Formation of early-type galaxies from cosmological initial conditions

Abstract

We describe high resolution Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations of three approximately $M_{\ast }$ field galaxies starting from \LCDM initial conditions. The simulations are made intentionally simple, and include photoionization, cooling of the intergalactic medium, and star formation but not feedback from AGN or supernovae. All of the galaxies undergo an initial burst of star formation at $z\approx 5$, accompanied by the formation of a bubble of heated gas. Two out of three galaxies show early-type properties at present whereas only one of them experienced a major merger. Heating from shocks and -PdV work dominates over cooling so that for most of the gas the temperature is an increasing function of time. By $z\approx 1$ a significant fraction of the final stellar mass is in place and the spectral energy distribution resembles those of observed massive red galaxies. The galaxies have grown from $z=1\to 0$ on average by 25% in mass and in size by gas poor (dry) stellar mergers. By the present day, the simulated galaxies are old ($\approx 10\mathrm{Gyrs}$), kinematically hot stellar systems surrounded by hot gaseous haloes. Stars dominate the mass of the galaxies up to $\approx 4$ effective radii ($\approx 10$ kpc). Kinematic and most photometric properties are in good agreement with those of observed elliptical galaxies. The galaxy with a major merger develops a counter-rotating core. Our simulations show that realistic intermediate mass giant elliptical galaxies with plausible formation histories can be formed from \LCDM initial conditions even without requiring recent major mergers or feedback from supernovae or AGN.

arXiv commentaccepted for publication in ApJ

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• Dynamical modelling of the twisted galaxy PGC 046832
• The abundance of satellites depends strongly on the morphology of the host galaxy
• Shape and kinematics of elliptical galaxies: evolution due to merging at z < 1.5
• Barlenses in the CALIFA survey: combining the photometric and stellar population analysis
• HerMES : SPIRE detection of high redshift massive compact galaxies in GOODS-N field
• The Effects of X-Ray and UV Background Radiation on the Low-Mass Slope of the Galaxy Mass Function
• The non-evolving internal structure of early-type galaxies: the case study SDSS J0728+3835 at z = 0.206
• Physical properties of compact star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 2-3$
• Core shapes and orientations of core-Sersic galaxies
• Evolution of gaseous disk viscosity driven by supernova explosion in star-forming galaxies at high redshift
• Early-Type Galaxy Star Formation Histories in Different Environments
• The Effects of the Ionizing Radiation Background on Galaxy Evolution
• Modelling the formation of today's massive ellipticals
• Bimodal morphologies of massive galaxies at the core of a protocluster at z=3.09 and the strong size growth of a brightest cluster galaxy
• A methodology to select galaxies just after the quenching of star formation
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: central starbursts and inside-out quenching govern galaxy sizes in the early Universe
• Detection of Prominent Stellar Disks in the Progenitors of Present-day Massive Elliptical Galaxies
• Remnants of recent mergers in nearby early-type galaxies and their classification
• Chemical abundances of the PRGs UGC7576 and UGC9796. I. Testing the formation scenario
• SDSS J085431.18+173730.5: The First Compact Elliptical Galaxy Hosting an Active Nucleus
• Stellar kinematics of X-ray bright massive elliptical galaxies
• AGEL: Is the Conflict Real? Investigating Galaxy Evolution Models using Strong Lensing at 0.3 < z < 0.9
• The Fundamental Plane of cluster spheroidal galaxies at z$\sim 1.3$. Evidence for mass-dependent evolution
• The Size Evolution of Elliptical Galaxies
• The VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) -- Environment-size relation of massive passive galaxies at 0.5 < z < 0.8
• Structures, stellar population properties, AGN fractions, and environments of massive compact galaxies at $1<z<2$ in 3D--{\it HST}/CANDELS
• The young nuclear stellar disc in the SB0 galaxy NGC 1023
• Unravelling the Origin of the Counter-Rotating Core in IC 1459 with KMOS and MUSE
• Environments of red nuggets at z~0.7 from the VIPERS survey
• Colors of Dwarf Ellipticals from GALEX to WISE
• Colour gradients in cluster ellipticals at z~1.4: the hidden content of the galaxy central regions
• Dissecting the morphological and spectroscopic properties of galaxies in the local Universe: I. Elliptical galaxies
• The Baryon Cycle at High Redshifts: Effects of Galactic Winds on Galaxy Evolution in Overdense and Average Regions
• The Origin of Star Formation in Early-type Galaxies Inferred from Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy
• Dynamical analysis of the cluster pair: A3407 + A3408
• Early-type galaxy density profiles from IllustrisTNG: III. Effects on outer kinematic structure
• Testing a prediction of the merger origin of early-type galaxies: a correlation between stellar populations and asymmetry
• Measuring Structural Parameters Through Stacking Galaxy Images
• Extremely Low Molecular Gas Content in the Vicinity of a Red Nugget Galaxy at $z=1.91$
• The Neutral Gas Properties of Extremely Isolated Early-Type Galaxies III
• Galaxy formation hydrodynamics: From cosmic flows to star-forming clouds
• The effect of environment on the properties of the most massive galaxies at $0.5<z<2.5$ in the cosmos-dash field
• Probing the kinematics of early-type galaxy halos using planetary nebulae
• The size and mass evolution of the massive galaxies over cosmic time
• Linking Compact Dwarf Starburst Galaxies in the RESOLVE Survey to Downsized Blue Nuggets
• Early-type Dwarf Galaxies in the Local Universe. Evidence of Ex-situ Growth
• Numerical simulations of galaxy evolution in cosmological context
• GalSBI-SPS: a stellar population synthesis-based galaxy population model for cosmology and galaxy evolution applications
• Formation and evolution of galactic spheroids by mergers
• Modeling the High-z Universe: Probing Galaxy Formation
• Assembly Histories and Observational Properties of Simulated Early-type Galaxies
• COSTA: the COld STream finder Algorithm. Searching for kinematical substructures in the phase space of discrete tracers
• The Metallicity Distribution Function in Outer Halo Fields of Simulated Elliptical Galaxies Compared to Observations of NGC 5128
• Submillimetre Cosmology at High Angular Resolution
• Size-Mass Relation Shows Its Colours: Contrasting Physical Imprints of Galaxy Evolution in Rest-Frame UV and Optical