures
• Deciphering the Origin of Ionized Gas in IC 1459 with VLT/MUSE
• PGC 38025: A Star-forming Lenticular Galaxy With an Off-nuclear Star-forming Core
• Signatures of Massive Black Hole Merger Host Galaxies from Cosmological Simulations II: Unique Stellar Kinematics in Integral Field Unit Spectroscopy
• Luck of the Irish? A companion of the Cloverleaf connected by a bridge of molecular gas
• Modeling the Initial Conditions of Interacting Galaxy Pairs Using Identikit
• Rendezvous in CAVITY: Kinematics and gas properties of an isolated dwarf-dwarf merging pair in a cosmic void region
• Bulgeless Evolution And the Rise of Discs (BEARD) I. Physical drivers of the mass-size relation for Milky Way-like galaxies
• NGC 5626: a massive fast rotator with a twist
• Time-average properties of $z\sim 0.6$ major mergers: mergers significantly scatter high-z scaling relations
• Ionized gas kinematics of massive elliptical galaxies in CALIFA and in cosmological zoom-in simulations
• The breakBRD Breakdown: Using IllustrisTNG to Track the Quenching of an Observationally-Motivated Sample of Centrally Star-Forming Galaxies
• Reorientation Rates of Structural and Kinematic Axes in Simulated Massive Galaxies and the Origins of Prolate Rotation
• The present-day globular cluster kinematics of lenticular galaxies from the E-MOSAICS simulations and their relation to the galaxy assembly histories
• LeMMINGs. V. Nuclear activity and bulge properties: a detailed multi-component decomposition of $e$-MERLIN Palomar galaxies with $HST$
• Kinematics and Angular Momentum in Early Type Galaxy Halos
• HI vs. H$\alpha$ - Comparing the Kinematic Tracers in Modeling the Initial Conditions of the Mice
• The global warming of group satellite galaxies
• Multi-spin stellar velocity maps of the most massive galaxies
• 3D intrinsic shapes of quiescent galaxies in observations and simulations
• Testing the role of AGN on the star formation and metal enrichment of "twin galaxies"
• Assessing Galaxy Rotation Kinematics: Insights from Convolutional Neural Networks on Velocity Variations
• Reconstructing the mass assembly history with kinematics and nuclear light profiles
• Contrasting evolutionary pathways of fast- and slow-rotating galaxies in the green valley
• The kinematic imprinting of environmental quenching in $z<0.2$ galaxies
• The dynamical lineage of ultra-diffuse galaxies from TNG50-1
• UV bright red-sequence galaxies: a comparative study between UV upturn and UV weak systems
• HII versus HI in the `green valley' galaxies: direct comparison
• The Recent Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies as Seen in their Cold Gas
• Stellar Abundances at the Center of Early Type Galaxies with Fine Structure
• Spatially Resolved Kinematics of Post-starburst Galaxies
• Isophotal signatures of the brightest cluster galaxy - intracluster light transition
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: How the stellar populations of passive central galaxies depend on stellar and halo mass
• Kinematical small-scale fluctuations do not affect the measurement of the dynamical mass of galaxies