An ultra-deep near-infrared spectrum of a compact quiescent galaxy at z=2.2

Abstract

Several recent studies have shown that about half of the massive galaxies at z~2 are in a quiescent phase. Moreover, these galaxies are commonly found to be ultra-compact with half-light radii of ~1 kpc. We have obtained a ~29 hr spectrum of a typical quiescent, ultra-dense galaxy at z=2.1865 with the Gemini Near-Infrared Spectrograph. The spectrum exhibits a strong optical break and several absorption features, which have not previously been detected in z>2 quiescent galaxies. Comparison of the spectral energy distribution with stellar population synthesis models implies a low star formation rate (SFR) of 1-3 Msol/yr, an age of 1.3-2.2 Gyr, and a stellar mass of ~2x10^11 Msol. We detect several faint emission lines, with emission-line ratios of [NII]/Halpha, [SII]/Halpha and [OII]/[OIII] typical of low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions. Thus, neither the stellar continuum nor the nebular emission implies active star formation. The current SFR is <1% of the past average SFR. If this galaxy is representative of compact quiescent galaxies beyond z=2, it implies that quenching of star formation is extremely efficient and also indicates that low luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs) could be common in these objects. Nuclear emission is a potential concern for the size measurement. However, we show that the AGN contributes <8% to the rest-frame optical emission. A possible post-starburst population may affect size measurements more strongly; although a 0.5 Gyr old stellar population can make up <10% of the total stellar mass, it could account for up to ~40% of the optical light. Nevertheless, this spectrum shows that this compact galaxy is dominated by an evolved stellar population.

Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

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• A census of optically dark massive galaxies in the early Universe from magnification by lensing galaxy clusters
• The Compact Structures of Massive $z\sim 0.7$ Post-Starburst Galaxies in the SQuIGG$\vec{L}$E Sample
• An exquisitely deep view of quenching galaxies through the gravitational lens: Stellar population, morphology, and ionized gas
• Probing Feedback via IGM tomography and Ly$\alpha$ forest with Subaru PFS, TMT/ELT, and JWST
• Passive galaxies as tracers of cluster environments at z~2
• The Properties of Hα Emission-Line Galaxies at z = 2.24
• Merging Galaxies with Tidal Tails in COSMOS to z=1
• Lyman-Break Galaxies at $z\sim 3$ in the Subaru Deep Field: Luminosity Function, Clustering and [OIII] Emission
• Characterizing circumgalactic gas around massive ellipticals at z~0.4 III. The galactic environment of a chemically-pristine Lyman limit absorber
• Early results from GLASS-JWST. IX: First spectroscopic confirmation of low-mass quiescent galaxies at $z>2$ with NIRISS
• CLEAR: The Evolution of Spatially Resolved Star Formation in Galaxies between $0.5\lesssim z\lesssim 1.7$ using H$\alpha$ Emission Line Maps
• Lyman Continuum Escape Fraction from Low-mass Starbursts at z=1.3
• GOODS-ALMA: Using IRAC and VLA to probe fainter millimeter galaxies
• MOSEL: Strong [OIII]5007 Å Emitting Galaxies at (3<z<4) from the ZFOURGE Survey
• Early results from GLASS-JWST VIII: An Extremely Magnified Blue Supergiant Star at Redshift 2.65 in the Abell 2744 Cluster Field
• IR SED and Dust Masses of Sub-solar Metallicity Galaxies at z~2.3
• Stellar population properties of individual massive early-type galaxies at 1.4 < z < 2
• High-resolution ALMA study of CO (2-1) line and dust continuum emissions in cluster galaxies at z = 1.46
• CLEAR: Paschen-$\beta$ Star Formation Rates and Dust Attenuation of Low Redshift Galaxies
• The stellar mass - size relation for cluster galaxies at z=1 with high angular resolution from the Gemini/GeMS multi-conjugate adaptive optics system
• Morphology and the Color-Mass Diagram as Clues to Galaxy Evolution at z~1
• GLaD: Gravitational Lensing and Dynamics, combined analysis to unveil properties of high-redshift galaxies
• Quiescent galaxies in a virialized cluster at redshift 2: Evidence for accelerated size-growth
• The Grism lens-amplified survey from space (GLASS). VIII. The influence of the cluster properties on Halpha emitter galaxies at 0.3<z<0.7
• A ~600 pc view of the strongly-lensed, massive main sequence galaxy J0901: a baryon-dominated, thick turbulent rotating disk with a clumpy cold gas ring at z = 2.259
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: A Search for [CII] Emitters at $6\le z\le 8$
• ZFIRE: Similar Stellar Growth in H$\alpha$-emitting Cluster and Field Galaxies at z~2
• An Updated Dust-to-Star Geometry: Dust Attenuation Does Not Depend on Inclination in $1.3\le z\le 2.6$ Star-Forming Galaxies from MOSDEF
• MCSED: A flexible spectral energy distribution fitting code and its application to $z\sim 2$ emission-line galaxies
• Are the host galaxies of Long Gamma-Ray Bursts more compact than star-forming galaxies of the field?
• Simulating JWST/NIRCam Color Selection of High-Redshift Galaxies
• The interstellar medium in [OIII]-selected star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 3.2$
• A photo-z cautionary tale: Redshift confirmation of COSBO-7 at z=2.625
• SQuIGG$\vec{L}$E Survey: Massive z$\sim$0.6 Post-Starburst Galaxies Exhibit Flat Age Gradients
• The GOGREEN Survey: Constraining the Satellite Quenching Timescale in Massive Clusters at $\mathbf{z}\gtrsim 1$
• DSPS: Differentiable Stellar Population Synthesis
• The VLA Frontier Field Survey: A Comparison of the Radio and UV/optical size of $0.3\lesssim z\lesssim 3$ star-forming galaxies
• AGN accretion and black hole growth across compact and extended galaxy evolution phases
• Flashlights: An Off-Caustic Lensed Star at Redshift $z$ = 1.26 in Abell 370
• Dust, gas, and metal content in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 3.3$ revealed with ALMA and Near-IR spectroscopy
• The KMOS Cluster Survey (KCS) III: fundamental plane of cluster galaxies at $z\simeq 1.80$ in JKCS 041
• Disc cloaking: Establishing a lower limit to the number density of local compact massive spheroids/bulges and the potential fate of some high-z red nuggets
• The effect of environment on star formation activity and morphology at 0.5 < z < 2.5 in CANDELS
• Suppressed CO emission and high G/D ratios in z=2 galaxies with sub-solar gas-phase metallicity
• The Tully-Fisher relation in dense groups at $z\sim 0.7$ in the MAGIC survey
• The impact of protocluster environments at z = 1.6
• The evolution of star formation activity in galaxy groups
• Similarities and uniqueness of Ly$\alpha$ emitters among star-forming galaxies at z=2.5
• The evolution of disc galaxies with and without classical bulges since z~1
• The Pan-STARRS1 Medium-deep Survey: Star Formation Quenching in Group and Cluster Environments
• A complete distribution of redshifts for sub-millimetre galaxies in the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey UDS field
• Some observational tests of a minimal galaxy formation model
• Insights into the reionization epoch from cosmic-noon-CIV emitters in the VANDELS survey
• Dust attenuation, dust content and geometry of star-forming galaxies
• The MUSE-Wide survey: Detection of a clustering signal from Lyman-α-emitters at 3<z<6
• Spatially resolved mass-metallicity relation at z~0.26 from the MUSE-Wide Survey
• X-Ray Emitting Active Galactic Nuclei from z = 0.6-1.3 in the Intermediate and High-Density Environments of the ORELSE Survey
• Possible Evidence of the Radio AGN Quenching of Neighboring Galaxies at z $\sim$ 1
• The LEGA-C of nature and nurture in stellar populations of galaxies at z~0.6-1.0: D4000 and H-delta reveal different assembly histories for quiescent galaxies in different environments
• Towards precise galaxy evolution: a comparison between spectral indices of $z\sim 1$ galaxies in the IllustrisTNG simulation and the LEGA-C survey
• The H$\alpha$ star formation main sequence in cluster and field galaxies at $z\sim 1.6$
• SXDF-ALMA 2 Arcmin^2 Deep Survey: Resolving and Characterizing the Infrared Extragalactic Background Light Down to 0.5 mJy
• Morphology & Environment's Role on the Star Formation Rate -- Stellar Mass Relation in COSMOS from 0 < z < 3.5
• Exploring the High-Mass End of the Stellar Mass Function of Star Forming Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• Intracluster light in the core of z~2 galaxy proto-clusters
• Evidence for galaxy quenching in the green valley caused by a lack of a circumgalactic medium
• Stellar Kinematics and Environment at z~0.8 in the LEGA-C Survey: Massive, Slow-Rotators are Built First in Overdense Environments
• Physical properties of compact star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 2-3$
• Solution to the conflict between the resolved and unresolved galaxy stellar mass estimation from the perspective of JWST
• Star Formation Enhancement in Barred Disk Galaxies in Interacting Galaxy Clusters
• Finite Resolution Deconvolution of Multi-Wavelength Imaging of 20,000 Galaxies in the COSMOS Field: The Evolution of Clumpy Galaxies Over Cosmic Time
• The impact of cosmic variance on simulating weak lensing surveys
• Host galaxy properties and environment of obscured and unobscured X-ray selected Active Galactic Nuclei in the COSMOS survey
• A giant galaxy in the young Universe with a massive ring
• ASASSN-18am/SN 2018gk : An overluminous Type IIb supernova from a massive progenitor
• Disentangling the multi-phase circumgalactic medium shared between a dwarf and a massive star-forming galaxy at z~0.4
• Discovery and Follow-up of ASASSN-23bd (AT 2023clx): The Lowest Redshift and Least Luminous Tidal Disruption Event To Date
• A z=1.85 galaxy group in CEERS: evolved, dustless, massive intra-halo light and a brightest group galaxy in the making
• The Evolution of AGN Activity in Brightest Cluster Galaxies
• GOODS-$Herschel$: identification of the individual galaxies responsible for the 80-290$\mu$m cosmic infrared background
• A new perspective on the stellar Mass-Metallicity Relation of quiescent galaxies from the LEGA-C survey
• ALMA 26 arcmin${}^2$ survey of GOODS-S at one-millimeter (ASAGAO): millimeter properties of stellar mass selected galaxies
• CHANCES, the Chilean Cluster Galaxy Evolution Survey: Selection and initial characterisation of clusters and superclusters
• Star Formation in High-Redshift Cluster Ellipticals
• Flexible Models for Galaxy Star Formation Histories Both Shift and Scramble the Optical Color-M/L Relationship
• Morphology-assisted galaxy mass-to-light predictions using deep learning
• Resolved Stellar Mass Maps of Galaxies in the Hubble Frontier Fields: Evidence for Mass Dependency in Environmental Quenching
• Scaling relations of z~0.25-1.5 galaxies in various environments from the morpho-kinematic analysis of the MAGIC sample
• Implications of Increased Central Mass Surface Densities for the Quenching of Low-mass Galaxies
• Dust Temperature of Compact Star-forming Galaxies at $z\sim 1-3$ in 3D-{\it HST}/CANDELS
• Prospects for observing strongly lensed supernovae behind Hubble Frontier Fields galaxy clusters with the James Webb Space Telescope
• Systematic errors on optical-SED stellar mass estimates for galaxies across cosmic time and their impact on cosmology
• Cosmic evolution of radio-excess AGNs in quiescent and star-forming galaxies across $0<z<4$
• Towards Studying Hierarchical Assembly in Real Time: A Milky Way Progenitor Galaxy at z = 2.36 under the Microscope
• The ALMA Frontier Fields survey V: ALMA Stacking of Lyman-Break Galaxies in Abell 2744, Abell 370, Abell S1063, MACSJ0416.1-2403 and MACSJ1149.5+2223
• Structures, stellar population properties, AGN fractions, and environments of massive compact galaxies at $1<z<2$ in 3D--{\it HST}/CANDELS
• Formation of disc galaxies around z~2
• A Catalog of Emission-Line Galaxies from the Faint Infrared Grism Survey: Studying Environmental Influence on Star Formation
• Tightly coupled morpho-kinematic evolution for massive star-forming and quiescent galaxies across 7 Gyr of cosmic time
• Constraints on Fluctuating Star Formation Rates for Intermediate-mass Galaxies with H$\alpha$ and UV Luminosities
• The physical properties of massive green valley galaxies as a function of environments at $0.5<z<2.5$ in 3D-\textit{HST}/CANDELS fields
• The Role of Bulge Formation in the Homogenization of Stellar Populations at $z\sim 2$ as revealed by Internal Color Dispersion in CANDELS
• SCAT Uncovers ATLAS's First Tidal Disruption Event ATLAS18mlw: A Faint and Fast TDE in a Quiescent Balmer Strong Galaxy
• Lightning: An X-ray to Submillimeter Galaxy SED-Fitting Code With Physically-Motivated Stellar, Dust, and AGN Models
• MOSEL Survey: Tracking the Growth of Massive Galaxies at 2<z<4 using Kinematics and the IllustrisTNG Simulation
• The effect of the morphological quenching mechanism on star formation activity at 0.5 < z < 1.5 in 3D-HST/CANDELS
• Testing Modified Gravity theory (MOG) with Type Ia Supernovae, Cosmic Chronometers and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations
• The Extremely Metal-Poor SN 2023ufx: A Local Analog to High-Redshift Type II Supernovae
• Exploring the Gas-Phase Metallicity Gradients of Star-forming Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• A selection of Hα emitters at z = 2.1-2.5 using the Ks-band photometry of ZFOURGE
• Influence of star-forming galaxy selection on the galaxy main sequence
• Disentangling the AGN and Star-Formation Contributions to the Radio-X-ray Emission of Radio-Loud Quasars at 1<z<2
• Emission Line Galaxies in the SHARDS Frontier Fields I: Candidate Selection and the Discovery of Bursty Hα Emitters
• MAGAZ3NE: Massive, Extremely Dusty Galaxies at $z\sim 2$ Lead to Photometric Overestimation of Number Densities of the Most Massive Galaxies at $3<z<4$
• Correlation of the rate of Type Ia supernovae with the parent galaxy properties: Light and shadows
• The Direct-Method Oxygen Abundance of Typical Dwarf Galaxies at Cosmic High-Noon
• See Change: VLT spectroscopy of a sample of high-redshift Type Ia supernova host galaxies
• An excursion into the core of the cluster lens Abell 1689
• The Host Galaxy of the Recoiling Black Hole Candidate in 3C 186: An Old Major Merger Remnant at the Center of a z=1 Cluster
• Black Hole Feeding and Feedback in a Compact Galaxy
• SQuIGG$\vec{L}$E: Observational Evidence of Low Ongoing Star Formation Rates in Gas-Rich Post-Starburst Galaxies
• The KMOS Lens-Amplified Spectroscopic Survey (KLASS): Kinematics and clumpiness of low-mass galaxies at cosmic noon
• The Fundamental Plane of Massive Quiescent Galaxies at z~2
• Science Case and Requirements for the MOSAIC Concept for a Multi-Object Spectrograph for the European Extremely Large Telescope
• A partial Lyman limit system tracing intragroup gas at $z\approx 0.8$ towards HE1003+0149
• The dependence of cluster galaxy properties on the central entropy of their host cluster
• Measuring Stellar Masses of Emission Line Galaxies at 1.2<z<1.9
• Thermal Regulation and the Star-Forming Main Sequence
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: The EGS deep field -- III. The evolution of faint submillimeter galaxies at $z<4$
• Reconciling the Results of the z~2 MOSDEF and KBSS-MOSFIRE Surveys
• JWST Reveals Bulge-dominated Star-forming Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• Dark Matter Fraction in Disk-Like Galaxies Over the Past 10 Gyr
• Near-infrared characterization of ultra-diffuse galaxies in Abell 2744 by JWST/NIRISS imaging
• Anomalously Narrow Linewidths of Compact Massive Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2.3: A Possible Inclination Bias in the Size-Mass Plane
• The Differential Assembly History of the Centers and Outskirts of Main Sequence Galaxies at $z\sim 2.3$
• Toward a stellar population catalog in the Kilo Degree Survey: the impact of stellar recipes on stellar masses and star formation rates
• Fast and Not-so-Furious: Case Study of the Fast and Faint Type IIb SN 2021bxu
• The Dependence of the Type Ia Supernova Host Bias on Observation or Fitting Technique
• Searching for low-redshift faint galaxies with MMT/Hectospec
• The MOSDEF Survey: Towards a Complete Census of the z ~ 2.3 Star-forming Galaxy Population
• Multiple emission lines of H$\alpha$ emitters at $z\sim 2.3$ from the broad and medium-band photometry in the ZFOURGE Survey
• Low Metallicity Galaxies from the Dark Energy Survey
• Decoupled Black Hole Accretion and Quenching: The Relationship Between BHAR, SFR, and Quenching in Milky Way and Andromeda-mass Progenitors Since z = 2.5
• Detecting episodes of star formation using Bayesian model selection
• Stellar population gradients at cosmic noon as a constraint to the evolution of passive galaxies
• Examining the Properties of Low-Luminosity Hosts of Type Ia Supernovae from ASAS-SN
• Emission Line Galaxies in the SHARDS Hubble Frontier Fields II: Limits on Lyman-Continuum Escape Fractions of Lensed Emission Line Galaxies at Redshifts 2 < z < 3.5
• Photometric properties of classical bulge and pseudo-bulge galaxies at $0.5\le z<1.0$
• A Large Massive Quiescent Galaxy Sample at z~1.2
• A Morphology Catalog of Galaxies in CEERS: Evolution in the Size and Color Gradients of Galaxies Since Cosmic Dawn
• A${}^3$COSMOS: The dust content of massive quiescent galaxies and its evolution with cosmic time
• Neutral hydrogen lensing simulations in the Hubble Frontier Fields
• A massive quiescent galaxy confirmed in a protocluster at z=3.09
• ZFIRE: The Beginning of the End for Massive Galaxies at z ~ 2 and Why Environment Matters
• Estimating lifetimes of uv-selected massive galaxies at $0.5\le z\le 2.5$ in the cosmos/ultravista field through clustering analyses
• Activity and quiescence in galaxies at redshifts 1.4<z<3.5. The role of the starburst temperature
• CLIMBER: Galaxy-Halo Connection Constraints from Next-Generation Surveys
• Brighter and More Massive Galaxies in the Vicinity of Lyman-alpha Nebulae
• UV and NIR size of the HI selected low surface brightness galaxies
• The Stellar Population of Metal-Poor Galaxies at z $\approx$ 0.8 and the Evolution of the Mass-Metallicity Relation
• TP-AGB stars and stellar population properties of a post-starburst galaxy at $z\sim 2$ through optical and NIR spectroscopy with JWST
• Automatic morphological classification of galaxies: convolutional autoencoder and bagging-based multiclustering model
• The Massive and Distant Clusters of WISE Survey XI: Stellar Mass Fractions and Luminosity Functions of MaDCoWS Clusters at $z\sim 1$
• Supernova environments in J-PLUS. Normalized Cumulative Rank distributions and stellar population synthesis, combining narrow- and broad-band filters
• The MOSDEF Survey: A New View of a Remarkable z=1.89 Merger
• Lower-Luminosity Obscured AGN Host Galaxies are Not Predominantly in Major-Merging Systems at Cosmic Noon
• AT2020ohl: its nature and probable implications
• Evolved galaxies in high-density environments across $2.0\le z<4.2$ using the ZFOURGE survey
• Identifying and Characterizing the Most Heavily Dust-Obscured Galaxies at $1\le z\le 4$
• 3D intrinsic shapes of quiescent galaxies in observations and simulations
• Scaling relations of early-type galaxies in MOND
• Uncovering the MIR emission of quiescent galaxies with $JWST$
• Morphological Transformation and Star Formation Quenching of Massive Galaxies at 0.5 < z < 2.5 in 3D-HST/CANDELS
• Introducing the FLAMINGOS-2 Split-K Medium Band Filters: The Impact on Photometric Selection of High-z Galaxies in the FENIKS-pilot survey
• Now you see it, now you don't: Star formation truncation precedes the loss of molecular gas by ~100 Myr in massive post-starburst galaxies at z~0.6
• Spectral energy distribution similarity of the local galaxies and the 3.6um selected galaxies from the Spitzer Extended Deep Survey
• Quiescent Galaxy Size, Velocity Dispersion, and Dynamical Mass Evolution
• The Compact Star-Forming Galaxies at $2<z<3$ in 3D-HST/CANDELS: AGN and Non-AGN Physical Properties
• First statistical constraints on galactic scale outflows properties traced by their extended Mg II emission with MUSE
• Compact star forming galaxies as the progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies: clustering result
• A CNN--Transformer Denoiser for low-$S/N$ Galaxy Spectra: Stellar Population Recovery in Synthetic Tests
• AT2019ijn: a fast-rising, slow-decaying blue optical transient with exceptionally bright radio emission